• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2017

Purpose: This paper presents the effects of soil drought stress during the growing season and pre-harvest period on tree growth and fruit quality of "Yumi" peach, an early season cultivar. Methods: Soil drought stresses were treated with four levels of -30, -50, -60, and -70 kPa during long term (LT) and short term (ST). For LT treatments, soil water was controlled for nine weeks from May 1 to July 5, which was assumed as the full growing season. For ST treatments, soil water was controlled for four weeks from June 10 to July 5, which was assumed as the pre-harvest season. Tree growth and leaf photosynthesis were measured, and fruit characteristics such as fruit weight and diameter, soluble solid and tannin contents, and harvest date were investigated. Results: Soil water deficit treatments caused a significant reduction in tree growth, leaf photosynthesis, and fruit enlargement. LT water stress over -60 kPa during the full growing season caused significant reduction in tree growth, including shoot length, trunk girth, leaf photosynthesis, and fruit enlargement. ST water stress over -60 kPa during the pre-harvest period also induced significant reduction in leaf photosynthesis and fruit enlargement, while tree growth was not reduced. In terms of fruit quality, water stress over -50 kPa significantly reduced fruit weight, increased soluble solid and tannin contents, and delayed harvest time in both LT and ST treatments. Conclusions: As a result, it is assumed that LT water stress over -60 kPa can reduce both tree growth and fruit enlargement, whereas ST water stress over -50 kPa can reduce fruit enlargement without reducing tree growth. From an agricultural perspective, moderate water deficit like -50 kPa treatments could have positive effects, such increased fruit soluble solid contents along with minimal reduction in fruit size.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.87-97
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• 1995

연안 천해에 서식하는 근저성 (epibenthic) 동물플랭크톤의 일종인 곤쟁이, A. kokuboi를 수온 $25^{\circ}C$와 염분 16, 24 및 $32\%o$에서 Artemia sp. 부화유생을 먹이로 공급하면서 성체와 치하에 대한 페놀의 급성 및 만성독성 영향을 조사하였다. 전 실험구에서 시간경과별 반수치사농도는 성체의 경우 31.31-l.49ppm 페놀도 범위였으며, 치하에서는 6.90-0.26ppm범위였다. 페놀에 의한 폐사율은 염분이 낮을수록 증가하였다. 성체에 대한 페놀의 96hr-반수치사농도는 염분 16, 24 및 $32\%o$에서 각각 1.49, 2.71 및 4.53ppm였으며 치하에서는 동일 염분에서 각각 026, 0.56 및 0.71ppm였다. 치하에 대한 성체의 96시간-반수치사농도의 비는 염분 16, 24 및 $32\%o$에서 각각 5.73, 4.84 및 6.38로서 성체에 비해 치하가 훨씬 더 민감했다. 성체와 치하의 반수치사시간 $(LT_50)$을 비교하면, 성체는 페놀실험농도 1.7-12.7ppm 범위에서 반수치사시간은 384.7-29.0 시간의 범위를 나타내었으며, 치하의 경우 페놀실험농도 0.5-6.0ppm 범위에서 반수치사시간은 132.2-18.7 시간의 범위였다. 성체와 치하에서 가장 낮은 반수치사시간값은 페놀의 실험최고농도와 최저실험염분의 조합구에서 나타났으며, 성체보다 치하가 훨씬 낮은 값을 보였다. A kokuboi 성체에 대해 아치사영향농도와 그 반농도에서 행한 장기생존영향을 보면, 염분 $32\%o$에 폭로된 개체들이 16 또는 $24\%o$ 염분구에 폭로된 개체들보다 높은 생존율을 나타내었다. 성체의 산소소비율은 페놀의 농도가 증가하고 폭로시간이 경과할수록 현저히 감소하였으며, 동일한 페놀 농도에서도 염분이 낮을수록 현저히 감소하였다. 결론적으로 곤쟁이, A kokuboi는 페놀독성에 대해 매우 민감한 생리적 반응을 보였다. 따라서 생물검정을 위한 지표생물로서의 가능성이 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2004

천연접착제인 분말상 탄닌수지를 사용한 파티클보드의 물리·기계적 성질의 개선을 위하여 분말상 탄닌수지와 액상 탄닌수지를 혼합하여 사용한 결과, 30:70 (분말 : 액상)의 혼합비가 최적조건이었으며 분말상 탄닌 수지의 비율이 높으면 물성이 저하되는 현상을 볼 수 있었으며 또한 포름알데히드 방산량이 E₀ 수준의 고내수성 제품을 제조할 수 있었다. 한편 요소수지 및 멜라민수지와 분말상 탄닌 수지와의 혼합방법은 물리·기계적 성질의 개선에 영향을 주지 못했으며, 유리포름알데히드 방산에 대한 scavenger의 역할만을 하였다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1978

Short-term acute toxicity of mercury, cadmium and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii, and to oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was determinedby static bioassays from 20 May to 27 June in 1977. During the observations of the opening rate of the shell mercury was the most sensitive toxicant of the three toxic substances to the test animals and caused them to close their shellvalves together after being exposed to a mercury solution for an hour during the test. Opening rate to cadmium and copper increased gradually at the higher concentration. the 96hr-LC50 values for the test animals are 4.84mg/l for mercury and 1.86mg/l for cadmium, while the 72hr-LC50 value for copper is 0.31mg/l. the death rate of oysters for cadmium showed lower than that of the mercury and copper test solutions. The 96hr-LC50 values of mercury, copper and cadmium were 1.1mg/l, 2.54mg/l and 19.5mg/l, respectively. For oysters mercury was the most toxic substance, and cadmium was the least toxic one. the medium lethal time (LT 50) value decreased gradually at higher concentration of heavy metals. The LT 50 of 2mg/l was found within 96 hours ofr copper, 104 hours for mercury and 121 hours for cadmium. The lethal threshold concentrations for 7 days were found to be about 1mg/l for mercury and copper, and 2mg/l for cadmium.

• 대한간학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.402-408
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• 2018

Background/Aims: With improvements in the survival of liver transplantation (LT) recipients, the focus is shifting to patient quality of life (QOL), and employment is an important factor in aiding the social reintegration of LT patients. This study aims to evaluate the current employment status of liver graft recipients and various factors that may hinder reemployment. Methods: Fifty patients above age 18 who underwent either living or deceased donor LT at a single center from March 2009 to July 2016 were interviewed during their visit to the outpatient clinic. The internally developed questionnaire consisted of 10 items. The Karnofsky Performance Scale and EQ-5D were used to evaluate patient function and QOL. Results: A total of 25 (50%) patients returned to work after transplantation (the working group), and 21 (84%) patients in the working group returned to work within the first year after transplantation. In the non-working group (n=25), 17 (68%) answered that their health was the reason for unemployment. Fatigue and weakness were the most frequent symptoms. Conclusions: The data shows that as many as 50% of total patients returned to work after receiving LT. Fatigue and weakness were the most common complaints of the unemployed group, and resolving the causes of these symptoms may help to increase the employment rate.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1972년도 춘계종합 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.2.3-2
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• 1972

평형기능검사는 평형장애의 객관적인 소견을 찾으려는 것이며 평형장해의 양상을 분석하고 장해부위를 추정하여 장해의 원인을 구명하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이중 전정척수반사는 미로로부터의 자극이 전신횡문근군 근긴장에 영향을 주어 안정시 또는 운동시의 체위변화에 관여하고 있는 데에 그 임상적 의의가 있다. 이 반사는 안진과 같은 전정안반사를 일으킬 수 없는 미로에 대한 미약한 자극에 의하여도 야기될 수 있으므로 평형기능의 기본검사로 시행되어야 한다. 저자들은 100명의 건장한 청년 남자에서 단각직위검사, 보행검사, 족답검사 및 차안서자법을 시행하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. 단각직위검사 30초간의 접상회수는 우각거상는 5회 이내이었으며 평균 0.68회로 나타났다. 2. 보행검사 전달시의 편기는 100cm 이내에 분포되어 있었으며 평균편기치는 우측으로 22.5cm, 죄측으로는 26.1cm이었다. 후진시의 편기는 140cm 이내에 분포되어 있었으며 평균편기치는 좌측으로 35.4cm, 좌측으로는 330cm이었다. 3. 족답검사 정상두위에서는 전방이행이 93%, 후방이행이 5%이었으며 이행각의 방향은 우측 36%, 좌측 50%, 회전각의 방향은 우측 53%, 좌측 36%로 나타났다. 후경두위에서는 전방이행이 94%, 후방이행이 3%이었으며 이행각의 방향은 우측 34%, 좌측 55%, 회전각의 방향은 좌측 50%, 좌측 42%로 나타났다. 평균편기치는 정상두위에서는 이행각 22.05도, 이행거이 48.95cm, 회전각 24.40도, 후경두위에서는 이행각 29.22도, 이행거이 44.17cm, 회전각 39.58도로 나타났다. 4. 차안서자법 편서방향은 정두위, 후경두위, 우경두위, 좌경두위 등에 따라 약간의 차이가 있으나 좌측편서가 54~69%로 우측편서 24.40%보다 많으며 나머지에서는 3~7% 편서를 보이지 않았다. 편서각도는 좌우 각각 두위변화에 따라 0~16도 사이에 분포되어 있으며 정두위에서는 0~12도, 평균편서각도는 4.15~5.76도 사이에 분포를 보이었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2022

Purpose: To determine the effect of zinc deficiency on fecal protein, electrolyte, and short-chain fatty acid levels in both heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea in rats. Methods: Albino rats, weighing 100 to 150 g, were divided into 2 groups, with 15 animals each: non-zinc and zinc-deficient. These two groups were sub-divided into three sub-groups with five rats each: control (saline); LT-ETEC; and ST-ETEC. Sodium phytate (30 mmol/L) was added to the animals' water to induce zinc deficiency, while diarrhea was induced using 5×10⁹ ETEC cells/mL. Fecal protein levels were estimated using the Bradford method, while sodium and potassium levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Short-chain fatty acids were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Among the non-zinc and zinc-deficient groups, there were significant increases (p=0.04), (p=0.03) in fecal protein concentrations (mg/mL) in the LT-ETEC- (4.50±0.33), (6.50±0.26) and ST-ETEC- (3.85±0.19), (5.98±0.32) induced groups compared to the control groups (2.60±0.52), (3.50±0.11) respectively. Fecal sodium and potassium levels (mg/L) were significantly (p=0.029) increased in non-zinc-deficient rats induced with LT-ETEC (9.35±0.95, 1.05±0.48), and ST-ETEC (9.96±1.02, 1.21±0.45) compared with the control group (8.07±0.44, 0.47±0.17) but the increase were not statistically significant (p=0.059) in the zinc deficient rat groups. Fecal acetate and propionate levels (mg/g) significantly (p=0.032) increased when induced with LT-ETEC and ST-ETEC in non-zinc and zinc-deficient groups compared with the control groups. Conclusion: Zinc deficiency among rats with ETEC-induced diarrhea elevated fecal protein loss but may not have an effect on fecal sodium, potassium and short-chain fatty acid levels.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.298-304
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• 2013

In this study, 64 Korean herbal medicines have been investigated with an in vitro evaluation systems using glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibitory activity. Of these, 30 herbal medicines ($IC_{50}<50{\mu}g/ml$) were found to have significant AGEs formation inhibitory activity. Of these, four herbal medicines ($IC_{50}<5{\mu}g/ml$) were found to have significant AGEs formation inhibitory activity. Particularly, Cornus controversa (branches and leaves), Acer ginnala (stems and leaves), Platycarya strobilacea (flowers) and Picrasma quassioides (stems), showed more potent inhibitory activity (approximately 17-27 fold) than the positive control aminoguanidine ($IC_{50}=77.04{\mu}g/ml$).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2011

Purpose: It is generally believed that alopecia is caused by various factors such as scars, stress, genetical factors, androgens, etc. Androgenic alopecia is one of the most common cause of alopecia and found mainly in males. Propecia (Merck & Co., USA) and Minoxidil (McNEIL-PPC, Inc, USA) were the drugs approved from FDA for treatment of androgenic alopecia. Surgical treatments such as flap, tissue expansion, scalp reduction and hair transplantation can be considered if necessary. Hair micrograft techniques were developed for natural hair shapes and minimal adverse effect. There were attempts to measure the length of the forehead of the Korean young adults. However attempts to classify the shape and location of forehead hairline were rare. This study attempted to find out standard hairlines of young adults in their 20s & 30s and the result would be the guideline of the hairline in hair replacement surgery of male patients in their 40s & 50s. Methods: 200 male adults in 20s and 30s were photographed and measured the length of 11 vertical index lines to determine hairline. The indexes are the distances from hairline to intercanthal midpoint (A), to medial canthus (B), to upper eyelid fissure (C), to lower eyelid fissure (D), to lateral canthus (E) and distance from lateral highest point to medial lowest point, if the hairline is M-shape (F). Additionally, we classified the hairlines into 4 groups, M, horizontal, inverted U and irregular shapes. Results: The most common hairline of male adults in their 20s is inverted U-shape (53.3%), followed by horizontal-shape, M-shape, irregular-shape. In their 30s, inverted U-shape (59%) is followed by irregular-shape, M-shape, horizontal-shape. The M-shape is more frequently found in males in 30s than those in 20s. The mean values of the indexes in their 20s are as follows: A (76.14 mm), B (Rt: 75.78 mm, Lt:76.41 mm), C (Rt: 69.43 mm, Lt: 69.92 mm), D (Rt: 76.92 mm, Lt:77.46 mm), E (Rt: 64.16 mm, Lt: 64.73 mm), F (4.09 mm). Those in their 30s are as follows: A (76.13 mm), B (Rt: 76.114 mm, Lt: 76.02 mm), C (Rt: 69.87 mm, Lt: 70.37 mm), D (Rt: 77.37 mm, Lt: 77.58 mm), E (Rt: 69.63 mm, Lt: 69.85 mm), F (6.14 mm). Conclusion: The knowledge about human body measurement is indispensable to plastic surgeons. In this study, inverted U shape is the most common type of hairline in 30s, and similar distribution is found in 20s. The percentage of M shape in their 30s is elevated more than 10% compared to that in their 20s. The study of hairline shapes and 11 indexes of hairlines can be useful for planning of the hair transplantation and postoperative evaluation. This study being based on photogrammetry, there may be differences between actual distance of curved face and projected distance on flat photographs.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2020

Background and Objectives The overall incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis (LT) has generally decreased over the recent years, yet there is still a discrete population of patients newly diagnosed with the disease. This study is aimed to examine the patients with LT over the recent 10 years and to investigate the changes in clinical pattern with respect to the past period. Materials and Method A retrospective review has been performed on 20 patients who have been initially diagnosed with LT between 2005 and 2015. Results The age of the patients ranged from 25 years to 95 years with an average age of 45.6 years. Seventeen patients (85%) showed hoarseness, which was the most common clinical symptom. Most affected lesion was the true vocal cord. Laryngoscopic examination showed various clinical manifestations: polypoid 30%, granulomatous 25%, nonspecific 25%, ulcerative 20%. A variety of methods were used for diagnostic confirmation of LT [acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear 45%, AFB culture 40%, polymerase chain reaction 30%, surgical pathology 45%]. Coexisting pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) was detected in 10 patients (50%). Relative to the patients with inactive PT or normal lung status, those with active PT showed higher incidence of laryngeal lesions located in areas other than true vocal cord (p=0.050). Conclusion Based on the analytic results from this study, laryngologists should recognize the changes in the recent clinical patterns of LT and always be ready for clinical suspicion of this disease on such atypical laryngeal findings which can often mimic laryngeal malignancies to provide the pertinent treatment.