• 제목/요약/키워드: $Li_2Mn_3O_7$

검색결과 69건 처리시간 0.024초

Improvement of Electrochemical Properties and Thermal Stability of a Ni-rich Cathode Material by Polypropylene Coating

  • Yoo, Gi-Won;Son, Jong-Tae
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.179-184
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    • 2016
  • The interface between the surface of a cathode material and the electrolyte gives rise to surface reactions such as solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and chemical side reactions. These reactions lead to increased surface resistance and charge transfer resistance. It is consequently necessary to improve the electrochemical characteristics by suppressing these reactions. In order to suppress unnecessary surface reactions, we coated cathode material using polypropylene (PP). The PP coating layer effectively reduced the SEI film that is generated after a 4.3 V initial charging process. By mitigating the formation of the SEI film, the PP-coated Li[(Ni0.6Co0.1Mn0.3)0.36(Ni0.80Co0.15Al0.05)0.64)]O2(NCS) electrode provided enhanced transport of Li+ ions due to reduced SEI resistance (RSEI) and charge transfer resistance (Rct). The initial charge and discharge efficiency of the PP-coated NCS electrode was 96.2 % at a current density of 17 mA/g in a voltage range of 3.0 ~ 4.3 V, whereas the efficiency of the NCS electrode was only 94.7 %. The presence of the protective PP layer on the cathode improved the thermal stability by reducing the generated heat, and this was confirmed via DSC analysis by an increased exothermic peak.

PNN 치환량에 따른 저손실 저온소결 PMN-PNN-PZT 세라믹스의 압전 및 유전특성 (Piezoelectric and Dielectric Characteristics of Low Loss Low Temperature Sintering PMN-PNN-PZT Ceramics with the amount of PNN Substitution)

  • 류주현;김국진;정영호;이수호
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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    • 제20권9호
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    • pp.766-770
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    • 2007
  • In this study, in order to develop low temperature sintering ceramics for multilayer piezoelectric actuator, $0.07Pb(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-xPb(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-(0.93-x)Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3$ ceramics system were fabricated using $Li_2CO_3-Bi_2O_3-CuO$ sintering aids and the specimens were sintered at $930^{\circ}C$. Thereafter, their piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics were investigated according to the amount of PNN substitution. At 9 mol% PNN substitution, density, electromechanical coupling factor ($k_p$), dielectric constant, mechanical quality factor ($Q_m$) and piezoelectric constant ($d_{33}$) showed the optimum value of $7.86g/cm^3$, 0.60, 1640, 1323 and 387 pC/N, respectively. It is considered that these values are suitable for piezoelectric divece application such ad multilayer piezoelectric actuator and ultrasonic vibrator with pure Ag internal electrode.

폐기물 매립지 주변의 지하수 오염과 오염물질의 지연 특성 (Characteristics of Groundwater Pollution and Contaminant Attenuation at Waste Disposal Sites)

  • 오석영;전효택
    • 대한지하수환경학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.37-49
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    • 1996
  • 이 연구에서는 난지도 매립지와 화성매립지를 연구대상으로하여 주변의 지하수 오염 정도를 파악하고, 오염물질들의 지연작용을 밝히며, 최적 오염지시인자를 도출하고자 하였다. 난지도, 김포, 화성 매립지에서 채취된 침출수에 대하여 현장측정과 실내 화학분석을 실시하여 침출수의 물리화학적 수리화학적 특성들을 파악한 결과 침출수는 높은 온도(31.7-40.1$^{\circ}C$)와 높은 전기전도도(14,650-32,800 $\mu$S/cm), 약 알칼리의 pH(7.58-8.45), 낮은 Eh값(-119.4-20.4 mV)을 특징적으로 보이며, 주성분 이온들로서 $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, HC $O_3$$^{-}$, C $l^{-}$ 등이, 부성분 이온들로서 Mn, S $r^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$, L $i^{+}$, $F_{-}$, B $r^{-}$ 등이 부화되어 있다. 일반폐기물 매립지인 난지도.김포 매립지의 침출수와 산업폐기물 매립지인 화성매립지의 침출수는 S $O_4$$^{2-}$ , Fe 중금속 원소들의 함량으로 구분된다. 지표수와 지하수의 화학분석, Cl 표준화과정, WATEQ4F 분석 등을 종합하여 앞서 연구된 유선망 분석을 바탕으로 오염물질의 거동을 해석하였다. 또한 Contamination Factor를 통하여 최적의 오염지시인자를 도출하였다. 일반페기물 매립지인 난지도 매립지의 경우 K, Na, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, HC $O_3$, Cl, F, Br, TOC 등이 , 산업 폐기 물 매립지인 화성 매립지의 경우 K, Na, Ca, Mg, B, S $O_4$, HC $O_3$, Cl, F, Br, TOC 등이 뚜렷한 대조를 보이는 좋은 오염지시인자이며, 해안 매립지는 TOC가 가장 적합한 오염지시 인자이다.

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기반암에 따른 청풍지역 하상퇴적물의 지구화학적 특성 (Geochemical Characteristics of Stream Sediments Based on Bed Rocks in the Cheongpung Area)

  • 박영석;박대우;김종균;송영상;이장존
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제39권6호
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    • pp.675-687
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    • 2006
  • 이 연구에서는 청풍지역 하상퇴적물에 대한 지구화학적 특성 규명을 통해, 주성분원소 및 미량원소에 대한 청풍지역의 자연배경치를 제시하고, 지구화학적 재해에 대해 예견하고자 한다. 이를 위해 물이 흐르고 있는 1차 수계를 대상으로 하상퇴적물시료를 채취하였고, 실험실에서 자연건조 시켰으며, 화학적 분석을 위해 알루미나 몰타르를 이용하여 200메쉬 이하로 분쇄하였다. 주성분원소 및 미량성분원소는 XRD, XRF, ICP-AES, NAA를 이용하여 분석하였다. 청풍지역 하상퇴적물의 기반암에 따른 지질집단별 지구화학적 특성 비교를 위해, 화강암질편마암지역, 메타텍틱편마암지역, 다도응회암지역, 유치역암 지역, 능주용암지역으로 분류하였다. 청풍지역 하상퇴적물 전체에 대한 주성분원소 함량은 $SiO_2\;47.31{\sim}72.81\;wt.%,\;Al_2O_3 \;11.26{\sim}21.88\;wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;2.83{\sim}8.39\;wt.%,\;CaO\;0.34{\sim}7.54\;wt.%,\;MgO\; 0.55{\sim}3.59\;wt.%,\;K_2O\;1.71{\sim}4.31\;wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.56{\sim}2.28\;wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.46{\sim}1.24\;wt.%,\;MnO\;0.04{\sim}0.27\;wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.02{\sim}0.45\;wt.%$이다. 청풍지역 하상퇴적물 전체에 대한 미량성분원소 및 희토류원소 함량은 $Ba\;700ppm{\sim}8990ppm,\;Be\;1.0{\sim}3.50ppm,\;Cu\;6.20{\sim}60ppm,\;Nb\;12{\sim}28ppm,\;Ni\;4.4{\sim}61ppm,\;Pb\;13{\sim}34ppm,\;Sr\;65{\sim}787ppm,\;V\;4{\sim}98ppm,\;Zr\;32{\sim}164ppm,\;Li\;21{\sim}827ppm,\;Co\;3.68{\sim}65ppm,\;Cr\;16.7{\sim}409ppm,\;Cs\;72{\sim}37.1ppm,\;Hf\;4.99{\sim}49.2ppm,\;Rb\;71.9{\sim}649ppm,\;Sb\;0.16{\sim}5.03ppm,\;Sc\;4.97{\sim}5ppm,\;Zn\;26.3{\sim}375ppm,\;Ce\;60.6{\sim}373ppm,\;Eu\;0.82{\sim}6ppm,\;Yb\;0.71{\sim}10ppm$의 범위를 보였다.

운봉지역 하상퇴적물과 압쇄상화강암류의 지구화학적 특성 비교연구 (Comparative Study on Geochemical Characteristics of Stream Sediments and Mylonitic Granites in the Unbong Area)

  • 박영석;박대우;김종균;김성원
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제40권6호
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    • pp.727-738
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    • 2007
  • 운봉지역 하상퇴적물에 대한 지구화학적 특성규명을 통해, 주성분원소 및 미량원소에 대한 자연 배경치를 제시하고, 그 기반암(압쇄상화강암, Kim et al., 1992)과의 비교를 통해 지구화학적 재해에 대해 예견하고자 한다. 73개의 하상퇴적 물시료를 물이 흐르고 있는 1차 수계를 대상으로 채취하였고, XRD, XRF ICP-AES, NAA를 이용하여 주성분원소 및 미량성분원소를 분석하였다. 운봉지역의 주성분원소 함량은 $SiO_2\;36.94{\sim}65.39 wt.%,\;Al_2O_3\;10.15{\sim}21.77wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;3.17{\sim}10.90wt.%,\;CaO\;0.55{\sim}5.27wt.%,\;MgO\;0.52{\sim}4.94wt.%,\;K_2O\;1.38{\sim}4.54wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.49{\sim}3.36wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.39{\sim}1.27wt.%,\;MnO\;0.04{\sim}0.22wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.08{\sim}0.54wt.%$의 범위를 보이며, 미량성분 및 희토류원소 함량은, $Cu\;4.8{\sim}134ppm,\;Pb\;24.2{\sim}82.5ppm,\;Sr\;95.9{\sim}739ppm,\;V\;19.9{\sim}124ppm,\;Zr\;52.9{\sim}145ppm,\;Li\;25.2{\sim}3.3ppm,\;Co\;3.87{\sim}50.0ppm,\;Cr\;17.4{\sim}234ppm,\;Hf\;3.93{\sim}25.2ppm,\;Sc\;4.60{\sim}20.6ppm,\;Th\;3.82{\sim}36.9ppm,\;Ce\;45.7{\sim}243ppm,\;Eu\;0.89{\sim}2.69ppm,\;Yb\;1.42{\sim}5.18ppm$의 범위를 보인다. 주성분원소의 함량비교에서 CaO, $Na_2O,\;K_2O$ 함량은 하상퇴적물에서 기반암(압쇄상화강암류, Kim et al., 1992)인 압쇄상화강암류보다 높게 나타난다. 그리고 $Al_2O_3$$SiO_2$는 하상퇴적물과 기반암(압쇄상화강암류, Kim et al., 1992) 모두에서 높은 상관관계를 보인다. 하상퇴적물에서는 $SiO_2$ 함량이 높아질수록 희토류원소 함량도 같이 증가하는 특징을 보이나, 압쇄상화강암류에서는 $SiO_2$ 함량이 높아질수록 희토류원소 함량은 감소하는 특징을 보인다.

광주지역 하상퇴적물에 대한 지질집단별 지구화학적 연구 (Geochemical Study on Geological Groups of Stream Sediments in the Gwangju Area)

  • 김종균;박영석
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제38권4호
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    • pp.481-492
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    • 2005
  • 이 연구에서는 광주지역 하상퇴적물에 대한 지질집단별 지구화학적 특성에 대해 규명 하고자 한다. 이를 위해 물이 흐르고 있는 1차 수계를 대상으로 하상퇴적물시료 104개를 채취하였고, 실험실에서 자연건조 시켰다. 화학분석을 위한 시료는 알루미나 몰타르를 이용하여 200메쉬 이하로 분쇄하였고, XRF ICP-AES, NAA분석을 실시하였다. 연구지역 하상퇴적물에 대해, 지질집단별 지구화학적 특성 비교와 기존 암석에 대한 연구에서 얻어진 암석화학적인 특성과의 비교를 위해, 선캠브리아기 화강편마암 지역, 쥬라기 화강암 지역, 백악기 화순안산암 지역으로 분리하였다 광주지역 하상퇴적물의 주성분원소 함량은 $SiO_2\;51.89\~70.63\;wt.\%,\;Al_2O-3\;12.91\~21.95\;wt.\%,\;Fe_2O_3\;3.22\~9.89\;wt.\%,\;K_2O\;1.85\~4.49\;wt.\%,\;MgO\;0.68\~2.90\;wt.\%,\;Na_2O\;0.48\~2.34\;wt.\%,\;CaO\;0.42\~6.72\;wt.\%,\;TiO_2\;0.53\~l.32\;wt.\%,\;P_2O_5\;0.06~0.51\;wt.\%\;and\;MnO\;0.05\~0.69\;wt.\%.$이다. 하상퇴적물과 암석에 대한 AMF 삼각도에서, 암석은 칼크-알칼리계열에 도시되는데 비하여, 하상퇴적물은 솔레아이트 계열과 칼크-알칼리계열의 경계부위에 도시된다. 이는 $Fe_2O_3$ 함량이 암석에서보다 하상퇴적물에 더 많이 함유되어 있는 것과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. $SiO_2$에 대한 $K_2O+Na_2O$의 비교그림에서, 하상퇴적물은 암석에서와 같이 subalkaline 계열에 점시된다. 하상퇴적물의 미량성분원소 및 희토류 원소 함량은 $Ba 590\~2170ppm$, Be$1\~2.4$ppm, Cu $13\~179ppm$, Nb $20\~34ppm$, Ni$10\~50ppm$, Pb $17\~30$ppm, Sr $70\~1025$ ppm, V$42\~135$ ppm, Zr$45\~171$ ppm, Li$19\~77$ppm, Co$4.3\~19.3$ppm, Cr$28\~131$ppm, Cs$3.1\~17.6$ ppm, Hf $5\~27.6$ ppm, Rb $388\~202$ ppm, Sb$0.2\~l.2$ ppm, Sc$6.4\~17$ ppm, Zn $47\~389$ ppm, Pa $8.8\~68.8$ ppm, Ce$62\~272$ppm, Eu$1\~2.7$ppm and Yb$0.9\~6$ppm의 범위를 보인다.

Determination of Metal Levels in Shamma (Smokeless Tobacco) with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in Najran, Saudi Arabia

  • Brima, Eid I.
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.4761-4767
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    • 2016
  • Objective: The use of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) by certain groups is giving rise to health problems, including cancer, in parts of Saudi Arabia. Our objective was to determine metals levels in Shamma using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: Thirty-three samples of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) were collected, comprising four types: brown Shamma (n = 14.0), red Shamma (n = 9.0), white Shamma (n = 4.0), and yellow Shamma (n = 6.0). All samples were collected randomly from Shamma users in the city of Najran. Levels of 11 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by ICP-MS. Results: A mixed standard (20 ppb) of all elements was used for quality control, and average recoveries ranged from 74.7% to 112.2%. The highest average concentrations were found in the following order: Al ($598.8-812.2{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($51.0-80.6{\mu}g/g$), and Ni ($23.2-53.3{\mu}g/g$) in all four Shamma types. The lowest concentrations were for As ($0.7-1.0{\mu}g/g$) and Cd ($0.0-0.06{\mu}g/g$). Conclusions: The colour of each Shamma type reflects additives mixed into the tobacco. Cr and Cu were showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among Shamma types. Moreover, Pb levels are higher in red and yellow Shamma, which could be due to use (PbCrO4) as yellow colouring agent and lead tetroxide, Pb3O4 as a red colouring agent. The findings from this study can be used to raise public awareness about the safety and health effects of Shamma, which is clearly a source of oral exposure to metals.

Efficient Synthesis of hypho-2,5-$S_2B_7H_{11}$ and Preparation of New nido-, arachno-, and hypho-Metalladithiaborane Clusters Derived from Its Anion hypho-$S_2B_7H_{10}{^-}$

  • 강창환;김성준;고재정;강상욱
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제16권11호
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    • pp.1067-1074
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    • 1995
  • Reaction of arachno-S2B7H8- with either THF or 1,2-dimethoxyethane upon refluxing condition results in the formation of the previously known compound hypho-S2B7H10-. Protonation of hypho-S2B7H10- with HCl/Et2O generates hypho-2,5-S2B7H11 in good yield. This hypho-S2B7H10- anion has been employed to generate a series of new nido-, arachno-, and hypho-metalladithiaborane clusters. Reaction of the anion with Cp(CO)2FeCl results in direct metal insertion and the formation of a complex containing the general formula (η5-C5H5)FeS2B7H8. Spectroscopic studies of nido-6-CpFe-7,9-S2B7H8 Ⅰ demonstrated that compound Ⅰ was shown to have an nido-type cage geometry derived from an octadecahedron missing one vertex, with the iron atom occupying the three-coordinate 6-position in the cage and the two sulfurs occupying positions on the open face of the cage. Reaction of hypho-S2B7H10- with CoCl2/Li+[C5H5]- gave the previously known complex arachno-7-CpCo-6,8-S2B6H8 Ⅱ. Also, the reaction of the anion with [Cp*RhCl2]2 gave the complex arachno-7-Cp*Rh-6,8-S2B6H8 Ⅲ, the structure of which was shown to be that of complex Ⅱ. The similarity of the NMR spectra of Ⅱ and Ⅲ suggest that Ⅲ adopts cage structure similar to that previously confirmed for Ⅱ. A series of 9-vertex hypho clusters in which the sulfur atoms are bridged by different species isoelectronic with a BH3 unit, such as HMn(CO)4 or SiR2 have been prepared. Compounds Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ are each 2n+4 skeletal electron systems and would be expected according to skeletal electron counting theory to adopt hypho-type polyhedral structures derived from an icosahedron missing three vertices. The complex hypho-1-(CO)4Mn-2,5-S2B6H9 Ⅳ was obtained by the reaction of the anion with (CO)5MnBr and has been shown from spectroscopic data to consist of a (CO)4Mn fragment bound to the two sulfur atoms S2 and S5 of hypho-S2B7H10-. Also, similar hypho-type complexes hypho-1-R2Si-2,5-S2B6H8 (R=CH3 Ⅴ, R=C6H5 Ⅵ) have been prepared from the reaction of hypho-S2B7H10- with R2SiHCl.

Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Low Temperature Sintered Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)0.02(Ni1/3Nb2/30.12(ZrxTi1-x)0.86O3 System Ceramics

  • Yoo, Ju-Hyun;Lee, Sang-Ho
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.121-124
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    • 2009
  • In this study, in order to develop compositions of ceramics suitable for piezoelectric actuator and ultrasonic vibrator applications using low temperature sintering, multilayer, PMN-PNN-PZT ceramics were fabricated using $Li_2CO_3$ and $Na_2CO_3$ as sintering aids. Their structural, piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics were investigated according to the Zr/Ti ratio. As the Zr/Ti ratio increased, the electromechanical coupling factor $k_p$, and piezoelectric constant $d_{33}$ and the mechanical quality factor $Q_m$ all increased with Zr/Ti ratio and then decreased after the ratio exceeded 50/50. At the ratio of Zr/Ti =49/51 and sintering temperature of $900^{\circ}C$; the density, electromechanical coupling factor $k_p$, dielectric constant ${\varepsilon}_r$ piezoelectric $d_{33}$ constant and mechanical quality factor $Q_m$ all showed the optimum values of 7.900 $g/cm^3$, 0.576, 856, 312 pC/N, 1,326, respectively. These property values are very suitable for multilayer ceramics actuator applications.