• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1048-1054
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• 2007

The quality characteristics of cookies, prepared with the freeze dried fresh garlic (FGP) and steamed ($100^{\circ}C$, 20 min) garlic (SGP) powders, were investigated. The cookie samples in the present study were made by adding the garlic powders at different levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6%). The highest spread ratio, $8.48{\pm}0.31$ and $8.62{\pm}0.21$, were obtained by mixing 6% FGP and 0.5% SGP with the cookies. Among the surface color of the cookies, the L-value decreased with increasing garlic powder contents compared to that of the control group, but the difference in the surface color among the kinds of garlic powders was insignificant. Although increases in the garlic powder content resulted in no noticeable difference among the a-value of the test group, the b-value was decreased significantly, particularly with increasing SGP contents. Hardness was also increased along with the garlic powder contents and was highest at its 2% content. When viewed from the sensor properties, the measured color tended to become brown at the garlic powder contents greater than 2%. The surface crack of the cookies also increased as the SGP content increased. Its garlic taste and flavor were slightly low at SGP added with 6% garlic powder content than FGP. The overall acceptability was higher in $0.5{\sim}4%$ added test samples than those in control group sample; it was highest for 1%, 2% and 0.5%, in decreasing order. In the sensor evaluation, the overall acceptability of the cookies was considerably different in the comparison of FGP added cookies with SGP added ones. Therefore, the optimal ratio investigated for making the garlic added cookies was shown to be 1 %, and its acceptability was relatively high for SGP added cookies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

This Study was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase in low phosphirus and calcium level diet on the performance and nutrient digestibility in laying hens. One hundred ninety two, 50 wks old, ISA brown commerical layers were used for 12 weeks feeding trial after 7-d adjustment period. Four dietary treatments included CON(control; Co.), P2 ($0.06\%$ Natuphos, BASF) and P3 ($0.06\%$ PHOSMAX, GENOFOCUS). Ca and available P concentrations of P1, P2 and P3 were 90 and $50\%$ of NRC recommecdations to accentuate difference in response to phytase availability. In whole period, egg production was not affected by treatments. At 12 weeks, egg weight was significantly increased in adding phytase treatments (P<0.05). Egg shell thickness was increased in P1, P2 and P3 treatments compared with control (P<0.05) at 9 weeks. Ca concentration of serum tended to decrease in P1 treatment without significant difference (P>0.05). Ca and P concentrations of tibia were higher in layers fed dietary phyrase than those fed control diet without significant difference (P>0.05). Digestibilities of DM, N and ash were improved in P1 treatment compared with P2 and P3 treatments (P<0.05). Ca and P digestibilities were the highest in P2 treatment (P>0.05), but was not significant difference between control and P1 treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2017

Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) originated from Central America is a highly nutritious food containing large amounts of linolenic acid, dietary fiber, and protein. This study investigated the quality properties and antioxidant activities of Sulgidduk prepared with chia seed powder as a functional material. Freeze-dried chia seed powder was replaced with 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7% of rice flour. The addition of chia seed powder did not affect water content, whereas the pH value of the chia seed group decreased as compared to the control. For color measurements, a and b values increased as the amount of chia seed powder increased, whereas L value decreased. Hardness and chewiness of Sulgidduk with chia seed powder were lower than those of the control, whereas springiness of the chia seed group was higher than that of the control. Cohesiveness was not significantly different in all samples. According to retrogradation analysis based on changes in hardness during storage, it was confirmed that addition of chia seed powder inhibited aging of Sulgidduk. Retrogradation of CSP5 was the slowest. Consumer acceptability analysis did not show significant differences in all samples. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents tended to significantly increase as chia seed content increased. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of Sulgidduk were also elevated due to addition of chia seeds. From the results, addition of chia seed softened texture, inhibited aging, and enhanced antioxidant activities of Sulgidduk. It is concluded that addition of 5% chia seed powder, which showed high effectiveness for aging, is the most suitable for commercialization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1999

Studies were conducted during 2 months from May of 1997 to evaluate the effects of pig manure compost(PMC) on soil microbial flora. To do so, a field experiment of Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris L.) was conducted in a randomized block design on a sandy loam soil and microbial floral characteristics in soils were analyzed. Treatments to control included the application of PMC at (A) $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$CM-8), (B) $29Mg\;ha^{-1}$(CM-2,9), and (C) $57Mg\;ha^{-1}$(CM-57), and of chemical fertilizer(D) at $320N-80P_2O_5-200K_2O\;kg\;ha^{-1}$(NPK). In each treatment, the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were tested for the analysis of microbial populations. The populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi increased in soils with the applications of PMC and chemical fertilizer, but that of Bacillus sp. decreased. However, the population of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. was reduced in NPK plots only. With increasing application rates of PMC, the number of colony forming units(cfu) of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and actinomycetes) and fungi increased. in all PMC-treated plots, the population density peaked at early growth stage for bacteria(including Bacillus sp.), at late growth for fluorscent Pseudomonas sp., and at harvest for fungi and actinomycetes. The rhizosphere effect was greatest for fluorscent Pseudomonas sp. As the application rates of PMC increased, Total N, organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable -K, -Ca, and -Mg increased compared to control, but soil pH was lowered. In NPK plots, EC was 3.4-fold and exchangeable K was 5-fold higher than control.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bacteriophage CP supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, visceral organ weight, meat quality and fecal microflora in broilers. A total of 340 1-d-old ROSS 308 broilers (mixed gender) with an initial average body weight (BW) of $41.14{\pm}0.17g$ were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 17 broilers per pen for 31 days. Dietary treatments were: 1) CON, control diet, 2) CP05, CON + 0.05% bacteriophage CP, 3) CP10, CON + 0.10% bacteriophage CP and 4) CP15, CON + 0.15% bacteriophage CP. During d 15 to d 31, broilers fed CP15 diet had higher (P<0.05) body weight gain and feed intake than broilers fed CON diet. Overall, body weight gain in CP10 and CP15 treatment groups was greater (P<0.05) than that in CON treatment and feed intake was higher (P<0.05) in CP15 treatment than that in CON. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and blood characteristics did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments. The water holding capacity of breast meat increased (P<0.05) in broiler fed the diets containing bacteriophage CP compared with those fed the CON diet. Other meat characteristics such as pH value, breast muscle color ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$) and drip loss were unaffected by dietary supplementation of bacteriophage CP. The weight of bursa of Fabricius increased (P<0.05) in CP05 when compared with CON. No significant difference was observed (P>0.05) among treatments in visceral weight and fecal microflora concentrations of Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.10 and 0.15% bacteriophage CP could improve the growth performance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.236-249
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• 2003

To investigate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid 011 changes of physicochemical properties of pork. Twenty pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups and subjected to each experimental diet(0, 1.25% and 2.5% CLA for 2 weeks, 1.25% and 2.5% CLA for 4 weeks, as total fed diet before slaughtering(about 110 kg). Pork loin samples were aerobically packed and stored for 14 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were then analyzed for general compositions, physicochemical characteristics and sensory evaluation. pH value of CLA fed group pork was significantly increased than that of control group(p<0.05). Crude fat content of CLA treated group pork was significantly higher than the control pork(p<0.05), but there were no significant differences in crude protein, crude ash and total moisture contents between control and CLA treated groups. AU CLA fed group pork showed higher WHC value than control pork. Drip loss was significantly lower compared to those of control porks. No significant differences in lean meat and fat color(CIE L*, a*, b*) were observed between control and the CLA treated group porks. Meanwhile, CLA pork tended to be lower in content of total heme pigment compared to control pork. No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties(color and drip loss) among control and CLA diet-fed group porks. Marbling score and acceptability were significantly increased in CLA diet-fed pork compared to the control pork.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.353-365
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cultural methods(cutting, flower removal) on growth and quality of B. falcatum L. Jeongseon local cultivar collected in Korea and Mishima local cultivar introduced from Japan were used. Some of the results obtained are as follows; Jeongseon local cultivar showed less stem branches and shoot weight compared to Mishima. However, Jeongseon local cultivar showed tall plant height, high root fresh and dry weight, and high levels of saikosaponin-a and total-saikosaponin, but low saikosaponin-c content than that of Mishima. Both cultivars seeded on March 20 had longer main root, bigger stem diameter, few stem branch, and high saikosaponin-c content compared with those of late seeded one, April 30. Growth characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, stem branch number, shoot weight, root diameter, root fresh and dry weight, and root branch number were increased in a low planting $density(30{\times}15\;cm)$, but the content of saikosaponin was not affected by planting density. Jeongseon and Mishima cultivars seeded on April 10 with $30{\times}15\;cm$ planting density and April 30 with $30{\times}10\;cm$ planting density contained highest total saikosaponin levels, respectively. However, average root dry weight was not affected by planting time or density in both Bupleurum cultivars. Both cutting and flower removal increased the length of main root, fresh and root weight, and saikosaponin-a, saikosaponin-d and total-saikosaponin in Jeongseon cultivar than that of Mishima. As the harvesting time was delayed, plant height, stem diameter, shoot weight, length of main root, root fresh and dry weight were increased, but content of saikosaponin-a, saikosaponin-d and total-saikosaponin were decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.920-926
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• 2010

Marine alga, Chlorella vulgaris, was extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) solvents for lipid extraction at $35^{\circ}C$ for five hours (HCM-35) and its process was compared with conventional lipid extraction condition such as chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) at $65^{\circ}C$ for one hour (CM-65). This low temperature extraction process showed that 80% of total lipid was extracted and its residues contained relatively unchanged amounts of intact proteins and other minerals as well as amino acid profiles. Interestingly enough, the weight fraction of carbohydrate in the residues slightly increased due to less denaturation at low process temperature. The biological activities of the residues such as cytotoxicity and immune cell growth activation were not much changed after being extracted. The sensory evaluation were found to be very favorable for being used as a food additive and/or food supplement. This result could also help to maintain the economic feasibility of utilizing marine resources in food and other relevant industries.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1147-1152
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• 2009

Purpose:To characterize the pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities in more than 24-month-old children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and to study the Escherichia coli antimicrobial susceptibility trend. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the record of more than 24-month-old children with UTI between January 2003 and December 2008. Positive results for 1 bacterial species with a colony count of ${\geq}10^5CFU/mL$ was considered statistically significant. We analyzed uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities. To investigate E. coli antibiotic susceptibility trend, we compared 2 study periods (group A: 2003-2005 versus group B: 2006-2008) using the chi-square test for trend. Results:In all, 63 bacterial isolates were identified in children with febrile UTI. The most common pathogen was E. coli (77.8%). There was no difference in the resistance patterns of uropathogens during the 2 study periods (P>0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to aztreonam, cefotetan, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, amikacin, and imipenem was >90% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, 49% and to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam, 20-25%. Over the 2 study period, the E. coli susceptibilities to most antibiotics did not change: the susceptibility to cefuroxime increased from 74.1% to 95.5% (P=0.046) and that to ciprofloxacin increased from 59.3% to 86.4% (P=0.039). Conclusion:Empirical treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam alone appeared to be insufficient in childhood UTI because of the high resistance of E. coli and other gram-negative uropathogens. Antibiotics for empirical therapy should be selected based on the sensitivity and resistance pattern of uropathogens found in a particular region.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and longevity of home bleaching. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 patients were divided into either experimental group (Opalescence F; 15% carbamide peroxide) or control group randomly. The patients in experimental group were instructed to wear individual trays applied with bleaching gel for 2 hours a day for 4 weeks. Any treatments weren't applied to the patients in control group. The color measurements of central incisors, lateral incisors & canines of upper and lower arch were recorded at base line, immediately after the finishment of treatmemt (4 weeks), 8 weeks and 12 weeks using Colorimeter (Chroma Meter, 2600d Konica Minolta co.) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik). Results: A significantly stronger color change was observed for overall teeth samples in experimental group immediately after treatment (at 4 weeks) compared to ones in control group (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between baseline and 8 weeks or 12 weeks separately though color rebouncing phenomenon occurred as time went by (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The clinical effecacy and longevity of home bleaching without combined application of in-office bleaching was observed through this experiment.