• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.81-90
• /
• 2017

Preceding displacements in tunnel are difficult to predict since the measurements of displacements after excavation can not be performed immediately. In the present study, The longitudinal displacements which can be measured immediately after excavation are used to predict the crown settlements occurring before excavation only if fault is located at the tunnel crown. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted using 28 numerical models with various fault attitudes to analyze the correlation between the longitudinal displacements on tunnel face and preceding crown settlements. The results, $L_{face}/C$ ratio show 2~12% in the drives with dip models and 2~13% in the drives against dip models individually. In addition, each model has a certain $L_{face}/C$ ratio. The result of the regression analysis show that the coefficient of determination is over 0.8 in most models. Therefore, crown settlements occurring before excavation can be predicted by analyzing the longitudinal displacements occurring on tunnel faces.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.29 no.7 s.144
• /
• pp.959-967
• /
• 2005

The color of apparels has the interaction of the face skin colors of the wearers. This study was carried out to classify the face skin colors of Korean males into several similar face skin colors in order to extract favorable colors which flatter to their face skin colors. The criterion that select the new subjects who have the classified face skin colors have to be decided. With color spectrometer, JX-777, face skin colors of subjects were measured quantitatively and classified into three clusters that had similar hue, value and chroma with Munsell Color System. Sample size was 418 Korean males and other 15 of new males subjects. Data were analyzed by K-means cluster analysis, ANOVA, Duncan multiple range test, Stepwise discriminant analysis using SPSS Win. 12. Findings were as follows: 1. 418 subjects who have YR colors were clustered into 3 kinds of face skin color groups. 2. Discriminant variables of face skin colors was 4 variables : L value of forehead, v value of cheek, c value of forehead, and b value of cheek from standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient 1 and c value of forehead, L value of forehead, b value of cheek. and L value of cheek from standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient 2. 3. Hit ratio of type 1 was $92.3\%$, of type 2 was $96.5\%$ and of type 3 was $92.6\%$ by the canonical discriminant function of 4 variables. 4. The canonical discriminant function equation 1 and 2 were calculated with the unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficient and constant, the cutting score, and range of the score were computed. 5. The criterion that select the new subjects who have the classified face skin colors was decided.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.403-411
• /
• 2016

A three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to analyze the predictable distances of a fault zone by using longitudinal displacement on tunnel face, trend line, L/C ratio, and C/C₀ ratio at tunnel crown. The analysis used 28 numerical models with various fault attitudes. As a result, those faults that have drives with dip could be predicted earliest in L/C and C/C₀ ratio analysis. And those faults that have drives against dip could be predicted earliest in L/C ratio and longitudinal displacement analysis. In addition, the fault zone ahead of tunnel was predicted in most models by using longitudinal displacement, trend line, L/C ratio, and C/C₀ ratio. However, the longitudinal displacement among these methods may be most usefully predict a fault zone since it is displacements can be measured immediately after tunnel excavation.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.99-112
• /
• 1999

When there exists a fault zone ahead of the tunnel face and a tunnel is excavated without perceiving its existence, it will cause stress concentration in the region between the tunnel face and the fault zone because of the influence of the fault zone on the arching phenomena. Because the underground structure has many unreliable factors in the design stage, the prediction of a fault zone ahead of the tunnel face by monitoring plans during tunnel construction and the rapid establishment of appropriate support system are required for more economical and safer tunnel construction. Recent study shows that longitudinal displacement changes during excavation due to the change of rock property, and if longitudinal displacement and settlement, which are measured in the field, are considered together in displacement analysis, the prediction of change in rock mass property is possible. This study provided the method for the prediction of fault zones by analyzing the changes of L/C and (Ll-Lr)/C ratio (L= longitudinal displacement at crown, C = settlement at crown, Ll = longitudinal displacement at left sidewall, Lr = longitudinal displacement at right sidewall) and the stereographic projection of displacement vectors which were obtained from the 3-D numerical analysis of hybrid method in various initial stress conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.29 no.7 s.144
• /
• pp.978-986
• /
• 2005

The color of apparel products have a close relationship with the face skin colors of consumers. In order to extract the favorable colors which flatter to consumer's face skin colors, this study was carried our to classify the face skin colors of Korean females. The criteria that select new subjects who have the classified face skin colors have to be decided. With color spectrometer, JX-777, face skin colors of subjects were measured and classified into three clusters that had similar hue, value and chroma with Munsell Color System. Sample size was 324 Korean females and other new 10 college girls. Data were analyzed by K-means cluster analysis, ANOVA, Duncan multiple range test, Stepwise discriminant analysis using SPSS Win. 12. Findings were as follows: 1. 324 subjects who have YR colors were clustered into 3 face skin color groups. 2. Discriminant variables of face skin colors were 5 variables : b value of cheek, V value of forehead, L value of cheek, C value of forehead and H value of cheek by the standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient 1. 3. Hit ratio of type 1 was $96.8\%$, of type 2 was $94.9\%$, of type 3 was $100.0\%$ and mean of hit ratio was $96.9\%$ by canonical discriminant function of 5 variables. 4. With the unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficient and constant, canonical discriminant function equation 1 and 2 were calculated. And cutting score and range of score of the classified types were computed. The criteria that select the new subjects were decided.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.476-485
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to present an analysis method for the prediction of the change of ground conditions. To this end, three-dimensional convergence displacements is analyzed in several ways to estimate the trend of displacement change. Three-dimensional arching effect is occurred around the unsupported excavation surface including tunnel face when a tunnel is excavated in a stable rock mass. If the ground condition ahead of tunnel face changes or a weak fracture zone exists a specific trend of displacement change is known to be occurred from the results of the existing researches. The existence of a discontinuity, whose change in front of the tunnel face, can be predicted from the ratio of L/C (longitudinal displacement at crown divided by settlement at crown) etc. Therefore, the change of ground condition and the existence of a fracture zone ahead of tunnel face can be predicted by monitoring three-dimensional absolute displacements during excavation, and applying the methodology presented in this study.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.37-49
• /
• 1998

The specimens used were Ag-25 Pd-15 Cu ternary alloy and Au addition alloy. These alloys were melted and casted by induction electric furnace and centrifugal casting machine in Ar atmosphere. These specimens were solution treated for 2hr at $800^{\circ}C$ and were then quenched into iced water, and aged at $350{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ Age- hardening characteristics of the small Au-containing Ag-Pd-Cu dental alloys were investigated by means of hardness testing. X-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations, electrical resistance, ergy dispersed spectra and electron probe microanalysis. Principal results are as follows : Hardening occured in two stages, i.e., stage I in low temperature and stage II in high temperature regions, during continuous aging. The case of hardening in stage I was due to the formation of the $L1_0$ type face-centered tetragonal PdCu-ordered phase in the grain interior and hardening in stage I was affected by the Cu concentration. In stage II, decomposition of the ${\alpha}$ solid solution to a PdCu ordered phase($L1_0$ type) and an Ag-rich ${\alpha}2$ phase occurred and a discontinuous precipitation occurred at the grain boundary. From the electron microscope study, it was conclued that the cause of age-hardening in this alloy is the precipitation of the PdCu ordered phase, which has AuCu I type face-centered tetragonal structure. Precipetation procedure was ${\alpha}{\to}{\alpha}+{\alpha}_2+PdCu {\to}{\alpha}_1+{\alpha}_2+PdCu$ at Pd/Cu = 1.7 Ag-Pd-Cu alloy is more effective dental alloy as ageing treatment and is suitable to isothermal ageing at $450^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.221-230
• /
• 1996

The Suh and Park's analytical model. originally developed to calculate wave reflection from a conventional fully perforated caisson breakwater, is applied to a partially perforated caisson breakwater by approximating the vertical wall of the lower part of the front face of the caisson as a very steep sloping wall. Also, in the model, the inertial resistance term at the perforated wall is modified by using the blockage coefficient proposed by Kakuno and Liu. The model is compared against the hydraulic experimental data reported by Park et al. in 1993. Both the experimental data and the analytical model results show that the influence of inertial resistance is important so that wave reflection becomes minimum when B/L. is approximately 0.2 (in which R : wave chamber width, and 1, : wave length inside the wave chamber), which is somewhat smaller than the theoretical value B/L, : 0.25 obtained by assuming that the influence of inertial resistance is negligible. It is also shown that the analytical model based on a linear wave theory tends to overpredict the reflection coefficient as the wave nonlinearity increases, thus the model is preferably to be used for ordinary waves of small steepness.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2003

This study deals with the Benard flow of magnetic fluids in a rectangular cavity. The ratio of height to length of the cavity is 1 : 4 and the bottom of the cavity is assumed to be a heating face while the other sides are to be cooling faces. When magnetic field was equally impressed, considering the internal rotation of the elementary ferromagnetic particle, we found the following result from the numerical analysis of the GSMAC algorithm applied to the equations for the magnetic fluid. Benard flow was controled by the intensity and the direction of magnetic fields, and a critical point was appeared when the magnetic field near H=-7000 was applied.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.222-247
• /
• 1999

The back ground and purpose : The acupuncture of oriental medicine is very important in treatments. Until now it has been researched according to the meridian and qi xue(氣血) phenomenon of oriental medicine's theory. As electroacupuncture is one of acupuncture treatments, it will show more objective index to observe the meridian and qi xue(氣血) phenomenon. And then, I studied the effects on the thermal change of the face following electroacupuncture treatment. Objective and Methods : This study was performed from January 1999 to March 1999 on 10 healthy students. The objective was divided into three groups, those were the control group A(n=10), the group B(n=10) of electroacupuncture on Hapkok($LI_4$), Samgan($LI_3$) and the group C(n=10) of electroacupuncture on Shinmun($H_7$), T' ongni($H_5$). First, in the control group A, we took a picture for 10 men without any stimulation with the Digital Infrared Thermograph Imaging(D.I.T.I.) and did 3min after, 10min after, 15min after, 25min after, 45min after respectively. Second, in the electroacupuncture treatment group B, we took a picture for 10 men without any stimulation, and then treat electroacupuncture on Hapkok($LI_4$), Samgan($LI_3$) and took a picture immediately(3min after), 10min after, 15min after and remove needle and took a picture in the same way respectively. Third, in the electroacupuncture treatment group C, we took a picture for 10 men without any stimulation, and then treat electroacupuncture on Shinmun($H_7$), T'ongni($H_5$) and took a picture in the second way respectively. Results: 1. In healthy men, average skin temperture about Yonghyang($LI_{20}$) area was higher than Soryo($G_{25}$) or Chich'ang($S_4$) area. They were Soryo($G_{25}$) area $31.495{\pm}0.766^{\circ}C$, Rt. Yonghyang($LI_{20}$) area $31.664{\pm}0.936^{\circ}C$, Lt. Yonghyang ($LI_{20}$)area $31.686{\pm}0.767^{\circ}C$, Rt. Chich'ang($S_4$) area $31.226{\pm}0.875^{\circ}$, Lt. Chich'ang ($S_4$) area $31.453{\pm}0.855^{\circ}C$. 2. In the control group A, the skin temperature of Soryo($G_{25}$) showed the increase or decrease in below ${\Delta}0.1^{\circ}C\;except\;0.265{\pm}0.594^{\circ}C$ in 25min, but not significantly. 3. About Soryo($G_{25}$) area, the skin temperature decreased significantly after electroacupuncture immediately. ${\Delta}T $of the group B was $-0.970{\pm}0.87\;1^{\circ}C$, which was larger than one of the group C which was $-0.707{\pm}0.624^{\circ}C$ at 3min. And then ${\Delta}T$ of the group C was increase valuable at 25min, 45min. 4. About Yonghyang($L1_{25}$) area, the left ${\Delta}T$ of the group B showed below $0.2^{\circ}C$ or so in contrast to the right it. In the group C, on the both side showed continous increase of temperature as following times. 5. About Chich'ang($S_4$) area, the skin temperature increased valuable $0.3^{\circ}C$ or so on the both side and later inclined to decrease in the group B but not significantly. In the group C, it increased valuable on the both side. 6. The skin temperature of electroacupuncture treatment group B, C were more increase than the control group A except Lt. Yonghyang($LI_{20}$) area in the group B. The temperature of group C were more increase than the group B wholly. Conclusion : The above results indicate that D.I.T.I. is a useful method to observe and fallow-up the effects and the changes by electroacupuncture stimulation on objective evaluation of phenomenon for the meridian system and character. Thus, continuous thermographic study will be needed for more clinical application such as acupuncture and medicine or laser therapy according to oriental medicine.