• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.121-130
• /
• 2016

Objectives : Recently, people who have normal brachial blood pressure(BP) are being threatened by high-risk disease such as stroke. The aim of this study is to suggest that new method to assess systemic circulation. It can be performed by analyzing optimal blood pulse wave on 3 sites belonging to subjects that have normal BP. Methods : We respectively extracted main peaks(h1) of optimal blood pulse wave on left/right temporal artery(LR1=h1), radial artery(LR2=h1) and dorsalis pedis artery(LR3=h1). We obtained h1 from 30 subjects who are discreetly chosen and have normal BP. Main peak(h1) can be extracted by using 3D pulse imaging analyser(DMP-1000+, DAEYOMEDI Co., Korea) that has 5-level pressure method. We analyzed the ratio of [LR1/LR2] and [LR3/LR2]. Results : In the case of male group, the results are [LR1/LR2=0.7100.177] and [LR3/LR2=0.9290.317]. In the case of female group, the results are [LR1/LR2=0.6680.121] and [LR3/LR2=0.7050.195]. Especially, it is statistically verified that the result of ratio [LR3/LR2] is much higher in male group than in female group(p<0.05). Conclusions : We suggested the standard ratio of [LR1/LR2] and [LR3/LR2] for normal subjects, respectively. It can be adopted as a new method to evaluate the systemic circulation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.30 no.8
• /
• pp.768-774
• /
• 2008

To evaluate the effect of the solidified/stabilized sewage sludge on landfill sites, lysimeter tests were conducted. Lysimeters (LR1, LR2, and LR3) were filled with the material(Compost : Fodder : Sand = 10 : 10 : 80) and covered with different types of the cover soils, the G solidified sludge produced from the neutral solidifying chemical agent(LR1), the A solidified sludge produced from the alkali solidifying chemical agent(LR2), and the weathered granite soil(LR3). Those lysimeters were kept at the temperature controlled room with 30 $\pm$ 2$^{\circ}C$ for about 450 days. As the results, it was appeared LR2 > LR1 > LR3 that total gas production rate(L), gas production rate(L/VS(kg)) and cumulative gas(CO$_2$ + CH$_4$) production. There were not significant differences at decrease of the COD$_{Cr}$ in the leachate from LR1 and LR3. Thus, it had been shown that the use of the G solidified sludge as cover soil did not affect the COD$_{Cr}$ in the leachate. The COD$_{Cr}$ from LR2 had been increased since around 250 days because solidified/stabilized sewage sludge became re-slurry. T-N and T-P from LR3 also were higher than LR1 and LR2. Also were, the use of the solidified/stabilized sewage sludge as a cover soil, therefore, did not affect the T-N and T-Pconcentrations in the leachate.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 2018

Background: This study investigated the effects of acupuncture at Sobu (HT8) and Haenggan (LR2) on scopolamine-induced, cognitively impaired rats. Methods: Scopolamine-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups; normal, control, HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham group. Cognitive impairment was induced by scopolamine, in control, and then in HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham groups. Acupuncture treatment was performed at HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2, and a random acupoint, respectively, every other day for 2 weeks. After each treatment, behavior change was observed and the rats were sacrificed. The change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Latency time to target in Morris Water-Maze test for the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with control (p<0.05). Target crossing times and time zone ratios in Morris Water-Maze test for HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.01). In the Y-Maze test the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.05). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, in the HT8 + LR2 group, showed a significantly increased level compared with control (p<0.05). Neural activity of acetylcholine esterase in HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (p<0.01), choline acetyltransferase activity in the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture at HT8 + LR2 restored scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, suggesting acupuncture could be an alternative to improve cognitive function.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.190-200
• /
• 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine influences by the order, Reduction and Reinforcement in Acupuncture on cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP)] in normal rats. Methods: This experiments was to to investigate eath other changes of rCBF and MABP at Xingjian(LR2)(1st) Shaofu(HT8)(2nd) Reduction, Xingjian(LR2)(1st) Shaofu(HT8)(2nd) Reinforcement, Shaofu(HT8)(1st) Xingjian(LR2)(2st) Reduction and Shaofu(HT8)(1st) Xingjian(LR2)(2st) Reduction in Acupuncture. Results: 1. LR2(1st) HT8(2nd) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased rCBF and MABP in compared with normal condition. 2. LR2(1st) HT8(2nd) Reinforcement in Acupuncture was significantly decreased rCBF, and was decreased MABP in compared with normal condition. 3. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased rCBF during acupuncture but was recovered rCBF after with-drawing of the neddle. 4. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased MABP during acupuncture and after withdrawing of the neddle. 5. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reinforcement in Acupuncture was significantly increased rCBF during acupuncture and 30min after withdrawing of the neddle. 6. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reinforcement in Acupuncture was decreased MABP during acupuncture, but was recovered MABP after withdrawing of the neddle. Conclusions: I suggested that LR2 HT8 Reduction in Acupuncture and LR2 HT8 Reinforcement in Acupuncture cause a diverse response of cerebral hemodynas.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.87-101
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influences of Autonomic Nervous System and EEG by conducting Reinforcement-Reduction(補瀉) acupuncture stimulation to compare the changes in acupoints on the body before and after treatment of acupuncture at Xingjian(LR2) being referred as Fire-point(火穴) and Ququan(LR8) being referred as Water-point(水穴) of Yin Liver Meridian(足厥陰肝經). Methods : This study was carried out on 30 healthy female volunteers in their 20's. There were four tests conducted throughout and the period for each test was between 2 to 5days. HRV and EEG were measured for 5 minutes before acupuncture stimulation was conducted on LR2-Reinforcement, LR2-Reduction, LR8-Reinforcement and LR8-Reduction at random. During the 20 minutes of acupuncture treatment, same subjects were measured simultaneously to observe any significant changes in acupoints. Again, the same subjects were measured for 5 minutes after removing the acupuncture in order to perform a comparative analysis. Results : The measurement of HRV showed that LF, LFnorm and LF/HF ratio increased significantly(p<0.05) while HF, HF norm decreased significantly in case of LR2-Reinforcement & LR8-Reduction. Both LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement induced a significant increase in HFnorm. EEG measurement indicated low $\alpha$ wave decreased and high $\beta$ wave increased significantly at LR2-Reinforcement during post-acupuncture period compared with acupuncture stimulation period. Both LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement developed significantly low $\alpha$ wave and high $\alpha$ wave. High $\beta$ wave increased significantly at LR8-Reduction during the acupuncture stimulation in comparison with pre-acupuncture period. Conclusions : The manipulation of acupuncture stimulation at LR2-Reinforcement and LR8-Reduction enhanced the activity of sympathetic nerves and the state of arousal while that of para sympathetic nerves declined. On the other hand, LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement developed the levels of para sympathetic nerves and relaxation.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture affects cerebral hemodynamics〔regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), mean arterial blood pressure(MABP)〕in normal rats, and to make manifest whether Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture is mediated by cyclooxygenase or guanylate cyclase. Methods : This experiments was to investigate at the other changes of rCBF and MABP at Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture in normal rats, pretreated rats with indomethacin(1 mg/kg, i.v.) and pretreated rats with methylene blue$(10\;{\,u}g/kg,\;i.v.)$. Results : 1. Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture was significantly increased rCBF during acupuncture and after withdrawing of the needle. 2. Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased MABP during acupuncture, but Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture was increased MABP in compared with normal condition. 3. Pretreatment with indomethacin(1 mg/kg, i.v.) was significantly inhibited Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture induced increase of rCBF, but was increased Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture induced increase of MABP. 4. Pretreatment with methylene blue$(10\;{\mu}g/kg,\;i.v.)$ was significantly decreased Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture induced increase of rCBF and MABP. This results suggest that Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture increased rCBF by dilating pial arterial diameter, and the mechanism of Haenggan(LR2) Reduction in Acupuncture is mediated by guanylate cyclase.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare Xingjian(LR2) Shaofu(HT8) with Dadun(LR1) Shaofu(HT8) on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive RAT induced by Two Kidney One Clip(2KIC). Methods : This experiments was to investigate the effects of LR2 HT8(originated from ${\ll}$Classic on Difficulty${\gg}$ Shi Ze Xie Qi Zi), LR1 HT8(originated from ${\ll}$Ling Shu${\gg}$ Sheng Ze Xie Zhi) acupuncture on the blood pressure, cardiomegalic index, and plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in hypertensive rat induced by 2K1C. Results: 1. Blood pressure was decreased significantly after third acupuncture of LR2 HT8. 2. Blood pressure was decreased significantly after acupuncture of LR2 HT8, but was increased after LR2 HT8. 3. Cardiomegalic index was not changed after acupuncture of LR2-HT8 and LR1-HT8 4. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide was increased significantly after acupuncture of LR2 HT8 but LR1 HT8 was not changed.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.467-472
• /
• 2004

Cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins which exist in korean lakes show strong toxicity to fish, cattles and human. In this study, we tried to degrade microcystin LR using various chemical oxidants, Chlorine, Potassium permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide. The detection method for the concentrations of microcystin LR in water samples was Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method using the monoclonal antibody of microcystin. Chlorine degraded microcystin LR effectively at the concentration of 800 pg/mL microcystin LR and 12 ppm chlorine. The reaction took 40 minutes at pH 7. Potassium Permanganate also degraded microcystin LR successfully at the concentration of 2000 pg/mL microcystin LR and 1.2 ppm chlorine. The degradation reaction took 60 minutes at pH 7. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, the degradation rate of microcystin LR was very slow because of the slow reaction rate.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2013

In the past, a very popular method for reducing the corrosion on zinc involved the use of chemical conversion layer coatings based on $Cr^{+6}$. However, there is an important problem with using chromium salts as a result of restrictive environmental protection legislation. This study investigated the optimum condition for galvanized steel using an organic/inorganic solution with a Ti composition. In the case of a fixed heat treatment time, the corrosion resistance values of LR-0727(1) and LR-0727(2) were improved as the heat treatment temperature increased, and the optimum minimum temperature decreased with the heat treatment time. At the optimum heat treatment condition of two coating solutions, the heat treatment time of the LR-0727(1) solution was shorter than LR-0727(2) for the same heat treatment temperature. LR-0727(1) coated specimens did not show desquamation, and all of the specimens showed a good adhesive property. In contrast, in the case of the LR-0727(2) coated specimens, desquamation arose. Therefore, the adhesive property of LR-0727(1) was superior to that of LR-0727(2). The pencil hardness had a 3H average for all of the coating solutions and heat treatment conditions. In the case of a corrosion resistance test with boiling water, the coated specimens of LR-0727(1) were discolored, but LR-0727(2) was not. Finally, LR-0727(1) was more moisture proof than LR-0727(2).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.215-220
• /
• 2009

LR-WPAN(Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network) hewn as IEEE 802.15.4 is considered as one of the most suitable specifications published until now to accomplish USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network). In this paper we simulate interference effects to other systems if LR-WPAN will be used in 900MHz. In considering the current usage situation of 900MHz frequency band, we can think LR-WPAN shares the frequency band of $908.5{\sim}914MHz$ assigned for RFID/USN. The simulation results of the case of LR-WPAN and RFID/USN sharing the frequency band show that the probability of interference of LR-WPAN to CT1 and RFID is 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. In order to avoid interference effects to public communications, simulations results show that the protection distance of about loom is needed.