• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.379-384
• /
• 1996

This study was undertaken to investigate the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency and embryonic development after exposure to cryoprotectants and vitrification of mouse zygotes. Mouse IVF zygotes were cryopreserved by vitrification using vitrification solution, EFS40 (40% ethylene glycol, 30% Ficoll and 0.3 M sucrose in phosphate buffer saline containing 10% FBS). After mouse zygotes were exposed to EFS40 at $25^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec., they were immediately plunged into $LN_2$ or cultured for cryoprotectant toxicity test without freezing. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: After thawing, survival rates to the 2-cell stage of zygotes exposed to or vitrified in EFS 40 (98.5%, 95.2%) were not significantly difference compared with that of control (100%). However, the developmental rates upto blastocyst and hatching blastocyst in vitrified groups (66.7, 50.0%) were lower than those of control (93.9, 81.8%) or exposed group (94.0, 78.8%) (p<0.05). When the influence of vitrification and exposure to cryoprotectant on the in vitro development of mouse zygotes was assessed by the SCE frequency, the SCE frequency in exposed ($20.2{\pm}2.1$) to or vitrified embryos ($21.4{\pm}3.2$) was higher than that in control embryos ($16.8{\pm}1.5$). These results suggest that the frequency of SCE was increased after cryoprotectant exposure or Vitrification although developmental rates of zygotes upto blastocysts and /or hatching blastocysts were not afected by cryoprotectant.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the survival rate of AndroMed and Tris-egg yolk extender for cryopreservation of Korean Native Bull Semen (Chick Cow). Semen was collected from a Korean Native Bull Semen over 3 year's old. The semen was diluted 1:1 by AndroMed and Tris-egg yolk extender. The pellet was diluted to final sperm concentration of $5{\times}10^7$ cell/ml by doubling in every 10 minutes at $4^{\circ}C$ cold chamber. The semen was equilibrated for 1 hrs at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straw. The semen straws were located above 5 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes. And then the frozen straw was plunged to LN2. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath. The survival rates was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Tris-egg yolk extender than AndroMed extender ($89.7{\pm}19.8$ vs. $73.4{\pm}11.2$). However, motility was no significant differences ($78.4{\pm}18.7$ vs. $67.9{\pm}14.6$). Survival rate in time of equilibration between visual and CASA program had higher in 2 h ($86.33{\pm}9.4$ vs. $92.32{\pm}12.4$) than in 5 h ($78.20{\pm}7.8$ vs. $88.28{\pm}13.1$) 15 h ($65.24{\pm}6.6$ vs. $76.48{\pm}17.3$) 20 h ($56.26{\pm}4.6$ vs. $67.73{\pm}18.4$). The development rates to cleavage was higher in Tris-egg yolk extender than AndroMed extender (82.2% vs. 81.7%). Similarly, the development rates to blastocyst was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Tris-egg yolk extender than AndroMed extender (42.3% vs. 29.6%). In conclusion, the obvious impact of this study will be its practical application to improve viability and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and AI, Which in turn will be beneficial to animal genetic resources conservation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 1999

Purpose : The aim of this study is to look for the possible efficacy of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancers (stage pT4 or Nl ). Methods and Materials : From August 1981 through September 1997, 91 Patients with locally advanced papillary thyroid cancers (stage pT4 or Nl ) have been treated with external irradiation and followed up at our clinic. All of the patients have been treated with surgical resection. After surgery, 23 patients received postoperative external irradiation with or without ablative radioiodine therapy, whereas the other 68 patients were treated with ablative radioiodine therapy alone. Distributions of sex, age, and stage were comparable in both irradiated and nonirradiated groups. Multivariate analysis of the influence by age, sex, stage, ablative radioiodine therapy and external irradiation on local control were peformed by using Cox's proportional hazard model. Results : Overall survival rates at 7 years were of no significant difference in both groups. There were $98.1\%$ for no RT group and $90\%$ for RT group (p=0.506). 5-year local control rates were significantly different, these were $95.2\%$ for RT group and $67.5\%$ for no RT group (p=0.0408). An analysis of the prognostic factors, age, sex, stage, and RAI were not significant variables, except for the external irradiation. Conclusion : Adjuvant postoperative external irradiation did not affect overall survival, but significantly improved local control in the patients with locally advanced papillary thyroid cancers (stage pT4 or lympy node involvement).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.44-52
• /
• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes and prognostic factors of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for patients with pathological stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at a single institution. Materials and Methods: From 2000 to 2007, 88 patients diagnosed as having pathologic stage III NSCLC after curative resection were treated with PORT. There were 80 patients with pathologic stage IIIA and eight patients with pathologic stage IIIB in the AJCC 6th staging system. The majority of patients (n=83) had pathologic N2 disease, and 56 patients had single station mediastinal LN metastasis. PORT was administered using conventional technique (n=76) or three-dimensional conformal technique (n=12). The median radiation dose was 54 Gy (range, 30.6 to 63 Gy). Thirty-six patients received chemotherapy. Radiation pneumonitis was graded by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system, and other treatment-related toxicities were assessed by CTCAE v 3.0. Results: Median survival was 54 months (range, 26 to 77 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rates were 45% and 38%, respectively. The number of metastatic lymph nodes was associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.037; p-value=0.040). The 5-year locoregional recurrence free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) rates were 88% and 48%, respectively. Multiple stations of mediastinal lymph node metastasis was associated with decreased DFS and DMFS rates (p-value=0.0014 and 0.0044, respectively). Fifty-one relapses occurred at the following sites: 10 loco-regional, 41 distant metastasis. Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis was seen in three patients, and symptoms were well tolerated with anti-tussive medication. Grade 2 radiation esophagitis was seen in 11 patients. There were no grade 3 or more severe complications associated with PORT. Conclusion: Our retrospective data show that PORT for pathological stage III NSCLC is a safe and feasible treatment and could improve loco-regional control. The number of metastatic lymph nodes and stations of mediastinal lymph node metastasis were analyzed as prognostic factors. Furthermore, efforts are needed to reduce distant metastasis, which is a major failure pattern of advanced stage NSCLC.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.377-383
• /
• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine effect of ethylene glycol for semen cryopreservation in Korean Jeju Black Bull. The semen was cryopreserved with extenders containing cryoprotectants (7% glycerol and 3%, 5%, 7% ethylene glycol) and packed to 0.5 ml straws. The semen straws were located above 3 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 min, 5 cm for 10 min and 8 cm for 10 min. And then frozen straw was plunged into $LN_2$. Post-thawed sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity were significantly higher in 5% ethylene glycol ($72.5{\pm}5.00%$, $54.88{\pm}0.66%$ and $46.00{\pm}2.40%$; p<0.05). Motility and viability were similar between 7% glycerol and 5% ethylene glycol. However, the membrane integrity was significantly higher in 5% ethylene glycol ($34.69{\pm}4.64%$ vs $46.00{\pm}2.40%$; p<0.05). The viability and membrane integrity were significantly higher in 5 cm for 10 min and 8 cm for 10 min than 3 cm for 5 min (viability: $55.81{\pm}2.94$, $55.19{\pm}3.34$ vs $47.94{\pm}3.48%$; p<0.05 and membrane integrity: $44.94{\pm}3.51$, $46.06{\pm}2.25$ vs $40.38{\pm}1.03%$; p<0.05). The percentage of capacitated sperm assessed by CTC staining, percentage of F pattern was higher in 7% glycerol, 5% and 7% ethylene glycerol, and AR pattern was significantly higher in 3% ethylene glycol. F pattern was significantly increased in 5 cm for 10 min and 8 cm for 10 min (p<0.05), but AR pattern was significantly increased in 3 cm for 5 min (p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.280-289
• /
• 1992

The 20-minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ uptake became readily available for routine use and it replaced $^{131}I$ for thyroid imaging. However measuring thyroid uptake during a 5-minute minimizes pertechnetate uptake by the salivary glands and presence of contaminated saliva from those glands in to the pharynx and esophagus. A study was carried out to determine the suitability of the utility of a S-minute and 20-minute interval from administration of $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ to imaging and uptake measurement as a replacement for the 24 hour standard originally established with $^{131}I$, and to evaluate the relationship between 5-minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ uptake and other thyroid functions. A 5-minute and 20-minute uptake of $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ were measured in 70 patients with thyroid disease at Yeungnam University Hospital from March 1, 1991 to Feb. 29, 1992. The results were as follows. 1) The 5-minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ uptake in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, simple goiter, non toxic nodular goiter, subacute thyroiditis and euthyroid were 18.2%, 14.6%, 2.8%, 3.2%, 1.2% and 1.1%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean of the euthyroid group and the mean of the Graves' disease. So differenciation between them can be easily made. 2) The 5 minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ thyroid uptake was well correlated with 24 hour $^{131}I$ thyroid uptake (r=0.75, p<0.001). These data provided an equation for estimating the 24 hour uptake of iodide given the 5 minute pertechnetate uptake: Estimated 24-hour $^{131}I$ thyroid Uptake= 7.188*ln (5 minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ uptake)+16.94 3) The 20-minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ thyroid uptake was well correlated with 24-hour $^{131}I$ uptake (r=0.72, p<0.001) and 5-minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ thyroid uptake (r=0.96, p<0.001). 4) In the Graves' disease, The 5-minute $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ thyroid uptake was well correlated with serum $T_3-resin$ uptake (r=0.46, p<0.01), serum total $T_3$ (r=0.55, p<0.05), serum total $T_4$ (r=0.46, p<0.05). These results suggest that 5-minute ${99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ thyroid uptake has been found at least as useful as 24-hour $^{131}I$ uptake for diagnostic confirmation at our hospital, the logistical advantages of completing the diagnosis. The exam in 5-minutes led us to abandon the 24-hour study in the majority of patients, but the 24-hour $^{131}I$ uptake is still obtained in patients with planned or potential radioiodine therapy.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to establish the method for preserving PGCs that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen for developmental engineering or preservation of species. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of freeze-thaw treatment on viability of PGCs in chickens. PGCs were collected separately from a germinal gonad of an early embryo of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) of Isa brown, Korean Oge (KO), White Leghorn and Commercial breeds. PGCs separated from a germinal gonad of an early embryo of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) are suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol). The PGCs were then purified using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) method. The viability of PGCs after thawing was $87.4{\pm}0.4%$ and $89.4{\pm}0.2%$ with the 10% EG treatments with no significant difference between the Isa brown and Commercial breeds. The viability of PGCs after freeze- thawing was significantly higher for Isa brown ($87.4{\pm}0.4%$) and Commercial breeds ($89.4{\pm}0.2%$) than Korean Oge (KO) ($77.6{\pm}1.1%$) and White Leghorn ($76.2{\pm}0.9%$)(p<0.05) using 10% EG cryoprotectant. This study established a method for pre- serving chicken PGCs that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid ($LN_2$) at agermplasm repository and ease of entry into a data base. In the future, the importance for this new technology is that poultry lines can be conserved while work is being conducted on improving the production of germline chimeras.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of straw loading method and thawing protocol on the in vitro development of in vitro produced mouse blastocysts cryopreserved by vitrification. Three loading types of straw I, Il and III on loading and sealing method were made for vitrification. The ability of the solution on straw loading methods to remain vitreous during warming was tested by exposed in air for 1 to 10 s sec. and then plunged the vitrified straws into water bath at 25°C. Embryos to be vitrified were equilibrated to the 20% EG for 5min. and exposed in EFS 40 for 1min. The plug ends of Straw I and Straw II were sealed with straw powder and Straw III was treated straw powder, followed by heat sealing and then plunged into LN$_2$. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows; 1) Straw I embryo column mostly changed from transparent to opaque upon thawing without exposure in air for 3-6 sec. Straw II embryo column was I improved partially but was not remained completely vitreous during warming. However, when Straw lll loading method was used, the embryo column was remained vitreous completely. 2) High survival rates and development rates of each groups (middle blastocysts and hatching blastocysts) of vitrified embryos were obtained by using Straw III loading method than Straw I method (P<0.05). And the range of s standard error was low in Straw lll method. 3) When the embryos vitrified-frozen were placed in air for 3, 5 and l0sec. and then warmed rapidly in water bath at 25$^{\circ}C$, the survival rates after 24h of culture were 72.7-87.1% and the development rates to hatching stage after 48h of culture were 34.0-48.4%. There were no significantly differences according to exposure time in air during warming. In conclusion, the present results showed that highly survival and low standard error of vitrified-frozen mouse bIastocysts were obtained by using straw lll loading, double sealing and appropriate 2 step warming method.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.231-238
• /
• 1999

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of developmental stage and embryo age of in vitro produced bovine blastocysts after vitrification and thawing. In vitro cultured day 8 blastocysts after IVF were equilibrated 20% ethylene glycol (EG) for 3 min. and were vitrified using EFS40, which is consisted of 40% EG, 18% ficoll, 0.3M sucrose and 10% FBS added in mDPBS for 30 sec. before being plunged into $LN_2$. Also, survival in vitro was assessed by re-expansion and hatching or hatched at 24 hand 48 h postwarming, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows; 1) When the embryos were cultured for 8 day after IVF, 41.0% of the cleaved embryos developed to the blastocysts (early; 7.6%, expanded; 22.9%, hatching; 4.6% and hatched; 5.9%). 2) When the embryos were exposed or vitrified to the freezing solution, the re-expansion of vitrified embryos (73.3%) was significantly lower than that of control and exposed embryos (100, 97.0%) (p<0.05). But the formation rate of hatching or hatched blastocysts of vitrified embryos (66.7, 46.7%) at 48h after thawing was similar to that of exposed embryos (66.7, 39.4%) but not control (100, 100%) (p<0.01). However, in the total cell numbers of those developed hatched blastocysts, there were not significantly different among the treatment groups. 3) When the embryo survival rates by different developmental stage were examined, the re-expansion was not different among the groups $(64.5{\sim}75.6%)$. After warming 48 h, the hatching and hatched formation of early blastocysts (25.8, 9.7%) was significantly lower than those of expanded (69.7, 39.4%) and hatching blastocysts (53.3, 43.3%) (p<0.05). 4) In addition, when the expanded blastocysts at day 7, 8 and 9 were vitrified, the re-expansion of day 8 and 9 embryos was significantly lower than that of day 7 (day 7; 93.9%, day 8; 75.8% and day 9; 87.5%) (p<0.05). However, the rates of development to hatched blastocysts were no difference among the groups (day 7; 36.4%, day 8; 36.4% and day 9; 31.3%). These results suggested that in vitro produced expanded or hatching blastocysts can be efficiently cryopreserved by the two-step vitrification method using EFS40.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.293-299
• /
• 2001

Background : Sustained-release theophylline, which is generally prescribed as a twice-daily equal-dose regimen, is one of the more common asthma treatments. The development of a sustained-release drug delivery technology that enables improved control of the theophylline blood levels represents a significant advancement in both the efficacy and safety of dosing. Method : A crossover study was conducted with 25 adult chronic asthmatic patients requiring daily bronchodilator therapy. The study group included thirteen males and twelve females with ages ranging from 19 to 71 years. The overall approach was to place the patients first on the twice-daily preparation($Etheophyl^{(R)}$) for 28 days at 8 AM and 8 PM, and measure the pulmonary function and theophylline level on the 28th day. The patients were subsequently switched to the once-daily preparation($Uniphyl^{(R)}$) in the same daily dose at 8 PM on the 29th day and the same parameters were measured on the 56th day. Results : The mean serum levels of theophylline were $8.18{\pm}1.66\;{\mu}g/ml$ in the $Etheophyl^{(R)}$-treated period and $8.00{\pm}1.75\;{\mu}g/ml$ in the $Uniphyl^{(R)}$-treated period. ln addition, the $FEV_1$ showed $71.40{\pm}7.48$ percent in the $Etheophyl^{(R)}$-treated and $69.18{\pm}9.00$ percent in the $Uniphyl^{(R)}$-treated period. Thus there were no significant differences between the once-daily and twice-daily preparation. Conclusion : The results indicated little clinical differences between the two medications. The two drugs are equally effective in controlling asthma over the four weeks of treatment.