• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2015

In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of water column environments in the Western Pacific seamount area (approximately $150.2^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N$), we investigated the water mass and the behavior of water column parameters such as dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients (N, P), and chlorophyll-a. Physico-chemical properties of water column were obtained by CTD system at the nine stations which were selected along the east-west and south-north direction around the seamount (OSM14-2) in October 2014. From the temperature-salinity diagram, the main water masses were separated into North Pacific Tropical Water and Thermocline Water in the surface layer, North Pacific Intermediate Water in the intermediate layer, and North Pacific Deep Water in the bottom layer, respectively. Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ, mean $O_2$ $73.26{\mu}M$), known as dysoxic condition ($O_2<90{\mu}M$), was distributed in the depth range of 700~1,200 m throughout the study area. Inorganic nutrients typified by nitrite + nitrate and phosphate showed the lowest concentration in the surface mixed layer and then gradually increased downward with representing the maximum concentration in the OMZ, with lower N:P ratio (13.7), indicating that the nitrogen is regarded as limiting factor for primary production. Vertical distribution of water column parameters along the east-west and south-north station line around the seamount showed the effect of bottom water inflowing at around 500 m deep in the western and southern region, and concentrations of water column parameters in the bottom layer (below 2,500 m deep) of the western and southern region were differently distributed comparing to those of the other side regions (eastern and northern). The value of Excess N calculated from Redfield ratio (N:P=16:1) represented the negative value throughout the study area, which indicated the nitrogen sink dominant environments, and relative higher value of Excess N observed in the bottom layer of western and southern region. These observations suggest that the topographic features of a seamount influence the circulation of bottom current and its effects play a significant role in determining the behavior of water column environmental parameters.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.779-788
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• 2005

Purpose : Echinacea, a traditional plant medicine has been used as immune-stimulant. Recent studies have revealed that extract of Echinacea has immunostimulatory effects on human blood mononuclear cells. This study was designed for the purpose of screening the genes associated with immunologic effects of Echinacea on monocytes and dendritic cells using a cDNA microarray chip. Methods : $CD14^+$ monocyte cells were cultured for one day with Echinacea extract(final concentration : $50{\mu}g/mL$) in experiment 1, but were cultured without Echinacea in experiment 2. The gene expression of these cultured monocytes was analyzed using the cDNA microarray chip. Dendritic cells produced from $CD14^+$ monocyte were cultured for five days with GM-CSF and IL-4, and then cultured for one day with Echinacea in experiment 3, but were done without Echinacea in experiment 4. Results : In experiments 1 and 2, there were 17 significantly expressed genes with average expression ratios above 2.5, including interferon gamma-inducible protein 30(IFI 30), CDC(cell-division-cylcle)-like kinase 2(CLK 2), syndecan binding protein(syntenin), superoxide dismutase 2, etc. In experiments 3 and 4, there were 24 gene, with significantly expressed genes were 24 genes, which were insulin-like growth factor 2(somatomedin A), methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3, IFI 30, small inducible cytokine subfamily A, member 22, etc. The genes encoding CD44, IFI 30, mannose receptor C type 1(MRC 1), chemokine receptor 7(CCR 7), CLK 2, syntenin and cytochrome C oxidase subunit VIII were significantly expressed in both monocytes and dendritic cells cultured with Echinacea. Conclusion : This study employed a cDNA microarray chip to elicit the immune-associated gene profile; the expression was enhanced by Echinacea in CD14+ monocytes and dendritic cells. Thus we laid the basis for the quantitative and functional analysis of genes induced by Echinacea in monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

Purpose: There was a problem with using MU verification programs for the reasons that there were errors of MU when using MU verification programs based on Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) Algorithm with radiation treatment plans around lung using Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA). On this study, we studied the methods that can verify the calculated treatment plans using AAA. Materials and Methods: Using Eclipse treatment planning system (Version 8.9, Varian, USA), for each 57 fields of 7 cases of Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), we have calculated using PBC and AAA with dose calculation algorithm. By developing MU of established plans, we compared and analyzed with MU of manual calculation programs. We have analyzed relationship between errors and 4 variables such as field size, lung path distance of radiation, Tumor path distance of radiation, effective depth that can affect on errors created from PBC algorithm and AAA using commonly used programs. Results: Errors of PBC algorithm have showned $0.2{\pm}1.0%$ and errors of AAA have showned $3.5{\pm}2.8%$. Moreover, as a result of analyzing 4 variables that can affect on errors, relationship in errors between lung path distance and MU, connection coefficient 0.648 (P=0.000) has been increased and we could calculate MU correction factor that is A.E=L.P 0.00903+0.02048 and as a result of replying for manual calculation program, errors of $3.5{\pm}2.8%$ before the application has been decreased within $0.4{\pm}2.0%$. Conclusion: On this study, we have learned that errors from manual calculation program have been increased as lung path distance of radiation increases and we could verified MU of AAA with a simple method that is called MU correction factor.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.51-64
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• 2002

We have compared(using the same series of experimental tissue samples) the levels of proteolytic enzyme activities and free radical-induced protein damage in synovial fluid from RA and CPH cases. Many protease types showed significantly increased (typically by a factor of approximately 2-3-fold) activity in RA, compared to normal rats. However, CPH significantly reduced the cytoplasmic enzyme activities of arginyl aminopeptidase, leucyl aminopeptidase, pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase, tripeptidyl aminopeptidase, and proline endopeptidase to almost about 1/10 each. For the Iysosomal proteases, synovial fluid samples from RA rats, CPH significantly reduced the enzyme activities of cathepsin B, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II. In extracellular matrix degrading(collagenase, tissue elastase) and leukocyte as sociated proteases (leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G), CPH decreased these enzyme activities of collagenase, tissue elastase and leukocyte associated elastase in RA. In cytoplasmic and lysosomal protease activities in plasma from RA. CPH and normal plasma samples were not significantly different, suggesting that altered activity of plasma proteases (particularly those enzymes putatively involved in the immune response) is not a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of RA. In addition, the level of free radical induced damage to synovial fluid proteins was approximately twice that in RA, compared with CPH. CPH significantly decreased the level of ROS induced oxidative damage to synovial fluid proteins (quantified as protein carbonyl derivative). Therefore we conclude that both proteolytic enzymes and free radicals are likely to be of equal potential importance as damaging agents in the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint disease, and that the design of novel therapeutic strategies for patients with the latter disorder should include both protease inhibitory and free radical scavenging elements. In addition, the protease inhibitory element should be designed to inhibit the action of a broad range of protease mechanistic types (i.e. cysteine-, metallo- and serine- proteinases and peptidases). However, increased protein damage induced by ROS could not be rationalised in terms of compromised antioxidant total capacity, since the latter was not significantly altered in RA synovial fluid or plasma compared with CPH.

• Solar Energy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.60-65
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• 1990

[ $n^+-p^+$ ] InP homojunction solar cells were fabricated by thermal diffusion of sulphur into a $p^+$-InP wafer($p=4{\times}10^{18}cm^{-3}$), and a SiO film($600{\AA}$ thick) was coated on the $n^+$ layer as an antireflection(AR) coating by an e-beam evaporator. The volume of the cells were $5{\times}5{\times}0.3mm^3$. The front contact grids of the cells with 16 finger pattern of which width and space were $20{\mu}m$ and $300{\mu}m$ respectively, were formed by photo-lithography technique. The junction depth of sulphur were as shallow as about 0.4r m We found out the fabricated solar cells that, with increasing the diffusion time, short circuit current densities($J_{sc}$), series resistances($R_s$) and energy conversion efficiencies(${\eta}$) were increased. The cells show good spectral responses in the region of $5,000-9,000{\AA}$. The short circuit current density, the open circuit voltage( $V_{oc}$), the fill factor(F.F) and the energy conversion efficiency of the cell were $13.16mA/cm^2$, 0.38V, 53.74% and 10.1% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1057-1066
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• 2016

This study examined how 'forest name' or 'information of forest healing effectiveness' influence their perceived environmental restorativeness (PER) and perceived healing effectiveness (PHE). Study area was the 'Forest Healing Road (FHR)' in Mudeungsan National Park. Data were collected from 247 visitors selected by convenient sampling method using questionnaire survey during May-June, 2015. Respondents who read interpretive signs (forest name and information on forest healing effectiveness of FHR were written) installed along the FHR were regarded as placebo group and respondents who didn't read them as control group. The results showed that there were no overall differences on PER and PHE between control and placebo groups. Placebo group, however, rated more positive on 'being away' factor of PER than control group. All four factors (i.e., being away, coherence, fascination, comparability) of PER statistically influenced PHE (p<0.001), and these factors explained 51.1% of PHE. The 'coherence' was the most influential to PHE, followed by 'being away', 'comparability', and 'fascination' in order. Placebo effects on PER were shown in male, in lower age group(age${\leq}54$), or respondents with lower visiting experience to FHR(${\leq}20$ times/year). Placebo effects on PHE were found in male, in small group (${\leq}2$ persons), in respondents who visited 'alone' or 'with relatives/family', or in respondents with lower visiting experience to FHR(${\leq}20$ times/year). Some research and managerial implications were suggested.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.288-301
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• 2016

This paper employed typology and stratification as key elements to estimate quality evaluation of vinegar drink through Delphi and AHP(analytical hierarchical process) method to contribute the market expansion of the vinegar drink as a health drink. Through literature research and brainstorming with professionals, the first round of Delphi method was conducted with the open-ended questions including five upper concepts, i.e. 'ingredients', 'production method', 'product characteristics', 'functions' and 'packaging design'. Original study had 50 lower concepts as a result of the first round and added 'marketing' as an additional upper concept. The second and third round of Delphi method have been conducted with closed-ended questions based on the 50 lower concepts resulted from the first round. To seek concordant objectivity among the answers from the survey, the study used Kendall's W coefficient of concordance. 11 items were removed while 16 items were removed at the third round leaving 23 items through second round of Delphi method. For the final round, this study utilized the Pairwise Comparison Method to figure out the relative importance of the 23 items for the prioritization. Finally, current study formulated the final items which should be considered as an important factor in the quality evaluation of vinegar drink.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.468-482
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• 1998

Since the concept of osseointegration was introduced by Branemark of Sweden, dental implants have been used for various dental prosthetic treatments. The survival rate of dental implant is likely to be closely related to the total biomechanical role of each component of implant system. The use of interchangeable component is very attractive for dental practitioners because such an approach would save treatment cost, flexibility of prosthetic treatment options as well as conveniences. Therefore, the use of interchangeable implant system has been increasing without scientific assessment of safety and efficacy of various interchangeable implant system. The purpose of this study, therefore, were to compare the geometric characteristic of four interchangeable dental implant screws and the loosening torque of these screws. Four types of dental implant screws tested in this study were Nobelpharma, 3i, Impla-med, Restore. Four screws each of the test specimens were subjected for scanning electron microscopic examinations under the same condition and a 35x magnified standard SEM picture was objected from each test specimen using JSM-5200 scanning microscope. From each of the SEM pictures, eight parameters. i.e., diameter of screw head. screw length, thread pitch, major diameter. neck diameter, neck length, crest width and root width were determined using a caliper. The measurement for each parameters were then corrected for their magnification factor. The loosening torque were also determined by using a torque gauge. All of the measurements were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test and multiple range test. Statistical significance was set in advance at the probability level of less than 0.05. All analyses were done with SPSS software for the personal computer. The conclusion obtained from this studies were summarized as the following; 1. No statistically significances were noted in the thread pitch. and crest width in the four screws, and in the case of major diameter, the Impla-med screw was significantly smaller than the other three screws (p<0.05). Therefore, four implant bolts could be physically inserted in a abutment nuts. 2. The diameter of screw head was decreased in the order of Restore, 3i, Nobelpharma, Impla-med screws and the length of screws were decreased in the order of 3i, Restore, Nobelpharma and Impla-med. The diameter of neck was decreased in the order of Impla-med, Restore. Nobelpharma, 3i screws. The differences of each of these parameters were statistically significant (p<0.05). The width of root of screws were decreased in the order of Nobelpharma, Impla-med, Restore and 3i. The differences among Nobelpharma and Impla-med. Restore and 3i were statistically significant (p<0.05). 3. When the screws were loosening 1, 3, 4 and 5 times, the loosening torque for Impla-med and 3i screws were significantly higher than that of Nobelpharma or Restore screws (p<0.05). However, when statistically smaller than that of 3i, Restore or Nobelpharma screws(p<0.05).

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1991

Effective dose equivalents resulting from inhalation of indoor radon-222 daughters at 12 residential areas in Korea were assessed by a simple mathematical lung dosimetry model based on the measurements of long-term averaged radon concentrations at 340 dwellings. The long-term averaged indoor radon-222 concentrations and corresponding eqilibrium equivalent radon $concentration(EEC_{Rn})$ measured by passive time-integrating CR-39 radon cups are in the range of $33.82{\sim}61.42Bq/m^3(median\;:\;48.90Bq/m^3)$ and of $13.53{\sim}24.57Bq/m^3(median\;:\;19.55Bq/m^3)$, respectively. The effective dose equvalent conversion factor for the exposure to unit $EEC_{Rn}$ derived in this study was estimated $1.07{\times}10^{-5}mSv/Bq\;h\;m^{-3}$ for a reference adult and agreed well with those recommended by the ICRP and UNSCEAR. The annual average dose equivalent to the lung $(H_{LUNG})$ from inhalation exposure to measured $EEC_{Rn}$ was estimated to be 20.90 mSv and resulting effective dose $equivalent(H_E)$ was to be 1.25 mSv, which is about 50% of the natural radiation exposure of 2.40 mSv/y to the public reported by the UNSCEAR.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2017

During a construction of embankment, sub base, or retaining wall backfill, the speedy measurement of water content is necessary. In this study, a test method for field determination of water content of soil by the calcium carbide gas pressure (speedy water content measurement method) was evaluated for its reliability and accuracy. Dry oven and microwave oven methods were also used for water content measurement. In the test, weathered granite and Nakdong River sand in the site and kaolinite were used for water content measurement. The mass of 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 g of soil was respectively tested for 1, 3, and 5 min. The effect of each sample on water content was compared one another and analyzed. As the mass and testing time increased, the water content increased. The amount of soil was more important factor than testing time for the speedy water content measurement. In order to obtain similar result to that of dry oven method, 3 min of testing time with 24 g of soil was necessary for weathered granite classified as SM and 3 min with 30 g for Nakdong River sand classified as SP. For Nakdong River sand with 20-50% of kaolinite, the water content by speedy measurement increased as the clay content increased.