• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1969

Electoromyographic studies were performed on the action of the muscles of the temporomandibular joints following exfoliation of the deciduous teeth. The subjects examined, being 50 children. between the age of 6 and 13 years, divided into 5 groups. They were; 1) Deciduous dentition were complete in the first group. 2) Deciduous incisors were missing in either upper or lower jaw in the second group. 3) Deciduous canine and molars were missing in the left side of either upper or lower jaw in the third group. 4) Deciduous canine and molars were missing in the right side of either upper or lower jaw in the fourth group. 5) Permanent dentition completed in the fifth group(except third molars). Electromyogram was recorded with 4 channel polygraph (Grass model VII modified for 7P3). Electrodes which were the cup-typed gold discs, 9 millimeters in the diameter, were located on the anterior, middle and posterior lobes of the temporal muscles, and also on the superficial and deep layers of the masseter muscles. Paired electrodes were held by electrode cream so that they were pressed on the skin surface at right angle, adhesive tape being used to anchor them. The distance of the pair electrodes was about 5 millimeters. The results obtained were as follow: 1) In rest position of mandible; All groups showed slight, electrical activities in the muscles involved, but in the middle lobe of temporal muscle they were slightly higher. 2) In molar occlusion of mandible; High activity-anterior lobe of temporal muscle and superficial layer of masseter muscle. Moderate activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-middle and posterior lobes of masseter muscle. There were no differences among the first, the second and the fifth groups. In the third group the muscle activity was weaker than that of the right, and in the fourth group opposite characteristics was revealed. 3) In incisal bite of mandreble; Hight activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Modertae activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. The first, the third, the fourth and the fifth groups showed no differences but the second group showed less activity than those of others. 4) In protrusion of mandible; High activity-deep layer of masseter muscle Moderate activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. In the first, the fourth and the fifth groups, there were no differences in the activities, but the second group showed less activity than the others. 5) In retrusion of mandible; High activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Moderate activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. In the first, the third, the fourth and the fifth groups, there were no differences but the second group showed less activity than the others. 6) In lateral excursion of the mandible (either direction); High activity-posterior lobe of temporal muscle. Moderate activity-anterior and middle lobes of temporal muscle. Low activity-superficial and deep layers of masseter muscle. The muscle action potentials were weaker than those of the right side in the third group and vice ver'sa in the fourth group. 7) In chewing movement; Temporal muscle activities were higher than those of masseter, especially in the middle lobe of temporal muscle the activity was highest. Right side muscle activities were higher than those of the left in the third group and, on the contrary, the left side was dominant over the right in the fourth group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 1979

Early morphological changes of Omobranchus slogans (STEINDACHNER) (Family Blennidae) were studied based on the samples of 125 individuals collected from Changseon channel of Nam-hae in June 1973 and May 1979. Descriptions were made with particular emphasis on developmental changes of supraorbital region, fin rays, development of chromatophores and the preopercular spine. In the early stages the lateral profile of the supraorbital region is perpendicular to tile sagittal plane, however, in the later stages it becomes curved. In the early stage of 5.55 mm in total length the number of soft rays of dorsal fin is 18, and that of the anal fin 15. Ventral fin first appears as a premoidal proturberance. It fully developes into a fin composed of two soft rays in the stages of 12.9 mm in total length. The caudal fin rays first appear in the ventral part and in the stages of 6.15 mm in total length it gets one or two soft rays which bear 1-2 segments. In the later stages each ray bears more than 5 segments. Melanophores first appear as two black spots on the central part of the head. They are distributed on the opercle and the antero-dorsal surface of the trunk in the stage of 18mm in total length. At this stage the general chromatophore. pattern is identical to the adult stage. The anal fin bears melanophores at the basal part of the rays, and it is one of the remarkable morphological characters of this species. In early stages the preopercular spine develops reaching the basal part of the pectoral fin. In the later stages of 15 mm in total length relative length of the spine decreases to total length, and ie reaches only the distal margin of the opercular.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2004

In recent years, technology has advanced so much, especially in the developed world, such that its application in development activities may be lagging behind. The lag between technological advances and its application affects agrometeorological science as well. This paper discusses technological advances that may be better used to communicate agrometeorological information. It is important to bear in mind that technological advances are only channels of communication that may be used to speed up the transference of information from the source to the user. The paper begins with a review of the definitions of 'communication' to put the discussion into context. After reviewing several papers, in simple terms, communication can be defined as the sharing of meaning. The paper also looks at operational communications channels and comes to a conclusion that operational communications channels are pretty much universal irrespective of the development level of a country, although some are more easily accessible in some parts of the world than others. The common communications channels include: newspapers, farming papers, radio, television, fax, email, mobile phones (SMS) and Internet web sites. As part of technological advances, mobile phones are becoming increasingly useful all over the world. In order to make better use of this technology, it is important far those that will use this technology to understand how the technology works, not necessarily in detail, but to be able to operate the technology and obtain the data they need. When it comes to constraints, communication of agrometeorological information requires a substantial amount of resources and it is generally expensive especially when sophisticated models must be operated.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.151-164
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• 1996

The regional division by the characteristics of the drainage patterns is important to understand its physical environment comprehensively, because the drainage network develops in reflecting characteristics of geological, geographical and climatical features in the drainage basin keenly. This study is the attempt to divide physical region in China whose drainage pattern is diverse. Chinese drainage basin is mainly divided into the interior drainage basin and the peripheral drainage basin. The interior drainage basin is divided into (1)the deranged pattern and (2)the centripetal pattern. The peripheral drainage basin is divided into (1)the dendritic pattern, (2)the parallel pattern, (3)the radial pattern and (4)the anastomatic pattern. Drainage patterns of the interior drainage basin are formed by affecting geographical features and climatic conditions mainly. In the peripheral drainage basin, drainage patterns are formed by other factors: the parallel pattern is connected with geological structure lineament by tectonic movement, the radial pattern with changes of the river channel resulted from the Yellow River's overflow, the anastomotic pattern with human's activities. The distributional features of the physical region in China are as follows: The deranged pattern appears in Zangbai Plateau, the centripetal pattern does in arid basin of the northwest China. the parallel pattern does in Hengduan mountains affected strongly by tectonic movement between Yangtze paraplatform and Indian Plate, does in the upper stream of Yangtze River and Ganges River in the south of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the radial pattern in Huaihe Haihe River drainage basin appearing in the alluvial fan region of Yellow River's downstream and the anastomotic pattern does in the delta of Yangtze River, in the northern coastal plain of the Jiangsu-Province and in the delta of Zhujiang River. Except these areas in the peripheral drainage basin, the dendritic pattern is usually found in the other areas.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2008

With the shift of consumer’s spending behaviors further into emotionally-driven purchases, the role of brand is becoming even more important, which in turn, expands design’s role in the brand image strategy. The contact point between the consumers and the brand is the primary channel for building strong brand image through experience. Therefore, it is critical to comprehensively plan and manage the consumer contact point for any brand. Given the changing market conditions, the objective of this study is to define and structure an integrated design development and management system for building successful brand image. In order to do so, the research analyzed the characters of brand image, the conditions for consumer experience and the roles of emotion. The analysis into the correlation between images and emotion process model yields three natures of an image. The image 1) is based on empirical decisions, 2) expresses and conveys emotional aspects and 3) builds mental values through a sense of sympathy. Through case studies of successful designs that meet all three characteristics, the roles of a brand icon in building strong brand image and the needs for integrated design approach for implementation are defined. The methods for integrated design include 1) providing a focal point through brand image positioning, 2) utilizing visual themes based on brand image plot, 3) building a Total Identity Program to holistically manage brand images and 4) developing brand icons for brand image reinforcement.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.2415-2423
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• 2015

Experiments were conducted on sine wave fin-and-tube heat exchangers having oval tubes under wet condition. Oval tubes having an aspect ratio of 0.6 were made, by deforming 12.7mm round tubes. Twelve samples, having different fin pitch and tube row, were tested. Results showed that, for oval tube samples, the effect of fin pitch on j and f factor was not significant. As for the effect of tube row, the lowest j factor was obtained for one row configuration(81% of two row configuration), which is clear contrast to round tube samples, where the highest j factor was obtained for one row configuration. Possible reasoning is provided considering the flow and heat transfer characteristics of sine wave channel combined with connecting oval tubes. Comparison of $j/f^{1/3}$ with plain fin-and-tube heat exchanger having 15.9mm O.D. round tube reveals that present oval fin-and-tube heat exchanger shows superior thermal performance except for one row configuration. In other words, $j/f^{1/3}$ of the two row oval tube heat exchanger was 1.6~2.5 times larger than those of round tube heat exchanger, 1.4~2.4 times larger for three row configuration and 1.2~2.8 times for four row configuration.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.62
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• pp.43-74
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• 2020

This paper examines the epistemology of the body and the direction of Christian education based on it. Looking at Merleau-Ponty, Damagio, and Nelson's epistemology of the body, it found that they had a common point, even though they studied in different areas like philosophy, brain science, and body theology; the body is a subject that perceives the world in a sensuous and direct way, and is a channel that mediates humans and the world, and plays a decisive role in human self-formation. In particular, theology of body revealed, that the body is a pathway for our understanding of God just as a pathway for our understanding the world. In addition, theology of body revealed that the body is regarded as the place of 'embodiment of God', and in the end, the world in which our incarnated body participates should also become the place of 'God's incarnation'. It also examined Christian education based on the epistemology of the body, focusing on 'education starting from the senses', 'education as a participation', and 'incarnational education'. From these three concepts, it found that epistemology of body suggests an alternative view of traditional knowledge-based education or schooling education. It suggests an open paradigm centered on sense and experience, personal participation, non-verbal experience, and field of education, beyond a fixed and closed paradigm of doctrine-centered, objective knowledge mediation, language-centered, and content-centered. Furthermore, this paper found that the body is like a well that can pump up metaphors that provide a basic metaphor for re-conceptualizing Christian education.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2010

The flow of a universal system-level design methodology consists of system specification, system-level hardware/software partitioning, co-design, co-verification using virtual or physical prototype, and system integration. In the developing process of a hardware component in system, the design phase has been regarded as a phase consuming lots of time and cost. However, the verification phase in which functionality of the designed component is verified has recently been considered as a much important phase. In this paper, the implementation of a verification environment which is based on SystemC infrastructure and verifies the functionality of a hardware component is described. The proposed verification system uses SystemC user-defined channel as communication interface between variables of SystemC module and registers of Verilog module. The functional verification of an UART is performed on the proposed verification system. SystemC provides class library for hardware modeling and has an advantage of being able to design a system consisting hardware and software in higher abstraction level than register transfer level. Source codes of SystemC modules are reusable with a minor adaptation on verifying functionality of another hardware component.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.3 s.120
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• pp.344-354
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• 2007

Estuarine wetlands for 33 watersheds in the Han River estuary were delineated on topographic maps from the 1910s, 1970s, and 2000s. Then, these data were used to address the issue of spatial distribution and temporal variation. Watershed characteristics such as drainage density, location, watershed size, slope, and elevation were identified for each watershed to determine the relationship between watershed characteristics and spatial distribution of estuarine wetlands. The analysis of estuarine wetlands indicated that wetlands in the estuary had declined gradually between the 1910s and the 1970s, although most wetlands were lost since the 1970s mainly caused by the large development projects related to urban expansion in metropolitan Seoul. The sediment composition and formation processes of the wetlands differed with watershed location; mud flats dominate in the lower part of the estuary, and relatively more sandy and emergent-plant wetlands occur near the main channel and tributaries of the Han River. Relatively more estuary wetlands occur in large watersheds, which have high slopes and low elevations. Estuarine wetlands have been lost dramatically in the densely populated watershed regions (i.e., Han River Seoul, Han River Goyang, West Han River), while relatively more wetlands have remained in undeveloped regions, including the Lower Imjin River and Lower Han River. In particular, anthropogenic disturbance has played an important role in the loss of wetland through the conversion of wetland into agricultural and developed land.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.686-708
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• 2013

The goal of this investigation is to examine the matter as to how various cyberpolitical activities such as on-line civic participation, cyber parties, development and movement of civil society networks are appeared in cyberspace; and how political activities in cyberspace are associated with offline environment. This research was based on in-depth and open-ended interviews centering around 20s (32 interviewees) and the major results are as in the following. First, in terms of on-line civic participation, searching political issues occur in places, where internet users can access information easily relatively, and creating or reconstructing political information is identified in places giving stability or affinity to the public society. Second, even though each party's homepage for the channel of cyber parties has enough capacity as bridgespace, which takes charge of supporting f lows of people, goods, capital, and ideas, most of them don't play a role to establish virtual or real networks. Exceptively, cyber parties contribute to make temporalized places, where nobody takes the responsibility, somewhat. Third, the development and movement of civil society networks is divided into several segments according to political interests and tendency in online; furthermore, such a cyberpolitical activity influences human networks and the decision of major places for political activities in offline.