• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 1994

Butachlor applied pre-emergence at 3.6kg ai/ha inhibited the growth and developments of shoot of barnyardgrass under dry condition, whereas rice was unaffected. Growth of rice and barnyardgrass under water condition was severely inhibited by treatment of butachlor but that of transplanted rice was not affected. The inhibition rate was higher under water condition, in broadcast rice and direct seeded rice than under dry condition, drilled rice and transplanted rice, respectively. The major anatomical response of stem of barnyardgrass seedling to butachlor under dry condition were partial reduction in thickness and collapse of leaf sheath, while not in rice. Broadcast rice on soil under water condition appeared reduction and constriction of leaf primordia thickness, and barnyardgrass formed tubular-like leaves and showed inhibited elongation of apical meristem. On the other hand, transplanted rice did not show these responses.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.79-114
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• 1974

Experiments were conducted to clarify the variations of the ecological characteristics under different day-length and temperature conditions inperilla varieties from 1972 to 1973 in the experimental fields of Crop Experiment Station, O.R.D, Suwon. Thirty-six varieties were tested in the field in 1972 under 6 growing seasons differing seeding dates. from April 5th to June 20th with 15-day interval between each seeding. Pot-experiment also were conducted in 1972 and 1973. The seeds of the 6 varieties tested were sown on May 25th. In this pot-experiment natural condition was regarded as a short-day treatment and 100-W incandescent lamps were used for long-day treatment. Three selected varieties were grown under different. temperature treatments in phytotron in Crop Experiment Station. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Most varieties tested flowered around September 6. The days required to flower were shortened gradually as the planting time was delayed. 2. The varieties used were matured around October 6, but the maturity was shortened when planted early. The days required for maturity after flowering was 26 to 30. 3. The growing period was also shortened gradually when planting time was delayed. 4. Plant height was reduced when planting time was delayed. 5. There were little differences in number of valid branches among planting time I, II and III, while the branch number was reduced as the planting time was delayed. 6. The dry matter weight was gradually increased from planting time I to III, while it was rapidly decreased after planting time IV. 7. It was found that the flowering of perilla was little affected by temperature. The varieties, however, were more sensitive to day-length. 8. No clear tendency was found in the plant height, number of valid branches and dry matter weight by the time and period of day-length and temperature treatments. 9. The highest yield was obtained at planting time III(May 5th) and the yield was decreased at either earlier or later planting. 10. 1, 000 grain weight appeared to be heavier as the planting time was delayed. 11. The number of flower cluster was largest at planting time III (May 5th) and it was decreased as planting time was earlier or later than III. 12. The oil content was also highest at planting time III (May 5th). 13. Days to flowering, days to maturity and total growing period and flowering period did not affect the yield much. 14. The number of valid branches, flower clusters, 1, 000-grain weight and dry matter weight were positively correlated with yield. The relationship between these characters and yield were variable depending upon the planting time.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.237-245
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• 2017

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the health conditions and health behaviors of merchants at traditional markets and compare them with members of the general population[ED highlight - do you mean "members of the general population"?]. The data were collected from 307 merchants at N traditional market in C City from 1-20 June 2015 at D Health Center of C City after physical measurement and blood collection and then analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0. The male, female, and overall smoking rates of merchants at the traditional market were 34.2%, 3.5% and 11.1%, the annual drinking rates were 68.4%, 38.5%, and 45.9%, and the rates of subjects under stress and the rates of experiencing depression were 23.7%, 28.5%, and 27.4% and 5.3%, 6.1%, and 5.9%, respectively, which were all relatively lower than members of the general population[ED highlight - please ensure that my changes here are in keeping with your intended meaning.]. The male, female and overall rates of medium-level physical activities and walking were 32.9%, 19.9%, and 23.1% and 85.5%, 79.2%, and 80.8%, respectively, to have relatively good health behaviors, and the mental health is relatively fine than members of the general population[ED highlight - please clarify this, I cannot infer your intended meaning.]. However, test group[ED highlight - the test group? Please specify.] had high prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, as the duration of work increased, the abdominal circumference as well as the prevalence rates of low HDL-cholesterol, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and arthritis increased. Therefore, the specific causes of these shall be determined, and the long-term daily life improvement program shall be prepared and applied continuously for merchants at traditional markets.[ED highlight - please specify what these refer to; however, the entire sentence can probably be deleted.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.160-166
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• 2005

Background : Although home oxygen therapy in hypoxemic patients with chronic lung disease has been increasing over the decade in Korea, the present state has not been known well. This study was done to know the situation of home oxygen therapy in a Korean university hospital. Methods : Between January 1, 2000 and August 31, 2003, 86 patients prescribed home oxygen therapy by the pulmonary physicians of Asan Medical Center were investigated using their medical record and questionnaire. Results : Patients (52 men, mean age of 61 years) with home oxygen therapy were increasing by every year. Underlying diseases were COPD (n=29), tuberculous destroyed lung (n=18), bronchiectasis (n=15), ILD (n=12), and others. Baseline $FEV_1/FVC$, FVC, and $FEV_1$ of patients were $58.4{\pm}25.2%$, $54.5{\pm}17.1%$ of predicted, and $41.7{\pm}20.6%$ of pred. Mean oxygen flow was 1.5 L/min and mean duration per day was 14.5 hours. During therapy, mean $PaO_2$ values have increased from 51.2 to 77.7 mm Hg and $PaCO_2$ values have increased from 47.5 to 49.6 mm Hg. Only 16.5% of the subjects were monitored by visiting nurses or pulse oximeter. Three year survival rate was 56.6% and hypercapnic patients showed better prognosis. Conclusion : The patients with home oxygen therapy were increasing yearly and a part of them were monitored. The hypercapnea respiratory failure patients would have better prognosis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2016

In searching for novel agents for skin anti-aging from natural resources, we found that the extract of the fruiting bodies of Ramaria formosa (R. formosa) had significant antioxidant and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitory activities. R. formosa extract exhibited a considerable DPPH radical scavenging activity with an antioxidant content of 117.0mg/mL (ascorbic acid equivalents) at the concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$. The capacity of R. formosa extract to scavenge peroxy radicals measured by ORAC assay also showed dose-dependent antioxidant effect with $ORAC_{Roo}$ (trolox equivalents, $1{\mu}M$) values of 0.8, 5.2, and 7.8 at the concentrations of 1, 10, and $20{\mu}g/mL$. The cellular antioxidant capacity of R. formosa extract was investigated by assaying the cellular fluorescence intensity using dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF). The cellular oxidative stress induced by AAPH, $Cu^{2+}$ or $H_2O_2$ in HepG2 cells was significantly attenuated by more than 30% at $20{\mu}g/mL$ of R. formosa extract. HNE activity was reduced by treatment with R. formosa extract in a dose-dependent manner, and the $ED_{50}$ value for the ethanol extract of R. formosa was $42.9{\mu}g/mL$. R. formosa extract did not exhibited antimicrobial activity against four microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida albicans (C. albicans), Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae). Furthermore, the extract did not affect the inflammatory cytokine production of interleukin-10 and interferon-${\gamma}$ in NK92 cells. From the above results, we found that R. formosa extract has considerable antioxidant and elastase inhibitory effects, and does not stimulate immune cells. These findings suggest that R. formosa extract may be used as a bioactive component in cosmetic composition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2006

It is very important to improve fertilizer use efficiency for the saving of fertilizers and for environmental purposes as well. However, there was no effective ways for the fertilization in the mid of growth under the plastic film mulching cultivation so far. For this, a Band Spotty Fertilization (BSF) machine was developed recently. So, we tried to establish a low input fertilization technique using this BSF machine in the vinyl mulching cultivation of onion (Allium cepa L.). Fertilization efficiency, soil properties, and crop yield were examined and compared among treatments from 2000 to 2001. The content of exchangeable K in soils were higher after fertilization but that of available $P_2O_5$ was lower than before the experiment in all plots. The content of nitrate-N was highest at the early growth stage, and higher in BSF plots than that of conventional fertilization (CF). BSF plot showed higher growth rate, and uptake amount of nitrogen of onion by 59-69% than that of CF. N use efficiency in BSF was higher in the order of two time-split application, one time-split application, and three time application. K use efficiency was high 13-17% BSF plots than that in CF($63kg\;ha^{-1}$) plots. The amount of residual N in soils was high by 8-14% in BSF plots compared to that in CF plots, and the loss of N was lowered 26-34% by BSF. Also, the amount of residual K in soils was high by 13-18% and the loss of K was low by 29-31% in BSF plots compared to that in CF plots. The yield of onions increased by 7-13% by BSF due to increased diameter and weight of bulbs. As the results, N fertilization efficiency increased by 22-42% by BSF.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2010

Complex terrain refers to irregular surface properties of the earth that influence gradients in climate, lateral transfer of materials, landscape distribution in soils properties, habitat selection of organisms, and via human preferences, the patterning in development of land use. Complex terrain of mountainous areas represents ca. 20% of the Earth's terrestrial surface; and such regions provide fresh water to at least half of humankind. Most major river systems originate in such terrain, and their resources are often associated with socio-economic competition and political disputes. The goals of the TERRECO-IRTG focus on building a bridge between ecosystem understanding in complex terrain and spatial assessments of ecosystem performance with respect to derived ecosystem services. More specifically, a coordinated assessment framework will be developed from landscape to regional scale applications to quantify trade-offs and will be applied to determine how shifts in climate and land use in complex terrain influence naturally derived ecosystem services. Within the scope of TERRECO, the abiotic and biotic studies of water yield and quality, production and biodiversity, soil processing of materials and trace gas emissions in complex terrain are merged. There is a need to quantitatively understand 1) the ecosystem services derived in regions of complex terrain, 2) the process regulation occurred to maintain those services, and 3) the sensitivities defining thresholds critical in stability of these systems. The TERRECO-IRTG is dedicated to joint study of ecosystems in complex terrain from landscape to regional scales. Our objectives are to reveal the spatial patterns in driving variables of essential ecosystem processes involved in ecosystem services of complex terrain region and hence, to evaluate the resulting ecosystem services, and further to provide new tools for understanding and managing such areas.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to use basic data of dental hygiene curriculum with a new technique called motivational interviewing of communication skill to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method of oral health care. In this study, we performed oral health care program that has been made in dental hygiene department to university students. It was assigned to the control group and 66 and 32 experimental group based on the date of the first visit time. It conducted motivational interviewing of a total of three times in the experimental group. The analytical results of the measurements obtained in the oral examination and questionnaires. The results were as follows: The experimental group measured value was reduced after the intervention compared to before the PSR to evaluate the state of periodontal, gingival index, calculus index, plaque control record (PCR; O'Leary plaque index), simple plaque scor of Quantitative Light Induced Fluorescnece Digital measurement value (p<0.05). Experimental group decreased more and more the result of changes in the reduction of the average of the PCR. But control group was reduced to 3 weeks and increased back to the middle 16 weeks. There was also support interaction between the measurement point and the groups (p<0.05). Re-visit adherence of fit, 12.1% in the control group, the experimental group was 43.7% in the period of participation in the oral health care program. Thus, visit adherence of the experimental group was higher. In this study, a group that has motivational interviewing, It was able to confirm the improvement of oral health state. Discussion of the motivational interviewing can be applied to oral health care program.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1998

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value and histologic correlation of sonography in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Sixty-nine patients with proteinuria over 2g per day at the time of presentation who were treated at the Korea University Hospital were included in this review. They were 1 to 15 years old(mean age, 7.8 years) with 49 males and 20 females. In each patient an ultrasound examination was done using SPA 1000(Diasonics, C.A., U.S.A.) on admission. Tissue specimens were obtained from 46 patients. The paraffin-embedded specimens were reviewed with special reference to interstitial edema, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, global sclerosis or inflammatory cell infiltrates. Biopsy proven renal disease were minimal change disease(n=20), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(n=7), membranous glomerulonephritis(n=2), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(n=1), $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura nephritis(n=6), IgA nephropathy(n=5), poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(n=2), systemic lupus erythematosus(n=1) and Alport syndrome(n=2). There was a significant relationship between increased cortical echogenicity and global sclerosis or tubular atrophy(P<0.05). But no significant relationship was found between increased cortical echogenicity and interstitial fibrosis, interstitial edema, or inflammatory cell infiltration. In biopsy-proven primary nephrotic syndrome(n=30), no significant relationship was found between the increased conical echogenicity and the interstitial edema, interstitial fibrosis, global sclerosis, tubular atrophy or inflammatory cell infiltration. But there was a significant relationship between increased cortical echogenicity and resistance to corticosteroid (P<0.05). These results suggest that increased cortical echogenicity may be due to tubular atrophy or global sclerosis in patients with proteinuria and may be an effective indicator of resistance to corticosteroid in primary nephrotic syndrome.(J Korean Soc of Pediatr Nephrol 2:26-33, 1998)

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.325-335
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• 2005

Deterioration depths of rock slope due to freezing-thawing were calculated using the 1-D heat conductivity equation. The temperature distribution analysis was carried out using temperature distribution data for last two years of the five major cities such as Seoul, Daejeon, Pohang, Gwangju and Cangneung. The analysis was performed based on three different types of rocks, sandstone, granite and gneiss. This study has found that the deterioration depths tend to be greater with the increase of the thermal conductivity coefficient in Seoul, Daejeon and Pohang where showing relatively greater temperature deviations. Regarding the influence of rock types, deterioration depths turned out to be greater in Gwangju and Gangneung where show relatively smaller temperature deviations among the five cities, assuming these cities are on the granite with thermal conductivity of $55,200\;cal/m\timesday\times^{\circ}C$. In contrast, for the other rock types, cities of relatively geater temperature deviations show deeper deterioration depth than the others. Deterioration depths of rock slope in Korea due to freezing-thawing fumed out to be around 8.4 m to 10.7 m.