• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.245-253
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• 2014

The objectives of this study were to investigate the quality characteristics of nutritional cereal bars with various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) of Citrus fruit extract. Regarding the color of nutritional cereal bars, the L value decreased according to the amount of nutritional cereal bars added, whereas a, b color values increased. The nutritional cereal bar with 5, 10, 15, and 20% Citrus fruit extract had a significantly lower hardness value than the control nutritional cereal bar. The result of a sensory test showed that the scores for color, taste, texture, and overall acceptability were the highest for the nutritional cereal bar with 15% Citrus fruit extract. The nutritional cereal bar with 20% Citrus fruit extract attained the highest flavor score. The results indicated that optimal concentration of Citrus fruit extract in nutritional cereal bars were 15%. The quality characteristics of the nutritional cereal bar were also potential materials for good healthy food.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 1990

In order to investigate an effect of the feed restriction on the laying performance, 208 White Leghorn strain layer of 36 week-old were divided to 4 groups of 52 birds each and raised for 1 week of previous feeding and for the subsequent 3 weeks of experimental restricted feeding. The egg production, daily egg mass and feed efficiency of four groups of birds fed daily 100g, 95g, 90f and 85g of a commercial diet, respectively, which were compared with those of the original 2879 birds fed l13g of diet per day as control. During 3 weeks of experimental restricted feeding, period, daily body weight nam was decreased linearly as the degree of restriction increased in birds fed 100, 95, 90 and 85g of diet. Hen day egg production, egg weight and daily egg mass was linearly related to the diet intake level. then feed intake(x, g day$^{-1}$ ) showed a positive regression equations with the henday egg production(y, % ), egg weight(y, g egg$^{-1}$ ) and egg mass(y, g bird$^{-1}$ ) as y＝38.75＋0.3753$\times$(r＝0.503, n＝15), y＝48.2＋0.08868$\times$(r＝0.835, n＝ 15) and y＝15.69＋0.2786$\times$(r＝0.597, n＝15), respectively. Feed efficiency was increased to a plateau in birds fed 95g of diet. The estimated energy utilization for egg production was reached to a plateau in birds fed 95g of diet and the highst protein utilization was shown in birds fed 90g of diet anions birds fed graded levels of diet. And the feed restriction did not affect on the egg shell contents, while protein contents of egg were shown a trend to be increased and lipids and cholesterol contents of eggs was decreased according to the diet intake lowered. The results suggested that the improved feed efficiencies of birds restricted under 16% of diet(above 95g of diet) will be due to increased energy and protein utilization for egg production and feed restriction above 16% will be aboided. In the range from 113g to 95g of diet feeding, the crude profit was increased as the feed restricted in the case of egg price 600 won kg$^{-1}$ and feed price 200 won kg$^{-1}$ .

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.737-744
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• 2001

This study was carried to investigate the changes in physical and chemical properties during preparation of Yukwa. Protein content of glutinous rice was decreased during soaking time and acid and pH values were increased while contents of lipid and ash were not changed. Particle size distribution showed thate average particle size of 7 days soaking treatment smaller than those of 3 days and starch damage of glutinous rice flour was increased during soaking time. The major flavor components after soaking were found ethyl ester acetic acid, ethanol, 2-butan -ol, 2-methyl 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl 1-butanol and 1-pentanol, propanoic acid. Content of acetic acid and butanoic acid were rapidly increased during soaking time. Results for ratio of storage modulus(G') and loss modulus(G') in glutinous rice flour dough indicated $tan{\delta}$ was increased for a while and decreased as frequency increased. G' value was very similar with G' value after steaming which means rubber-like property while G' and G' value were changed after during storage time. Treatment at $-20^{\circ}C$ had the highest hardness for cutting degree of dough. There was no difference in color value between different water contents. Hardness of Bandegi (sheet) was decreased as water content increased and the highest popping value was obtained at 18% of water contents. Adding 3% soaked bean had higher redness value of Yukwa and lower value in yellowness.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of two winter cover crops, hairy vetch and rye in foxtail millet and sorghum fields in 2010. Crop growth and development and weed occurrences in the fields were examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. In hairy vetch treated plots, heading of minor cereals occurred early. The heading date was earlier by 1 day and 2 days in sorghum and foxtail millet, respectively. However, rye treatment delayed heading by 12 days and 8 days in sorghum and foxtail millet, respectively. Besides he effect of cover crop on ear emergence of crops, the Besides changed growth-related characteristics. Plant height, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum ere increased in hairy vetch treatment by 46.4% 88.7% and 7.9%, respectively. In foxtail millet, the characteristics ere also increased by 45.6%, 50.9% and 37.8%, respectively, s compared to control. Yields of sorghum and foxtail millet were increased by 105.1% and 135% as compared o control by hairy vetch treatment, respectively. However, he yields of cereal crops were decreased by rye cover crop treatment, the yields of sorghum and foxtail millet were decreased by 25.8% and 119.1%, respectively. Rye cover crop treatment inhibited crop growth suggesting nitrogen starvation in rye treated plots. In rye treatment, plant height, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum ere slightly decreased by 7.1%, 10.8% and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to control whereas the inhibitory effects were greater in foxtail millet. Weed occurrences based n weed number in hairy vetch and rye plots were reduced n weed number in hairy vetch and rye plots were reduced y 27% and 20%, respectively. The smothering effect was weakened or disappeared after heading of crops. Weed number and dry weight in hairy vetch plot were increased by 159% and 55.2%, respectively, as compared to control. The results implied that weed suppressing of cover crops could be reduced drastically after heading of crops.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2014

Pre-storage ultra-violet (UV) light treatment on fresh produce is known to inactivate the contaminated microorganisms, activate the defense system, and delay ripening extending the shelf life. As UV light emitting diode (LED) becomes available at a relatively low price, continuous or intermittent UV treatment during chilled storage is possible in a container or package. This study attempted an in situ UV LED treatment on fresh produce stored under a refrigerated container in order to see its potential in the fresh produce storage and further optimize its application conditions. The effect of in-container UV LED irradiation on the quality preservation of shredded carrots was investigated in the air and modified atmosphere (MA) conditions. Two sets of experiment with Escherichia coli inoculation and with natural microbial flora in the air (two 30 minute on-off cycles of 1 $diode/dm^2$ per day at a location above 2 cm) showed a clear and significant effect of the UV LED irradiation on the suppression of microbial growth: 280 nm was the most effective by maintaining a lower microbial count by at least 0.5 log (CFU/g) throughout the 6 day storage period. The carotenoids content of shredded carrots subjected to UV LED treatment at 365 and 405 nm in the air was higher than that of the control shredded carrots. In MA condition of $O_2$ of 1.2~4.3% and $CO_2$ of 8.4~10.6% being indifferent with LED wavelengths, 280 nm UV LED irradiation was also effective in inhibiting the microbial growth. While there was no observed difference in the carotenoids content between untreated and UV LED-treated shredded carrots in MA, UV LED irradiation at 365 and 405 nm was slightly better in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The use of UV LED in storage container or package seems to give the benefits of preserving the microbial and nutritional qualities of minimally processed fruits and vegetables.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2009

Thin bonded continuously reinforced concrete overlay(CRCO) was constructed on He existing jointed plain concrete pavement(HCP) surface at Seo-Hae-Ahn express highway in South Korea in order to evaluate its applicability and performance. Two sections of road were considered for this evaluation. In the first section, the concrete overlayer was placed and cut down to the existing layer to form transverse joints while CRCO was constructed on top of the existing layer in the second section. Early strength concrete(Type III) was utilized for both overlay sections. The depth of milling and the thickness of overlaid layer were 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Several vibrating wire gauges(VWG) were installed to evaluate the performance of CRCO with respect to curling, delamination, and crack propagation. As a result of the strength test, it was found that strength of the material reaches the design criteria within 1-3 days. Analysis with vibrating wire gauge(VWG) showed CRCO effectively restricts joint movement. High adhesive strength also was observed from the material regardless of length of aging. Meanwhile, transverse cracks were observed on the middle of the section where JPCP overlay was applied whereas arbitrarily cracks in transverse direction were observed on the section where CRCP was applied.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 1978

Several samples of tile dried purple laver grown and processed at the major laver producing districts, i. e Mokpo, Wando, Hadong and Jangrim, along the southern coast of Korea were Quantitatively investigated to determine composing patterns of the fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography. The total lipid contents in dried purple laver of Hadong were $1.8\%$ being the highest value. Upon analyzing fatty acid composition, some differences were observed in their quantitative distribution at different growing places. Dried purple laver of Wando contained mainly $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{16:1}\;and\;C_{17:0}$ fatty acids, that of Mokpo contained $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{16:1}$ fatty acids, and that of Hadong $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{20:1}$ fatty acids, and that of Jangrim $C_{20:5},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{18:0}$ fatty acids, each in order of acid quantity. In regard to the composing pattern of carbon number of fatty acids, the dried purple laver o Mokpo, Hadong, and Jangrim contained $C_{16},\;C_{18}\;and\;C_{20}$ fatty acids with the identical distributional pattern, while that of Jangrim contained $C_{16},\;C_{18}\;and\;C_{17}$ fatty acids as major components. Dried Purple laver of Jangrim contained especially high amount of $C_{20:5}$ fatty acids.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 1985

To evaluate the health status of the aged in rural area, 476 men and women of 65 years old and older among the residents of Gunwee County in Kyungpook were examined at the county health center between 4th and 22nd of June, 1984. Physical examination included measuring height, weight, chest circumference and blood pressure and chest x-ray. Laboratory tests were done for serum cholesterol, glucose and GOT, and urine glucose and protein. The mean heights of male and female were 160${\pm}$7.0cm and 147.7${\pm}$6.9cm, respectively. The height decreased as the age increased. The mean body weight of male was 53.5${\pm}$7.8kg and 46.7${\pm}$7.5kg for female and the older, the eighter. The mean chest circumference of male was 85.4${\pm}$7.5cm and 79.5${\pm}$79cm for female and it had no remarkable differences by age group. The average height, body weight, chest circumference, and serum cholesterol level of the age 65 years and older in rural area were lower than the standard this may be due to undernutrition of the aged. The mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure of male were 75.9${\pm}$13.5 mmHg/126.3${\pm}$24.1 mmHg and those for female were 73.1${\pm}$13.9 mmHg/125.8${\pm}$32.4 mmHg. Both male an d female in the age group of 65-69 years showed the lowest mean blood pressure. Among the study population 18.3% the borderlin hypertension and 14.3% had hypertension. Average hemoglobin level of the male(12.5${\pm}$0.8 g/dl) was higher than that of the female(11.6${\pm}$0.8 g/dl) (p < 0.01). Mean serum G.O.T. level was 25.2${\pm}$8.7 IU for male and 23.6${\pm}$7.5 IU for female and all of the study population were within the normal range. Mean serum glucose level was 110.4${\pm}$16.0 mg/dl for the male and 110.5${\pm}$15.7 mg /dl for the female and 41.4% of the study population were above the normal limit of serum glucose level. However, there was only one person she had glycosuria. Hyperglycemia could be due to non-fasting before the test. Two of the study population had proteinuria and five persons (1.05%) were diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis by the chest x-ray.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.360-363
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• 2008

Two barley malt samples were selected at two different stages of germination, a well-modified malt germinated for 96 hr and a poorly-modified malt for 60 hr, and were analyzed for total, insoluble, and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents. The total ${\beta}$-glucan content in raw barley was 3.96%, and the content was reduced during malting. The total ${\beta}$-glucan contents of the poorly- and well-modified malts were 1.02% and 0.18%, respectively. After 4 days of germination, approximately 95% of the ${\beta}$-glucan present in the barley was degraded. A significantly higher proportion of water-soluble ${\beta}$-glucan was found in the well-modified malt, suggesting that ${\beta}$-glucan solubility was dependent on cell wall modifications in the malt (${\beta}$-glucan breakdown). The proportion of water-soluble ${\beta}$-glucan was also affected by the extraction temperature. The two differently modified malts were mashed isothermally at 45, 55, 65, and 75oC for 2 hr. An increasing mashing temperature resulted in increased viscosity for the wort and the resulting beer. The viscosity of the wort from the well-modified malt was significantly low, due to its low initial malt ${\beta}$-glucan with increased solubility as well as a presumably sufficient ${\beta}$-glucanase activity during mashing.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.137-147
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to leach penalty elements, such as Bi and As, effectively through microwave leaching of a gold concentrate sample containing penalty elements with nitric acid solution. For this purpose, the time effect of microwave leaching, nitric acid concentration effect, and sample addition effect in a microwave were examined. The experiment, demonstrated that the leaching rate of penalty elements increased as microwave leaching time and nitric acid concentration increased and concentration addition decreased. When a microwave heating experiment was carried out on the concentrate and ore minerals, Bi was removed by as much as 90%, and the phase of arsenopyrite was transformed in the order of arsenopyrite (FeAsS), pyrrhotite (FeS), and hematite ($Fe_2O_3$). When the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out with solid residue, elemental sulfur and anglesite were identified. The intensity of the XRD peaks of elemental sulfur and anglesite increased, and the peaks were sharper when the microwave leaching time was 12 min instead of 1 min, the nitric acid concentration was 4 M in rather than 0.5 M, and the concentration addition was 30 g rather than 5 g. This was probably because more elemental sulfur and anglesite were generated in the leaching solution as the leaching efficiency increased. Bi can be leached as valuable elements in the leaching solution through microwave leaching processes while they are released to the environment through a microwave heating processes.