• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to study the biological yields(BY) of varieties by the developmental growth stages and shoot weight(SHW), leaf area(LA), root dry weight(RW), number of tillers(NT), shoot and root ratio(S/R), weight of a tiller(WT) as factors of yield components with 5 varieties of perennial ryegrass. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The biological yields in summer were about 115 of spring yield. 2. The biological yields of Manhattan were the highest until1 third developmental growth stage among perennial ryegrasses, and those for Maprima and P-2 varieties were the highest in the following stages. In terms of shoot dry weight, the similarly tendency appeared in the fifth developmental growth stage. 3. The shoot dry weight increased highly with the root dry weight. 4. The Tempo variety of biological yield was generally low but the weight of a tiller was the highest. 5. The highest increasing stage of biological yields was between fifth and sixth developmental growth stage, but the lowest increasing stage of biological yields was between first and second developmental growth stage, respectively. The dominant factors of biological yields were influenced to shoot and root dry weight.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of anxiety factors for learning mathematics and look into the reason of anxiety of mathematics and show the method of eliminating negative and anxious factors in elementary school, secondary school and high school. To have learner take an interest in learning mathematics, develop the positive attitude about learning mathematics and maximize the effect of learning of mathematics, three kinds of hypotheses are established as follows: 1. There would be difference in anxiety factor of learning mathematics according to elementary school, secondary school and high school. 2. There would be difference in anxiety factor of learning mathematics according to sex. 3. There be difference in anxiety factor of learning mathematics according to the level of achievement. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Hypotheses I was testified. The anxiety factor between mathematics learning and mathematics teacher was significant difference according to elementary school, secondary school and high school. 2. Hypotheses II was testified. The result of hypotheses II was significant difference only in high school. The anxiety factor of mathematics teacher was significant difference according to boy student and girl student. 3. Hypotheses III was testified. The anxiety factor of mathematics, teacher and test was significant difference only in elementary school and high school.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.43-57
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• 2009

In this article, we study the reliability equivalence factor of a series system. The failure rates of the system components are functions of time t. we study two cases of non-constat failure rates (i) weibull distribution (ii) linear increasing failure rate distribution. There are two methods are used to improve the given system. Two types of reliability equivalence factors are discussed. Numerical examples are presented to interpret how one can utilize the obtained results.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2022

Background: Fixed-dose combinations have the advantage of improving patient compliance, but may increase the risk of duplicate prescriptions. As the use of fixed-dose combination antihypertensives increases, it is necessary to investigate the current status of class duplication prescriptions (CDP) in patients taking fixed-dose combination antihypertensives in Korea and to identify factors associated with CDP. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study using nationally representative claim data. Hypertensive patients aged 20 years or older taking fixed-dose combination antihypertensives were extracted. Among these patients, patients with CDP were identified. A chi-square test was applied to determine the differences between patients with CDP and non-CDP. The associated factors of CDP were identified through multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 74,165 patients who were prescribed fixed-dose combination antihypertensives, 426 patients (0.6%) with CDP were identified. The most common antihypertensive class associated with CDP was calcium channel blockers (194 patients, 45.5%), followed by angiotensin II receptor blockers (136 patients, 31.9%). Patients aged 75 years or older (odds ratio [OR] 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-3.52), chronic kidney disease (OR 4.45, 95% CI 2.15-8.25), chronic heart failure (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.93-3.72), coronary artery disease (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.60-3.03) and Medical Aid/Patriots and Veterans Insurance (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.04-2.07) were significantly associated with increased CDP. Conclusions: The factors associated with CDP were the elderly, comorbidities, and low socioeconomic status. Since CDP can result in negative clinical outcomes, active intervention by the pharmacist is warranted.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.79-86
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• 1997

Fashion store patronage behavior includes, in broad, choosing of a store and strong preference of a certain store called store-royalty. Thus, in order to achieve successful business in sales, a retailer must continually analyze why target consumers choose particular stores and patronize them. This study identified the relevant factors of the patronage behavior of female college students residing in Seoul. Thus, this study can achieve its goal of enabling retailers to predict use information sources used by the target consumers, so that help retailer to establish new positions of their shops to differentiate them from others and, also, to reposition existing stores. The aims of this study were to classify information sources used by female college students and identify the relationships between them and fashion store patronage behavior. Relationship between the factors of information sources and patronage behavior were identified by use of Tukey's test, Duncan test and ANOVA. As a result, it showed significant differences among patronage groups according to nearly every factor of information sources used by female college students. As based on the results, this study is expected to assist that retailers can establish effective sale strategies in order to make continuously consumers' patronage behavior of a store.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.604-615
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate cancer-specific survival (CSS) and associated risk factors in elderly gastric cancer (EGC) patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: EGC patients (≥ 70 yrs) who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2013 and December 2017 at our hospital were included. Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival data were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to extract the best cutoff point for body mass index (BMI). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the risk factors for CSS. RESULTS: In total, 290 EGC patients were included, with a median age of 74.7 yrs. The median follow-up time was 31 (1-77) mon. The postoperative 1-yr, 3-yr and 5-yr CSS rates were 93.7%, 75.9% and 65.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed risk factors for CSS, including age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.15), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (HR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08-2.79), nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002) score ≥ 5 (HR = 2.33; 95% CI, 1.49-3.75), and preoperative prognostic nutrition index score < 45 (HR = 2.06; 95% CI, 1.27-3.33). The ROC curve showed that the best BMI cutoff value was 20.6 kg/m². Multivariate analysis indicated that a BMI ≤ 20.6 kg/m² (HR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.36-3.87), ICU admission (HR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.17-3.30) and TNM stage (stage II: HR = 5.56; 95% CI, 1.59-19.43; stage III: HR = 16.20; 95% CI, 4.99-52.59) were significantly associated with CSS. CONCLUSIONS: Low BMI (≤ 20.6 kg/m²), ICU admission and advanced pathological TNM stages (II and III) are independent risk factors for CSS in EGC patients after curative gastrectomy. Nutrition support, better perioperative management and early diagnosis would be helpful for better survival.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2009

연구배경: 최근 중환자실에 입원하여 기계환기 등의 적극적인 치료를 받는 폐암 환자들이 증가하고 있다. 내과계 중환자실에 입원하는 폐암 환자의 임상적인 특성과 사망률에 영향을 미치는 위험 인자에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2004년 4월부터 2008년 3월까지 내과계 중환자실에 입원한 폐암 환자 88명을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과: 대상 환자는 88명(평균 나이, 66세)이었으며 비소세포폐암이 71명(80.7%), 소세포폐암이 17명(19.3%)이었다. 79명(89.8%)에서 전이가 있었으며 중환자실에 입원하는 주된 이유로는 급성호흡부전(77.3%), 패혈증(11.4%), 중추신경계 기능장애(4.5%) 순이었다. 54명(61.4%)이 기계환기 치료를 받았다. APACHE II 점수, 중환자실 입원기간, 입원 경로, 기계환기 등과 중환자실 사망률은 유의한 관계가 있었다. 그러나 조직형, 전이 여부 등은 유의한 관계가 없었다. 결 론: 중환자실 사망률은 65.9%이었으며, 중환자실 사망과 유의한 관계가 있는 인자는 APACHE II 점수, 중환자실 입원 기간, 입원 경로, 기계환기 등이었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.201-218
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• 1989

This study was focused on the distribution of different facial types of the Class II division I malocclusion groups and skeletal characteristics of the each group and those that anteropsterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible calculated from the analysis of ANB angle and Wits appraisal was quite different from each other, as well. Cephalometric headplates of 140 persons of Class II division 1 malocclusion whose mean age was 11.2 years and 69 persons of normal occlusion whose mean age was 12.2 years were utilize as materials. Measurements were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyzed employing the tracings of the lateral cephalograms, then Class II division 1 malocclusion group was divided into 9 Types according to the angle of SNA and SNB for the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible, another 9 Types according to the FH-NPog and SN-MP for the horisontal and vertical relationship, and the other 9 Types according to the ANB and Wits appraisal for intermaxillary relationship as well, with which was based on $Mean{\pm}$ 1SD of those of normal occlusion. The result allowed the following conclusion: 1. $37.1\%$ of population demonstrated maxilla within nounal range and retrognathic mandible to the cranial base, $30\%$ for both maxilla and mandible within normal range, $20\%$ for retrognathic maxilla and mandible and $12.9\%$ of the rest were ananged in Class II division 1 maloccusion groups. 2. Retrognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face accounted for $30.7\%$, mesognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for $29.3\%$, mesognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face for $16.4\%$, retrognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for $13.6\%$, mesognathic mandible and hypodivergent face for $10\%$ of population were computed in Class II division 1 malocclusion groups. 3. It was suggested that skeletal Class II malocclusion might be due to anomaly in size and shape of cranial base, underdevelopment of mandible, retropositioning of mandible, underdevelopment of posterior face against anterior face, or any combination of these factors. 4. Population with underdevelopment and / or retropositioning of the mandible showed hyperdivergent tendency of facia profile. 5. The ANB angle and Wits appraisal did not coincide the severity of anteroposterior dysplasia in $35.7\%$ of Class II division 1 malocclusion group each other, and this inconsistency was suggested to be related with mandibular rotation, inclination of cranial base, and anteroposterior position of the maxilla.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.69-69
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• 2003

Although effect of TGF$\beta$$_1$ on preimplantation embryo development was reported at mice, little information relevant to this subject is known in bovine. The objectives of this study were to investigate TGF$\beta$$_1$, and TGF$\beta$$_1$ receptors type I and II expression, known as important factors in the embryo development, at unfertilized oocytes and fertilized embryos that will be used as basic data to be compared to NT embryos. We postulated that TGF$\beta$$_1$ may have a beneficial effect on the preimplantation embryo and show different expression patterns as embryo stages change. We have used immunocytochemistry to investigate the presence in unfertilized oocytes and preimplantation embryos of TGF$\beta$$_1$ and the essential components of the TGF$\beta$$_1$ signalling pathway, TGF$\beta$$_1$ receptors type I and II. We found that both receptors, as well as TGF$\beta$$_1$, were present in the unfertilized oocytes. This indicates that TGF$\beta$$_1$, is a maternally expressed protein. At the morulae and blastocyst stages the TGF$\beta$$_1$ receptor type II was not present, but the TGF$\beta$$_1$ receptor type I was present at both stages and we can confirm the TGF$\beta$$_1$ expression of high level at 8-cell stage. These findings support our hypothesis that the TGF$\beta$$_1$, and TGF$\beta$$_1$ receptors may interact with the oocyte and preimplantation embryo, and that TGF$\beta$$_1$ signalling may be important for the development of the oocyte and the preimplahtation embryo.

• 대한정형외과학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2019

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 단일 술자가 시행한 슬관절 부분 치환술의 장기 임상적, 방사선적 결과 및 생존율을 분석하는 것이다. 또한 치환물의 생존에 영향을 미치는 인자를 분석하고 그에 따른 생존 곡선을 비교하는 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 1982년 12월부터 1996년 1월까지 시행된 슬관절 부분 치환술 99예를 대상으로 하였다. Modular II 10예, Microloc 44예, Allegretto 45예였다. 평균 추시기간은 16.5년이었다. 임상적 평가로 술 전, 술 후 1년, 최종 추시 hospital for special surgery(HSS) 점수와 관절운동범위를 조사하였다. 방사선적 평가로 술 전, 술 후 2주, 최종 추시 대퇴 경골각을 조사하였다. Kaplan-Meier 생존 분석을 이용하여 생존율을 분석하였다. Cox 비례위험모형을 이용하여 나이, 성별, 체질량 지수, 술 전 진단, 치환물의 종류 중 생존에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사하였다. 생존에 영향을 미치는 인자에 따라 군을 나누어 생존 곡선을 비교하였다. 결과: 전체 HSS 점수는 평균 술 전 57.7점, 술 후 1년 92.7점, 최종 추시 79.1점이었다(p<0.001). 관절운동범위는 평균 술 전 134.3도, 술 후 1년 138.4도, 최종 추시 129.3도였다(p<0.001). 전체 대퇴 경골각은 평균 술 전 내반 0.8도, 술 후 2주 외반 4.1도, 최종 추시 외반 3.0도였다(p=0.003). 전체 생존율은 5년 91.8%, 10년 82.9%, 15년 71.0%, 20년 67.0%였다. 부분 치환술의 생존에 영향을 미치는 요인은 환자의 나이와 치환물의 종류였다. 나이가 높을수록 실패 위험이 낮았으며(hazard ratio=0.933), Microloc 사용 시 Modular II와 Allegretto에 비해 위험률이 높았다(hazard ratio=0.202, 0.430, respectively) 60세 미만군의 생존 곡선이 60세 이상 군에 비해 의미 있게 낮았다(p=0.003). Microloc 사용군의 생존 곡선이 Modular II와 Allegretto 사용군에 비해 낮았다(p=0.025). 결론: 고정형 치환물을 사용한 슬관절 부분 치환술의 장기 임상적, 방사선적 결과 및 생존율은 만족스러웠다. 부분 치환물의 장기 생존을 위해 적절한 환자와 치환물의 선택이 중요할 것이다.