• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.1 s.41
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• pp.71-87
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• 2005

4 royal palaces are currently remained from capital city (Seoul) of 'Cho-Sun(朝鮮)' period. In these palaces, 'Main hall of Royal Palace(正殿)' is the center of the Royal Palaces. The 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal Palace was the best building of that time. Therefore there were many studies about the 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. But these studies were individual studies of these 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. Therefore, this study is to analyze and compare 4 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal palaces. It is to study the proportion regarding the Diameter of the pillar, the Height, the pillar and pillar Interval's Distance, and the arrangement of 'Kong-Po(bracket sets)'. With these studies, it is to prove that the 'Main hall of Royal Palace' is the building which high construction technique of this time is expressed. Result of this study is as followings; First, the proportion of pillar height(H) to its diameter(D) average from H=8.0 to 8.5D. Only the Myeong-Jeong-Jeon omitted the 'Go-Ju(高柱)' in the 'Toi-Kan (退間)' to place Ea-Jwa(御座). Second, Second, the proportion of diameter of the pillar of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(外部平柱)' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju(內陣高柱)' average D1(Diameter of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju') =0.91D2 (Diameter of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju'). In regards to the height, the single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' and double floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' seems to be different. The height proportion of the double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' is H1(Height of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju')=0.34H2(Height of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju') and single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' has a proportion of H1=0.62H2. Third, in Geun-Jeong-Jeon, with the proportion of height and diameter of the pillar, interval's distance between pillars and diameter, the pillar interval distance and height, of 'Ea-kan(御間)' from the 'Toi-Kan' is different from 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. This is because the structure of 'Toi-Kan' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon is not stable. In order to reinforce this, 'Gui-Go-Ju(隅高柱)' of the Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to In-Jeong-Jeon. Fourth, when comparing double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon and In-Jeong-Jeon, based on distance of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju' of lower level, the 'Sang-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(上部平柱)' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to the In-Jeong-Jeon and also It becomes thicker. Fifth, the arrangement of 'Kong-Po' on the front row of 'Gan(間)' had to do with the change of side 'Gan'. Even though the Geun-Jeong-Jeon and the In-Jeong-Jeon were double floors, the arrangement of the 'Kong-Po' is different because the number of side bay is different.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.286-297
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• 1994

The optimum nutritional and cultural conditions of polygalacturonase by Ganoderma lucidum in liquid culture were studied. The optimal temperature, pH, and the duration of culture for production of the enzyme was $30^{\circ}C$, 5.5 and 14 days, respectively. The maximal production of the enzyme was obtained in a synthetic medium containing 10 g of pectin, 10 g of soluble starch, 1 g of yeast extract, 2 g of peptone, 1 g of phenylalanine, 2 g of $KH_2PO_4$, 0.2 g of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.05 g of $CaCI_2$ and 100 g of $thiamin{\cdot}HCI$ in 1000 ml of distilled water.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 1994

The formation of spangles on a hot dip galvanized sheet steel by spray cooling the molten zinc coating with air, water and 2.0wt% $NH_4H_2PO_4$ solution has been studied performing laboratory experiments, and their coating properties have been evaluated. Minimized spangles were easily formed by mist spraying the solution for 1 second at the low nozzle spray pressure onto the molten zinc at 420~$422^{\circ}C$ because the solute $NH_4H_2PO_4$ in the sprayed solution imparted a highly rapid cooling effect to the coating through its endothermic de-composition reactions and because the decomposed products acted as numerous nucleation sites for the mini-mized spangles on the coating. Good surface appearances sand sound coating properties were obtained on this coating. Only regular spangles were formed on the coating by the forced convective air cooling. At the high nozzle spray pressure, zero spangles were formed on the coating by the pure water spray cooling. However, the coating had a dull and rough surface with craters sand cracks.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 1996

Measurements of proton adsorption density have been conducted in preparing alumina suspensions with aqueous solutions of HCL, HNO3, H2SO4 and H3PO4 And effects of anion acid concentration proton adsorption density and solid loading on the viscosity of the alumina suspensions have been investigated. Aqueous solutions of HCl. or HNO3 were suitable for the preparation of highly concentrated suspensions as the generation of surface charge on alumina particles was depressed by the specific adsorption of {{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }} and {{{{ { PO}`_{4 } ^{3- } }} Optimum conditions for maximizing solid loading were dependent upon proton adsorption density and acid concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 1977

As a study on the acid protease production by Rhizopus japonicus S-62, the culture conditions for the enzyme production and characteristics of the crude enzyme were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The optimum conditions for solid culture on wheat bran were 48 hrs of culture period and $100{\sim}120%$ addition of tap water. 2. Of the several media, wheat bran medium was the most excellent in the enzyme production. 3. The addition of sucrose, fructose, $NH_4Cl$ and $NaH_2PO_4$ on wheat bran, respectively, increased largely the enzyme production. 4. The optimum pH for the enzyme action was pH $2.4{\sim}2.6$, the optimum temperature was about $40^{\circ}C$, and the stable pH range was $pH\;2.5{\sim}5.0$, the enzyme was stable below $40^{\circ}C$ and was inactivated abruptly above $40^{\circ}C$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.847-856
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• 2014

Spent resin waste containing a high concentration of $^{14}C$ radionuclide cannot be disposed of directly. A fundamental study on selective $^{14}C$ stripping, especially from the IRN-150 mixed bed resin, was carried out. In single ion-exchange equilibrium isotherm experiments, the ion adsorption capacity of the fresh resin for non-radioactive $HCO_3{^-}$ ion, as the chemical form of $^{14}C$, was evaluated as 11mg-C/g-resin. Adsorption affinity of anions to the resin was derived in order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $HCO_3{^-}{\geq}H_2PO_4{^-}$. Thus the competitive adsorption affinity of $NO_3{^-}$ ion in binary systems appeared far higher than that of $HCO_3{^-}$ or $H_2PO_4{^-}$, and the selective desorption of $HCO_3{^-}$ from the resin was very effective. On one hand, the affinity of $Co^{2+}$ and $Cs^+$ for the resin remained relatively higher than that of other cations in the same stripping solution. Desorption of $Cs^+$ was minimized when the summation of the metal ions in the spent resin and the other cations in solution was near saturation and the pH value was maintained above 4.5. Among the various solutions tested, from the view-point of the simple second waste process, $NH_4H_2PO_4$ solution was preferable for the stripping of $^{14}C$ from the spent resin.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.759-770
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• 1985

This study was experimentally undertaken to evaluate the effect of hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution on myocardial protection during prolonged aortic cross clamping under cardiopulmonary bypass. Dogs were divided into two groups control group [received hypothermic unoxygenated cardioplegic solution] and experimental group [received hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution]. Coronary sinus effluent was obtained at once and 30, 60, 90 minutes after cross-clamping for the determination of pH, PCO2,PO2 and lactate level during the infusion of cardioplegic solution and myocardial biopsies were obtained after cessation of 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There was no significant differences in the pH and PCO2 between the oxygenated and unoxygenated cardioplegic solution but the PO2 of the oxygenated solution was 4 times greater than unoxygenated solution, and also the oxygenated solution had a significantly greater oxygen content [2.020.05 ml 02/min] and had much more oxygen delivery than unoxygenated solution. 2. The myocardial oxygen consumption and the myocardial oxygen extraction in oxygenated group were 1.63 ml 02/100 ml and 67.32% respectively, which was greater than those in unoxygenated group. 3. Regarding to pH and PCO2 of coronary sinus effluent, there was no significant differences between two groups in early period of infusion of cardioplegic solution, but the pH shifted to acidosis from 60 minutes, PCO2 increased from 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping, and PO2 markedly decreased from 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. 4. The lactate concentration of coronary sinus effluent revealed relatively normal in both groups, but showed slight increase up to 27.54.56 mg/100 ml at 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. 5. On electron microscopic study, the ultrastructural integrity of myocardial cells in oxygenated group was well preserved within 90 minutes. Slight swelling and deformity of mitochondria, interfibrillar widening, and disarrangement of myofibrils were observed at 90 minutes after aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. From these results, the use of hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution seemed to be effective and better method for the preservation of ischemic myocardium during the prolonged aortic cross-clamping.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to find the condition of forming the favorable nanotubes by anodizing with NaF and $H_3PO_4$. Machined Ti discs were used for anode, and Platinum net was used for cathode. For electrolyte, $H_3PO_4$ and NaF solution were mixed. We controlled voltage, electrolyte concentration, anodizing time and formed nanotubes on Ti discs. After that, these were washed with distilled water for 24 hours and dried in the $40^{\circ}C$ oven for 24 hours. The surface structure of specimens were analyzed. The results were as follows : At 0.5 wt % NaF, according as increasing voltage and anodizing time, early state of nucleating pores were generated. At 1.0 wt % NaF, 20 V, 20 & 25 min, well-formed nanotubes were observed. At 1.0 wt % NaF, 30 V, structure of nanotube became bigger and interconnected. At 2.0 wt % NaF, no nanotubes were formed and it was unrelated with voltage and time. At 1.0 wt % NaF, 20 V, 20 - 25 min, well-ordered nanotubes were generated on Ti discs. For the formation of favorable nanotubes, it is considered that proper parameters such as electrolyte concentration, voltage, anodizing time are necessary according to the kind of electrolytes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 1995

The conditions for the $\beta$-fructofuranosidase production from alkalophilic, thermophilic Bacillus sp. TA-11 were investigated. The maximal enzyme production was obtained when the strain was cultured at 50$\circ$C for 36 hrs with batch culture in the optimal medium containing 1.0% sucrose, 0.6% yeast extract, 0.1% each of KH$_{2}$PO$_{4}$, K$_{2}$HP0$_{4}$, NaH$_{2}$PO$_{4}$, and initial pH 9.5, and the final enzyme activity under the above condition was 102 units per ml of cell free extract.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.464-472
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• 2014

The Codex Committee of Contaminants in Food (CCCF) has been discussing a new standard for arsenic (As) in rice since 2010 and a code of practice for the prevention and reduction of As contamination in rice since 2013. Therefore, our current studies focus on setting a maximum level of As in rice and paddy soil by considering bioavailability in the remediation of As contaminated soils. This study aimed to select an appropriate single chemical extractant for evaluating the mobility of As in paddy soil and the bioavailability of As to rice. Nine different extractants, such as deionized water, 0.01 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$, 0.1 M HCl, 0.2 M $C_6H_8O_7$, 0.43 M $HNO_3$, 0.43 M $CH_3COOH$, 0.5 M $KH_2PO_4$, 1 M HCl, and 1 M $NH_4NO_3$ were used in this study. Total As content in soil was also determined after aqua regia digestion. The As extractability of the was in the order of: Aqua regia > 1 M HCl > 0.5 M $KH_2PO_4$ > 0.43 M $HNO_3$ > 0.2 M $C_6H_8O_7$ > 0.1 M HCl > 0.43 M $CH_3COOH$ > deionized water > 1 M $NH_4NO_3$ > 0.01 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$. Correlation between soil extractants and As content in rice was in the order of : deionized water > 0.01 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$ > 0.43 M $CH_3COOH$ > 0.1 M HCl > 0.5 M $KH_2PO_4$ > 1 M $NH_4NO_3$ > 0.2 M $C_6H_8O_7$ > 0.43 M $HNO_3$ > 1M HCl > Aqua regia. BCF (bioconcentration factor) according to extractants was in the order of : 0.01M $Ca(NO_3)_2$ > 1 M $NH_4NO_3$ > deionized water > 0.43 M $CH_3COOH$ > 0.1 M HCl > 0.43 M $HNO_3$ > 0.2 M $C_6H_8O_7$ > 0.5 M $KH_2PO_4$ > 1 M HCl > Aqua regia. Therefore, 0.01 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$ ($r=0.78^{**}$) was proven to have the greatest potential for predicting As bioavailability in soil with higher correlation between As in rice and the extractant.