• 공업화학
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 1997

$\omega$-Phenylalkylamine salt의 존재하에서 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)의 임계 미셀농도(CMC)를 전기전도도법으로 구하였다. 유기염의 alky기의 길이가 길어짐에 따라 CMC는 감소하는 경향을 보여주었다. 유기첨가제의 존재하에서 $18^{\circ}C-50^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위에서 SDS의 미셀화 과정에 수반되는 열역학적 파라메터를 구하였다. 이 온도 범위에서 SDS의 미셀화 자유에너지 (${\Delta}G_m^{\circ}$)는 음의 값을 나타내며 미셀화 엔트로피(${\Delta}S_m^{\circ}$)는 큰 양의 값을 나타내었으며 미셀화 엔탈피(${\Delta}H_m^{\circ}$)는 낮은 온도($18^{\circ}C$)에서는 양의 값을 나타내지만 높은 온도($>25^{\circ}C$)에서는 음의 값을 나타내었다. 미셀화는 자발적인 상전이 현상임을 알 수 있었다. 이들 열역학적 파라메터들은 유기염의 소수성 부분의 길이가 길어짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보여주었다. 비전도도 값의 차(${\Delta}\kappa$)가 유기염의 mol 비가 증가할수록 큰 값을 나타내었다. 그러므로 유기염의 소수성 부분의 길이가 길어질수록 유기염들은 더 쉽게 SDS 미셀내의 palisade층까지 깊이 침투하여 안정한 혼합 미셀을 형성함을 알 수 있었다.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2016

In order to extend the operational life of Underwater Moored Platforms (UMPs), a horizontal axis water turbine is designed to supply energy for the UMPs. The turbine, equipped with controllable blades, can be opened to generate power and charge the UMPs in moored state. Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to study the characteristics of power, thrust and the wake of the turbine. Particularly, the effect of the installation position of the turbine is considered. Simulations are based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the shear stress transport ${\kappa}-{\omega}$ turbulent model is utilized. The numerical method is validated using existing experimental data. The simulation results show that this turbine has a maximum power coefficient of 0.327 when the turbine is installed near the tail of the UMP. The flow structure near the blade and in the wake are also discussed.

• 태양에너지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

Recently the construction of atrium buildings has increased but along with it many problems in thermal environment have arised. since the exterior wall of glass, indoor temperature is greatly influenced by weather conditions and since the space volume is very large, the vertical air temperature is not uniform. So, in this study, a Vertical Temperature Distribution Model was developed to predict the vertical air temperature of an atrium and evaluate the effects of the design parameters on the air temperature distribution of an atrium. To consider the characteristics of the vertical air temperature distribution in an atrium, the Satosh Togari's Macroscopic Model was used basically for the calculation of the vertical air temperature distribution in large space and the solar radiation analysis model and natural ventilation analysis model in atrium. And to calculate the unsteady-state inside wall surface temperature(boundary condition), the finite difference method was used. For the verification of the developed temperature distribution program, numerical evaluation of air flow by the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and in-situ test was conducted in parallel. The results of this study, the developed temperature distribution program was seen to predict the thermal condition of the atrium very accurately.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2003년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.212-218
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• 2003

In order to analyze the heat transfer phenomena in the plasma flames, a mathematical model describing heat and fluid flow in an electric arc has been developed and used to predict heat transfer from the arc to the steel bath in a DC Electric Arc Furnace. The arc model takes the separate contributions to the heat transfer from each involved mechanism into account, i.e. radiation, convection and energy transported by electrons. The finite volume method and a SIMPLE algorithm are used for solving the governing MHD equations, i.e., conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy together with the equations describing a $\kappa-\epsilon$ model for turbulence. The model predicts heat transfer for different currents and arc lengths. Finally these calculation results can be used as a useful insight into plasma phenomena of the industrial-scale electric arc furnace. From these results, it can be concluded that higher arc current and longer arc length give high heat transfer.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2009

목 적: 단백질 인산화는 세포신호전달에 매우 중요한 현상으로서, 수많은 조절인자들이 난자성숙에 관여하게 된다. 그러나 이들 중에서 어떤 단백질이 인산화되어 난자성숙을 조절하는지는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 체세포의 신호전달과정에서 인산화를 통해 중요한 기능을 한다고 알려져 있는 일곱 가지 단백질들이 생쥐의 난자성숙과정에서 어떻게 인산화 되고 있는지 알아보고자 한 개 샘플에서 일곱 개의 변화를 한꺼번에 측정할 수 있는 bead-based multiplex phosphorylation assay를 이용하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구방법: ICR 생쥐에 PMSG를 주사하고 46시간 후에 cumulus-oocyte complex (COCs) 형태로 미성숙 난자를 채취한 후 체외배양 하면서, 배양 2시간 후에 GVBD를, 배양 8시간 후에 MI을, 배양 16시간 후에 MII 단계의 난자를 얻었고 체내에서 배란한 MII 단계의 난자는 수란관에서 얻었다. 각 단계의 난자를 100개씩 모아서 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)에 속하는 세가지 단백질인 ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK와 Akt, GSK-$3{\alpha}/{\beta}$, $I{\kapa}B{\alpha}$, STAT3 등 총 일곱 단백질의 인산화를 Bio-Plex System을 이용하여 같은 시료에서 동시에 측정하였으며 세 번의 반복실험을 통하여 얻어진 결과를 통계적으로 분석하였다. 결 과: 생쥐의 난자성숙과정에서 측정된 일곱 가지 단백질 중에서 인산화가 현저히 증가하는 단백질로는 ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK와 STAT3로서 미성숙 난자에 비해서 3배에서 20배까지 인산화되는 결과를 보였다. 반면에 GSK-$3{\alpha}/{\beta}$, $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$의 인산화의 변화는 미약하였으며, Akt의 경우에는 변화가 전혀 없었다. 난자성숙 과정에서 분석 대상 단백질들의 인산화는 GVBD 단계에서 활성화되기 시작하여 MI에서 현저히 높게 증가하며 MII까지 높게 유지되었다. 결 론: 본 연구는 난자성숙과정에서 일곱 가지 단백질의 인산화를 동시에 측정한 최초의 보고로서 이 방법은 난자와 같이 적은 양의 시료에서의 여러 개의 단백질 인산화를 동시에 분석하는데 유용할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구결과, 세 가지 MAPK 단백질인 ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK 외에도 STAT3가 난자성숙에 있어서 매우 중요한 조절자로 생각되었다. 또한 Akt의 473번 serine기의 인산화는 난자성숙에 관여하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2011

Gene structure of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD; sod1) was characterized in Hemibarbus mylodon (Teleostei; Cypriniformes), an endangered freshwater fish species in Korean peninsula. Full-length cDNA of H. mylodon SOD1 consisted of a 796-bp open reading frame sequence encoding 154 amino acids, and the deduced polypeptide sequence shared high sequence homology with other orthologs, particularly with regard to metal-coordinating ligands. Genomic structure of the H. mylodon sod1 gene (hmsod1; 1,911 bp from the ATG start codon to the stop codon) was typical quinquepartite (i.e., five exons interrupted by four introns); the lengths of the exons were similar among species belonging to various taxonomic positions. The molecular phylogeny inferred from sod1 genes in the teleost lineage was in accordance with the conventional taxonomic assumptions. 5'-flanking upstream region of hmsod1, obtained using the genome walking method, contained typical TATA and CAAT boxes. It also showed various transcription factor binding motifs that may be potentially involved in stress/immune response (e.g., sites for activating proteins or nuclear factor kappa B) or metabolism of xenobiotic compounds (e.g., xenobiotic response element; XRE). The hmsod1 transcripts were ubiquitously detected among tissues, with the liver and spleen showing the highest and lowest expression, respectively. An experimental challenge with Edwardsiella tarda revealed significant upregulation of the hmsod1 in kidney (4.3-fold) and spleen (3.1-fold), based on a real-time RT-PCR assay. Information on the molecular characteristics of this key antioxidant enzyme gene could be a useful basis for a biomarker-based assay to understand cellular stresses in this endangered fish species.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.408-420
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• 2014

Yeast surface-displayed antibody libraries provide an efficient and quantitative screening resource for given antigens, but suffer from typically modest library sizes owing to low yeast transformation efficiency. Yeast mating is an attractive method for overcoming the limit of yeast transformation to construct a large, combinatorial antibody library, but the optimal conditions have not been reported. Here, we report a large synthetic human Fab (antigen binding fragment) yeast surface-displayed library generated by stepwise optimization of yeast mating conditions. We first constructed HC (heavy chain) and LC (light chain) libraries, where all of the six CDRs (complementarity-determining regions) of the variable domains were diversified mimicking the human germline antibody repertoires by degenerate codons, onto single frameworks of VH3-23 and $V{\kappa}1$-16 germline sequences, in two haploid cells of opposite mating types. Yeast mating conditions were optimized in the order of cell density, media pH, and cell growth phase, yielding a mating efficiency of ~58% between the two haploid cells carrying HC and LC libraries. We constructed two combinatorial Fab libraries with CDR-H3 of 9 or 11 residues in length with colony diversities of more than $10^9$ by one round of yeast mating between the two haploid HC and LC libraries, with modest diversity sizes of ${\sim}10^7$. The synthetic human Fab yeast-displayed libraries exhibited relative amino acid compositions in each position of the six CDRs that were very similar to those of the designed repertoires, suggesting that they are a promising source for human Fab antibody screening.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2003

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bee Venom on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS), sodium nitroprusside(SNP), hydrogen peroxide$(H_2O_2)$-induced expression inducilble nitric oxide synthetase(iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Method : The expressions of expression iNOS and TNF-${\alpha}$ were determined by western blotting with corresponding antibodies. The expressions of expression NF-kB was assayed by EMSA method. Results : 1. The 0.5, 1 and $5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom on LPS-induced expression of iNOS, the $5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom on SNP-induced expression of iNOS and the $1{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom on $H_2O_2$-induced expression of iNOS compared with control were inhibited significantly. 2. The 0.5, 1 and $5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom inhibited significantly LPS and $H_2O_2$-induced expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with control, respectively. The $0.5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom increased significantly SNP-induced expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with control. 3. The $5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom on LPS-induced expression of NF-kB, the $0.5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom on SNP-induced expression of NF-kB and the 0.5, $5{\mu}g/mg$ of bee venom on $H_2O_2$-induced expression of NF-kB were inhibited significantly compared with control, respectively.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.115-128
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 공정별 해상작업 가능 기간의 합리적 산출이 가능한 확률모형이 제시된다. 확률모형을 유도하기 위해, 먼저 JMA(Japan Meterological Agency)와 NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)의 해상풍 자료와 SWAN에 기초하여 2003년 1월 1일부터 2017년 12월 31일까지 한 시간 간격으로 울산 전면 해역에서의 유의 파고와 첨두 주기를 역추산 하였다. 이어 모의된 유의파고 시계열 자료로부터 최소 자승법을 활용하여 장기 유의파고 확률분포를 도출하였으며, 해석결과 그 동안 선호되던 삼 변량 Weibull 분포보다는 수정 Glukhovskiy 분포 계열에서 일치도가 가장 우월하였다. 보다 정확한 확률모형의 개발 가능성을 검토하기 위해 Borgman 선회적분을 활용하여 역 추산 단위 간격인 한 시간 내에서 출현하는 개별 파랑이 고려된 파고분포도 함께 유도하였다. 수정 Glukhovskiy 분포의 모수는 $A_p=15.92$, $H_p=4.374m$, ${\kappa}_p=1.824$로 드러났으며 해상작업 한계 파고가 $H_S=1.5m$인 경우 작업가능일 수는 319일로 모의되었다. 이와 더불어 확률모형의 검증자료를 얻기 위해 파고가 해상 준설작업 한계 파고로 기 보고된 바 있는 $H_S=1.5m$(Lee, 1991)를 상회하여 지속되는 시간을 유의파고 시계열 자료를 파별분석(wave by wave analysis)하여 산출하였다. 산출결과 2003년부터 2017년까지의 평균 지속기간은 45.5일로 확률모형으로부터 산출된 기간에 상당히 근접하였다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제56권12호
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• pp.686-694
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for detecting sealant microleakage. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 extracted sound human molar, assigned as suitable for sealant application, were chosen and divided into two groups: (1) no microleakage group and (2) microleakage group by applying sealant using the different methods. All specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue for 24 h and sectioned to confirm the absence or presence of sealant microleakage as a gold standard method. Subsequently, all the sectioned specimens were digitally photographed using a microscope with a magnification of ${\times}50$. Presence of microleakage was evaluated on a 2-point rating scale. The association of histological method with conventional methods (visual and tactile assessment) and SS-OCT was assessed using a chi-squared test. The intra- and inter-examiner reliability was calculated using Cohen's Kappa. Results: The SS-OCT showed a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 1.00, while visual and tactile assessment showed a sensitivity of 0.67 and a specificity of 0.86. The inter-examiner reliability of SS-OCT was 0.79, whereas that of the visual and tactile assessment was 0.53. Conclusions: SS-OCT can be used to non-invasively detect sealant microleakage and to monitor pit and fissure sealant in the clinics.