• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

The preparation and catalytic activities of various transition metal carbide crystallites (VC, MoC, WC) were examined in this study. In particular, the effect of different kinds of transition metal crystallites were scrutinized on the ammonia decomposition reaction. The experimental results showed that BET surface areas ranged from $8.3m^2/g$ to $36.3m^2/g$ and oxygen uptake values varied from $9.1{\mu}mol/g$ to $25.4{\mu}mol/g$. Amongst prepared transition metal carbide crystallites, tungsten compounds (WC) were observed to be most active for ammonia decomposition reaction. The main reason for these results were considered to be related to the extent of electronegativity between these materials. Most of transition metal carbide crystallites were exceeded by Pt/C crystallite. However, the steady state reactivities for some of transition metal carbide crystallites (WC) were comparable to or even higher than that determined for the Pt/C crystallite.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.345-349
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• 2001

This study has investigated the effect of thermal stability and mechanical property of $Fe_{80-X}P_{10}C_6B_4M_X$(X=2, 4, 6, M=transition metal) amorphous alloys fabricated by the melt-spun process. The glass transition temperature($T_g$), crystallization temperature($T_x$) and hardness increase with decreasing electron concentration (e/a) from about 7.38 to 7.18. The decrease of e/a implies the increase in the attractive bonding state between the M elements and other constituent element. The decrease in a/e leads to the enhancement of the attractive bonding state among the constituent elements which is favorable for the increase in $T_g$, $T_x$ and hardness.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.362-370
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• 2001

Regulation of cell proliferation is a complex process involving the regulated expression and /or modification of discrete gene products. which control transition between different stages of the cycle. The purpose of this short review is to provide an overview of somatic cell cycle events and their controls. Cycline have appeared as major positive regulators in this network, because their association to the cyclin-dependent kinases(Cdks) allows the subsequent activation on the Cdk/cyclin complexes and their catalatic activity. In mammalian cells, early to mid G1 progression and late G1 progression leading to S phase entry are directed by D-type cyclins-Cdk4, 6 and cyclin E-Cdk 2 both of which can phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). pRB is a transcriptional repressor which, in its unphosphorylated state, binds to members of the E2F transcription factor family and blocks E2F-dependent transcription of genes controlling the G1 to S phase transition an subsequent DNA synthesis. Cyclin A is produced in late G1 and expressed during S and G2 phae, and expression of B-type cyclins is typically maximal during the G2 to M phase transition and it controls the passage through M phase. They primarily associate with the activate Cdk2, and Cdc2, respectively. On the other hand, the Cdk inhibitors negatively control the activity of C아/cyclin complex by coordinating internal and/or external signals and impending proliferation at several key checkpoints. These current and further findings will provide novel approaches to understanding and treating major diseases.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1167-1172
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• 2008

We investigated the glass transition temperatures ($T_g$) of dendrons consisting of conformationally mobile aliphatic polyether dendritic cores plus glassy peripheral polystyrenes (PSs), and linear PSs in the molecular weight range of 1000-8500 g/mol. We compared their $T_g$ behavior depending on their polymeric architecture. The linear PSs show a typical growth of $T_g$ up to 92.5 ${^{\circ}C}$ as the molecular weight increases to 8300 g/mol, while the dendrons display nearly constant $T_g$ values of 58-61 ${^{\circ}C}$, despite the increase of molecular weight with each generation. The striking contrast of Tg behavior would be mainly attributed to the fact that the dendrons keep the ratio of $N_e$/M ($N_e$: number of peripheral chain ends, M: molecular weight) over all the generations. Additionally, for the influence of dendritic spacers on glass transition temperature we prepared dimeric PSs with different linkage groups such as aliphatic ether, ester and amide bonds. We found that the dimer with the ether spacer exhibited the lowest glass transition at 55.4 ${^{\circ}C}$, while the amide linked dimer showed the highest glass transition temperature at 74.2 ${^{\circ}C}$. This indicates that the peripheral PS chains are effectively decoupled by the conformationally flexible ether spacer. The results from this study demonstrated that polymeric architecture and dendritic core structures play a crucial role in the determination of glass transition behavior, providing a strategy for the systematic engineering of polymer chain mobility.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.385-389
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• 2001

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) appears to be an important modular of the insulin growth factor (IGF) bioactivity in metabolic disease and chronic hypoxia. Treatment of desferrioxamine (Dfo), cobalt, or nickel in HepG2 cells stimulated the expression of IGFBP1 mRNA as hypoxia. However, the presence of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) in the 1% $O_2$ decreased the upregulation of the IGFBP-1 mRNA expression. In addition, actinomycin D and cycloheximide abolished the increase in the expression of IGFBP-1 mRNA that was induced by Dfo and transition metals (cobalt and nickel). To obtain further information about the putative oxygen sensor, we postulate that putative heme proteins, responsible for the oxygen-sensing process in HepG2 cells, should be sensitive to hypoada. The mechanism of these upregulations of the IGFBP-1 mRNA expression by Dfo and transition metals was investigated by treatment with 2 mM of 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid (DHA), an inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. The results showed that 1% $O_2$-, Dfo-, cobalt-, or nickel induced IGFBP-1 mRNA expressions in HepG2 cells were all markedly inhibited when the heme synthesis was blocked by DHA. We suggest that the IGFBP-1 mRNA expression in the HepG2 cell is regulated by 1% $O_2$, Dfo, cobalt, or nickel, implicating the involvement of the putative heme-containing oxygensensing molecule.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.368-376
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• 1988

Transition metal PSSA ionomers containing Co(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Ru(III), and Rh(III) are investigated by IR, Far-IR, UV-Vis and DSC. Reliable IR Spectroscopic criteria are established for assessing the degree of ion-exchange of PSSA ionomers and the local structures around metal cations in them. In the hydrated transition metal PSSA ionomers, the ionic groups are solvated by water molecules and there is no significant interactions between sulfonate group and metal cations. The visible spectra indicated that metal cations are present as [M$(H_2O)_6$]$^{n+}$ with Oh symmetry. Their $T_g$ values increase as the extent of ionic site concentration increases, but there is no direct dependence of $T_g$ on the nature of metal cations or their oxidation states. Thus, the water content in PSSA ionomer is found to have dominant influence on $T_g$ of hydrated transition metal PSSA ionomers. Dehydration of the hydrated transition metal PSSA ionomers results in direct interaction between ionic groups and significant color changes of the ionomers due to the changes of the local structures around metal cations. On the base of spectral data, their local structures are discussed. In case of dehydrated 12.8 and 15.8 mol % transition metal PSSA ionomers, no glass transition is observed in 25-$250^{\circ}C$ region and this is believed to arise from the formation of highly crosslinked structures caused by direct coordination of sulfonate groups of metal cations. In the 6.9 mol % transition metal PSSA ionomers, the glass transition is always observed whether they are hydrated or dehydrated and this is though to be caused by the sufficient segmental mobility of the polymer backbone.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.9
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• pp.1504-1510
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to improve properties both glass transition temperature($T_g$) and coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) using epoxy/micro-nano alumina composites with adding glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE:1,2,3,5g). This paper deals with the effects of GDE addition for epoxy/micro alumina contents (40, 50, 60wt%)+surface modified nano alumina(1_phr) composites. 20 kinds specimen were prepared with containing micro, nano alumina and GDE as a micro composites(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70wt%) or a nano/micro alumina composites(1phr/40, 50, 60wt%). Average particle size of nano and micro alumina used were 30nm and $1{\sim}2{\mu}m$, respectively. The micro alumina used were alpha phase with Heterogeneous and nano alumina were gamma phase particles of spherical shape. The glass transition temperature and coefficients of thermal expansion was evaluated by DSC and TMA. The glass transition temperature decreased and coefficients of thermal expansion become smaller with filled contents of epoxy/micro alumina composites. On the other hand, $T_g$ and CTE as GDE addition variation(1,2,3,5g) of epoxy/micro-nano alumina composites decreased and increased respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.4041-4046
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• 2010

Wholly aromatic polyesters having flexible alkoxy side chain were synthesized by direct polycondensation. The synthetic polymers have been characterized by $^1H$-NMR, FT-IR. DSC, TGA, optical polarizing microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The inherent viscosities (${\eta}_{inh}$) measured in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) were 0.46~2.41 dL/g. The polymers having side chain showed double melting transition, ie, solid-sanidic liquid crystalline (LC) phase transition ($T_{m1}$) and sanidic LC phase-nematic LC phase transition ($T_{m2}$). As incresing length of alkoxy side chain, phase transition temperatures decreased and solubilities in organic solvents incresed. The peaks of $2{\theta}\;{\simeq}5$ and $2{\theta}\;{\simeq}20$ in X-ray diffractograms are due to crystallization of polymer main chain and of long side chain, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.787-795
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to synthesize transition metal doped mesoporous silica catalyst and to characterize its surface in an attempt to decomposition of $N_2O$. Transition metal used to surface modification were Ru, Pd, Cu and Fe concentration was adjusted to 0.05 M. The prepared mesoporous silica catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, BJH pore size, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The results of XRD for mesoporous silica catalysts showed typical the hexagonal pore system. BET results showed the mesoporous silica catalysts to have a surface area of 537~973 $m^2/g$ and pore size of 2~4 nm. The well-dispersed particle of mesoporous silica catalysts were observed by SEM, the presence and quantity of transition metal loading to mesoporous surface were detected by XRF. The $N_2O$ decomposition efficiency on mesoporous silica catalysts were as follow: Ru>Pd>Cu>Fe. The results suggest that transition metal doped mesoporous silica is effective catalyst for decomposition of $N_2O$.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2014

Cathode materials and their precursors are prepared with transition metal solutions recycled from the the waste lithium-ion batteries containing NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) cathodes by a $H_2$ and C-reduction process. The recycled transition metal sulfate solutions are used in a co-precipitation process in a CSTR reactor to obtain the transition metal hydroxide. The NCM cathode materials (Ni:Mn:Co=5:3:2) are prepared from the transition metal hydroxide by calcining with lithium carbonate. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses show that the cathode material has a layered structure and particle size of about 10 ${\mu}m$. The cathode materials also exhibited a capacity of about 160 mAh/g with a retention rate of 93~96% after 100 cycles.