• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1346-1353
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• 2011

산두근(Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep)은 예로부터 동양지역에서 전통적인 약용식물로 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 지방전구세포의 성숙지방세포로의 분화와 세포 내 지방생성에 대한 산두근 메탄올 추출물(STME)의 효과와 메커니즘에 대해 조사하였다. STME를 0-200 ${\mu}g$/ml의 농도로 처리한 다음, Oil Red O 염색으로 세포 내축적되는 지방구와 지질의 양을 측정한 결과 농도의존적으로 크게 감소됨을 확인하였으며 3T3-L1 지방전구세포의 분화와 관련된 단백질의 발현의 변화를 조사하였다. 지방세포의 특이적 marker인 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR${\gamma}$), cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ (C/EBP${\alpha}$, C/EBP${\beta}$) 그리고 sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)의 발현이 STME를 처리하였을 때 현저하게 저해됨을 확인하였다. 세포주기의 변화를 분석한 결과 STME는 지방세포 분화초기 단계인 mitotic clonal expansion 단계에서 G1기로 세포주기를 정지시켰다. 더불어 G1 arrest와 관련된 단백질의 변화를 조사 한 결과, 3T3-L1 세포에 STME를 처리하였을 때 p21의 발현량이 확연하게 증가하였으며, Cdk2, E2F-1 그리고 phosphor-Rb의 발현량은 농도의존적으로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들에 의하여 STME은 메탄올 추출물임에도 불구하고 3T3-L1 지방전구세포가 성숙지방세포로 분화할 때 G1 arrest를 통하여 지방세포 분화를 억제하며 관련 유전자의 발현 억제도 확연하게 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 항 비만 천연물 소재 탐구의 기초자료로 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 사료된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2006

Our continuing interest on Garcinia and Mesua species has led us to carry out a detail study on the chemistry of the root bark of Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae) since this part of the plant has not been investigated before, and the strm bark of Mesua corneri (Guttiferae) an uninvestigated species. This study has yielded six xanthones, ${\alpha}-mangostin$ (1), ${\beta}-mangostin$ (2), ${\gamma}-mangostin$ (3), garcinone-D (4), mangostanol (5) and gartanin (6) from Garcinia mangostana and two xanthones rubraxanthone (7) and inophyllin B (8) from Mesua corneri. Structural elucidations were achieved using $^1H,\;^{13}C$ NMR and MS data. The crude hexane and chloroform extracts of the root bark of Garcinia mangostana and the hexane extract of the stem bark of Mesua corneri were found to be active against CEM-SS cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values less than $30\;{mu}g/ml$. Moreover, ${\gamma}-mangostin$ gave a very low $LC_{50}$ value of $4.7\;{mu}g/ml$ while rubraxanthone gave an $LC_{50}$ value of $5.0\;{mu}g/ml$ indicating these two compounds to be potential lead compounds for anti-cancer activity against the CEM-SS cell line. This paper reports the isolation and identification of these compounds as well as bioassay data for the crude extracts, ${\gamma}-mangostin$ and rubraxanthone.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.160-169
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• 2009

$\gamma$-PGA는 우리 전통 콩 발효식품인 청국장의 끈적끈적한 점액성의 성분으로, 매우 다양한 기능을 가지고 있는 천연 소재이다. 이러한 $\gamma$-PGA가 아토피발진 억제 가능성을 알아보기 위해 NC/Nga 생쥐를 사용하여 in vitro 실험을 실시하였다. $\gamma$-PGA(PGA-HM, 분자량 300 kDa)를 초음파처리로 저분자화시킨 30 kDa 이하의 저분자 PGA-LM를 만들고, 고분자 PGA-HM과 PGA-LM을 사용하여 실험하였는데 동일한 결과를 얻어 PGA-LM 실험결과 중심으로 보고한 것이다. 아토피 피부발진 NC/Nga 생쥐의 비장에서 B 세포와 T세포를 순수 분리하여 항알레르기 작용에 대한 in vitro 실험을 실시하였다. PGA-LM은 hFCs에 대한 세포독성 실험에서 모든 농도에서 세포독성을 나타내지 않았다. PGA-LM이 B 세포 분화 및 활성화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여, NC/Nga 생쥐의 비장에서 순수 분리한 B 세포에 anti-CD40/rmIL-4로 자극한 결과, 대조군은 전사인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성화로 IL-$1\beta$, IL-6, 그리고 TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA의 발현이 증가되었다. 그러나 PGA-LM과 양성대조군인 rmIL-10 투여군은 염증사이토카인 IL-$1\beta$, IL-6 그리고 TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA 유전자 발현이 감소하였고, IL-10 mRNA 유전자 발현은 증가하였으나 TGF-$\beta$ mRNA의 유전자 발현은 대조군과 큰 차이가 나타나질 않았다. 또한 CD4+ T 세포에 PGA-LM $100\;{\mu}g/ml$를 처리한 후 4일간 동시 배양하여 CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+와 CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Treg 세포를 세포내 염색으로 분석한 결과에서는 CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+인 Th1 세포의 증가와 CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Treg 세포를 증가시켜 알레르기반응에서 우위한 Th2 세포에서 Th1 세포로 전환시키는 면역조절 역할을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 NC/Nga 생쥐에서 PGA-LM은 염증유전자 발현을 억제시키고 IFN-$\gamma$+의 증가 및 조절 T 세포의 유도로 아토피피부염의 피부발진을 치료하는 면역조절제로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.252-258
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• 1994

Transglycosylation of stevioside in the attrition coupled heterogeneous reaction system using raw starch as a glycosyl donor has significant advantages over conventional reaction systems using liquefied starch as a donor. The transglycosylation of stevioside under the presence of organic solvent showed that transglycosylation reaction occurs via two steps ; initially from raw starch to cyclodextrin(CD), and then followed by transglycosylation of produced CD. Comparison of the transglycosylation efficiency of c$\alpha $-, $\beta $, $\gamma $-CDs indicated that $\alpha $-, $\beta $-CD are mainly utilized as a glycosyl donor for following reaction. The reaction mechanism of transglycosylation between stevioside and CD proceeded according to random sequential bireactant mechanism. The equilibrium constant of transglycosylation reaction of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase wase also evaluated. The structure of transglycosylated stevioside was confirmed by TLC, and it was found that glycosyl group(G$_{1}, $ ~ G$_{4}$-glycosidic bond.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6491-6499
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• 2015

Background: Red-fleshed sweet orange juice (ROJ) comes from a new variety of citrus cultivated in Brazil that contains high levels of ${\beta}$-carotene and lycopene, and similar amounts of hesperidin (HSP) and nutrients, equivalently to blond orange juice (BOJ). Such bioactive compounds are associated with chemopreventive actions in several cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cytokine secretion after BOJ, ROJ, and HSP treatment of a novel T acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, Loucy. Materials and Methods: Loucy cells were incubated for 24-h with BOJ, ROJ, and HSP, and the viability was measured using trypan blue. Cell cycling and apoptosis were assessed by propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry, respectively. Secretion of cytokines $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL1-{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, $IFN{\gamma}$, $TNF{\alpha}$, $TGF{\beta}$, $MIP{\alpha}$, and $MIP{\beta}$ was determined by ELISA array. Results: BOJ and ROJ treatments promoted Loucy cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, BOJ induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and decreased the cell accumulation in the G2/M. ROJ decreased only the G0/G1 fraction, while HSP did not change the cell cycle. BOJ led to apoptosis in a different fashion of ROJ, while the first treatment induced apoptosis by increase of late apoptosis and primary necrotic fractions, the second increased early and late apoptosis, and primary necrotic fraction compared to positive controls. HSP had no effect on apoptosis. IL-6 and IL-10 were abrogated by all treatments. Conclusions: Taking together, these results suggest potential chemopreventive effects of BOJ and ROJ on Loucy cells.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.194-203
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• 2021

Background: Surface soil radiation monitoring around nuclear facilities is important to classify and characterize the contaminated areas. A scanning and direct measurement technique can survey the sites rapidly before starting sampling analysis. Materials and Methods: Regarding this, we test and suggest a measurement technique for gross alpha/beta and ⁹⁰Sr activities in surface soil based on a mobile ZnS(Ag)/PVT (polyvinyltoluene) array and a handheld PVT rod, respectively. To detect ⁹⁰Sr selectively in soil mixed with naturally occurring radioactive materials, chosen energy channel counts from the multichannel analyzers were used instead of whole channel counts. Soil samples contaminated with exempt liquid ⁹⁰Sr with 1 Bq·g^-1, 3 Bq·g^-1, and 10 Bq·g^-1 were prepared and hardened by flocculation. Results and Discussion: The mobile ZnS(Ag)/PVT array could discriminate gross alpha, gross beta, and gamma radiation by the different pulse-shaped signal features of each sensor material. If the array is deployed on a vehicle, the scan minimum detectable concentration (MDC) range will be about 0.11-0.17 Bq·g^-1 at 18 km·h^-1 speed, highly sensitive to actual sites. The handheld PVT rod with 12 mm (Φ) × 20 mm (H) size can directly measure ⁹⁰Sr selectively if channels on which energies are from 1,470 and 2,279 keV are gated, minimizing crossdetection of other radionuclides. These methods were verified by measuring soil samples fabricated with homogeneous ⁹⁰Sr concentrations, showing static MDC of 2.16 Bq·g^-1 at a measurement time of 300 seconds. Conclusion: Based on the results, comprehensive procedures using these detectors are suggested to optimize soil sites survey.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2016

To determine the nutritional value of domestic tomatoes, the levels of amino acids, amino acid metabolites, and the bioactive compound ${\gamma}-aminobutyric-acid$ (GABA) were analyzed in three domestic tomato varieties (Rafito, Momotaro, and Medison). Eighteen free amino acids were found, and total free amino acid content was 3,810.21~4,594.56 mg/100 g (dry weight). L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) was the most abundant amino acid, ranging from 1,866.60 mg/100 g for Momotaro to 2,417.45 mg/100 g for Medison. The next most abundant amino acids were L-glutamine (L-Gln) and L-aspartic acid (L-Asp). The three tomato varieties had a good balance of all the essential amino acids except tryptophan. Total essential amino acid content was 274.26~472.71 mg/100 g (dry weight). The following amino acid metabolites were found: L-carnitine (L-Car), hydroxylysine (Hyl), o-phosphoethanolamine (o-Pea), phosphoserine (p-Ser), ${\beta}-alanine$ (${\beta}-Ala$), N-methyl-histidine (Me-His), ethanolamine (EtNH2),and L-citrulline(L-Cit). Large quantities of GABA were found in all three varieties: 666.95-868.48 mg/100g (dry weight). These results support the use of these tomato varieties as nutritious food materials.

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.387-391
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• 1995

In order to investigate whether phospholipase C (PLC) activity in oat celIs is regulated by Gprotein, we have characterized PLC in plasma membranes of oat tissues. To identify the purified plasma membrane, $K^+$-stimulated, $Mg^{2+}$-dependent ATPase activity was measured. The activity of ATPase was shown to be proportional to the concentration of membrane protein. To examine the PLC activity regulated by G-protein, we used the inside-out and outside-out plasma membrane mixture isolated from the oat cells. The plasma membrane mixture showed higher PLC activity than the one of the outside-out plasma membrane. This suggests that PLC activity is located at the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membrane. PLC activity in plasma membrane mixture was dependent on $Ca^{2+}$ with maximum activity at 100 ${\mu}m$ $Ca^{2+}$ and it was inhibited by 1 mM EGTA. Using Sep-pak $Accell^{TM}$ Plus QMA chromatography, we found that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($IP_3$) was produced in the presence of 10 ${\mu}m$ $Ca^{2+}$. The PLC activity in the membrane was enhanced by an activator of G-protein ($GTP{\gamma}S$) and not by an inhibitor ($GDP{\beta}S$). This indicates that a G-protein is involved in the activation of PLC in the plasma membrane of oat cells.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.1031-1041
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• 2016

This paper presents millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation characteristics and channel model parameters including path loss, delay, and angular properties based on 28 GHz and 38 GHz field measurement data. We conducted measurement campaigns in both outdoor and indoor at the best potential hotspots. In particular, the model parameters are compared to sub-6 GHz parameters, and system design issues are considered for mmWave 5G Giga communications. For path loss modeling, we derived parameters for both the close-in free space model and the alpha-beta-gamma model. For multipath models, we extracted delay and angular dispersion characteristics including clustering results.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1064-1071
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• 2003

국내에서 유통 중인 올리브오일 extra virgin 및 pure 등급 13종에 대한 영양성분 및 유해성분 분석을 통해 품질특성을 조사하였다. Tintometer 색도에서는 yellow값, red값 모두 extra virgin 등급이 pure 등급보다 높았으며, Hunter 색도에서는 a값에서만 extra virgin 등급이 높고, L값은 pure 등급이 높아서 extra virgin급이 다소 색이 진한 것으로 나타났다. 산화안정성을 나타내는 Rancimat실험을 한 결과, 유도기간이 extra virgin 등급$(38.03{\sim}8.47hr)$이 pure 등급$(32.40{\sim}9.94hr)$보다 다소 길어서 산화안정성이 비교적 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 영양성분 분석결과에 있어서는 지방산 조성은 $C18:1(72.01{\sim}78.53wt%)$, $C18:2(4.88{\sim}10.36wt%)$, $C18:3(0.56{\sim}1.09wt%)$ 순으로 높았다. Tocopherol 함량은 ${\alpha}$체 $4.09{\sim}13.89mg/100g$, ${\beta}$체 $0.57{\sim}1.34mg/100g$, ${\gamma}$체 $3.41{\sim}8.03mg/100g$ 범위로 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ 함량이 가장 많았다. 올리브 오일 등급간의 지방산 조성과 tocopherol 함량은 거의 차이가 없었다. Sterol 함량은 extra virgin 등급 올리브오일의 ${\beta-sitosterol}$이 $124.52{\pm}19.33mg/100g$, campesterol이 $1.10{\pm}0.62mg/100g$으로 pure 등급$({\beta}-sitosterol\;92.68{\pm}17.44mg/100g,\;campesterol\;0.59{\pm}0.35mg/100g)$보다 많았다. 유해성분인 benzo(a)pyrene 함량은 extra virgin 등급이 $0.287{\pm}0.106{\mu}g/kg$, pure 등급은 $1.204{\pm}2.130{\mu}g/kg$이었다.