• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

ATP is the energy source synthesized at the electron transferase that consist of complex I, II, III, IV and V in mitochondrial cristae. The complex V functions as ATPase which composed of sub-complex $F_0$ and $F_1$. Porin or VDAC (voltagedependent anion-selective channel), is a family of small pore-forming proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and play important roles in the regulated flux of anion, proton and metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. The channel allows the diffusion of negatively charged solutes such as succinate, malate, and ATP in the fully open state, but of positively charged ions in subconducting state. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship of the function and localization between porin and ATPase we observed the distribution of porin and ATPase in the mitochondria of the bovine heart. Monoclonal antibodies against porin and ATPase ${\beta}$-subunit were used to detect porin and ATPase using light microscope with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and using electron microscope with immunogold-labeling. ATPase were stained in longitudinal section region in cardiac muscle, porin were stained in longitudinal section region in cardiac muscle. We viewed more specific pattern of localization and distribution of these proteins using immunofluorescence method. There were some region which were labeled with porin or ATPase respectively, and others which were labeled both proteins in cardiac muscle. The electron microscope results showed that immunogold labeled porin were labeled locally at mitochondrial outer membrane and ATPase were labeled evenly at mitochondrial cristae. But ATPase was not labeled at mitochondria cristae. These results confirmed the subcellular localizations of porin and ATPase in mitochondrial outer membrane and cristae. Also, we assumed that ATP synthesis always does not activation in all mitochondria exist in the bovine cardiac muscle.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 1991

Activities of the $F_1-ATPase$ purified from Lentinus edodes were stimulated by $Fe^{3+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;K^{+}\;and\;Co^{2+}$ but were inhibited by $Zn^{2+},\;Ca^{2+},\;Cu^{2+}\;and\;Ni{2+}$ ion. The enzyme activities were increased 130, 65, 65, 68, 105% and 23% by the 5mM $Fe^{3+}$, 10 mM$Fe^{2+}$, 1mM $Cd^{2+}$, 5mM $Mg^{2+}$, 5mM $K^{+}$ and 5mM$Co^{2+}$ ion addition, respectively, as compared with those not added. The enzyme activities were decreased 18, 19, 27 and 30% by 10 mM $Zn^{2+}$, 10mM $Ca^{2+}$, 0.5 mM $Cu^{2+}$ and 10 mM $Ni^{2+}$ ion, respectively. Anion effects of 10 mM ${Co_3}^{2-}$, 20 mM,$CN^{-}$ 20 mM$CH_3COO^{-}$ and 20 mM ${NO_3}^{-}$ ion were inhibited to the enzyme activities of 98, 95, 70 and 50%, respectively. As increasing of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion concentration, the enzyme activity was stimulated and 20 mM ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion was shown increased of 21%.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.573-577
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• 2001

The mammalian heart is known to undergo significant mechanical changes during fetal and neonatal development. The objective of this study was to define the ontogeny of the ryanodine receptor/$Ca^{2+}$ release channel and SERCA that play the major roles in excitation-contraction coupling. Whole ventricular homogenates of fetal (F) (19 and 22 days in gestation), postnatal (N) (1 and 7 days postnatal), and adult (A) (5 weeks postnatal) Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were used to study [$^3H$]ryanodine binding and oxalate-supported $^{45}Ca^{2+}$ uptake. For the ryanodine receptor, the major findings were: (1) The ryanodine receptor density, as determined by maximal [$^3H$]ryanodine binding ($B_{max}$), increased 3 fold between the F22 and A periods ($0.26{\pm}0.1$ vs. $0.73{\pm}0.07$ pmoles/mg protein, p<0.01), whereas there was no significant change during the F22 and N1 development phases ($0.26{\pm}0.1$ vs. $0.34{\pm}0.01$). (2) Affinity of the ryanodine receptor to ryanodine did not significantly change, as suggested by the lack of change in the $K_d$ during the development and maturation. For SERCA, changes started early with an increased rate of $Ca^{2+}$ uptake in the fetal periods (F19: $8.1{\pm}1.1$ vs. F22: $19.3{\pm}2.2$ nmoles/g protein/min; p<0.05) and peaked by 7 days (N7) of the postnatal age ($34.9{\pm}2.1$). Thus, we conclude that the quantitative changes occur in the ryanodine receptor during myocardial development. Also, the maturation of the $Ca^{2+}$ uptake appears to start earlier than that of the $Ca^{2+}$ release.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 1988

In order to investigate the morphological characteristics of dendritic cells in the mammary gland, the appearance on the clear cells(CLs) or ATPase-positive dendritic cells(APDCs) have been observed by the light microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows: CLs were observed in the mammary tissues of the experimental animals, such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, pigs, cows and Korean native goats, and these CLs were confirmed as the ATPase-positive cells of typical dendritic appearance(APDCs), The APDCs were distributed in between the secretory epithelial cells, between the secretory epithelial cells and the myoepithelial cells, the basal area of the secretory epithelial cells, the interalveolar and interlobular connective tissues, and in between the epithelial cells of secretory duct. The APDCs were observed more frequently during the middle period of lactation than the other periods, and were irregularly or uniformly distributed according to the location. During the middle period of lactation, there were notable quantitative differences in the APDSs depending on the mammary glands of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and cats, The most prominent differences were recognized among the mice, guinea pigs and cats. The number of AP DCs per unit area was statistically fewer in the guinea pigs($209.07{\pm}51.75cells/mm^2$) than in the mice($221.00{\pm}50.94cells/mm^2$) and cats($223.56{\pm}49.68cells/mm^2$) (respectively, p<0.05, p<0.05). Among the A/J, DBA/2, C57BL/6 and NIH(GP) mice, the mean densities of APDCs was statistically significantly fewer in the DBA/2($196.65{\pm}43.47cells/mm^2$) than in the C57BL/6($248.40{\pm}41.40cells/mm^2$) and NIH(GP) ($235.98{\pm}55.89cells/mm^2$) (respectively, p<0.0000, p<0.0000), however no significant difference between the C57BL/6 and the NIH(GP) was recognized (p>0.1). Among the F344, SD and W rats, the statistical analysis were confirmed that there were significantly fewer APDCs in the F344($198.72{\pm}47.61cells/mm^2$) than in the SD($227.70{\pm}41.40cells/mm^2$) and W($223.56{\pm}49.68cells/mm^2$) (respectively, p<0.0000, p<0.0001), however no significant difference between the SD and the W was recognized(p>0.1). The mean difference between the inbred and the noninbred counts in the mice was statistically significant (p<0.0001), and the similar result was presented in the rats(p<0.0000).

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2019

Streptococcus mutans is one of the important bacteria that forms dental biofilm and cause dental caries. Virulence genes in S. mutans can be classified into the genes involved in bacterial adhesion, extracellular polysaccharide formation, biofilm formation, sugar uptake and metabolism, acid tolerance, and regulation. The genes involved in bacterial adhesion are gbps (gbpA, gbpB, and gbpC) and spaP. The gbp genes encode glucan-binding protein (GBP) A, GBP B, and GBP C. The spaP gene encodes cell surface antigen, SpaP. The genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide formation are gtfs (gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) and ftf, which encode glycosyltransferase (GTF) B, GTF C, and GTF D and fructosyltransferase, respectively. The genes involved in biofilm formation are smu630, relA, and comDE. The smu630 gene is important for biofilm formation. The relA and comDE genes contribute to quorumsensing and biofilm formation. The genes involved in sugar uptake and metabolism are eno, ldh, and relA. The eno gene encodes bacterial enolase, which catalyzes the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate. The ldh gene encodes lactic acid dehydrogenase. The relA gene contributes to the regulation of the glucose phosphotransferase system. The genes related to acid tolerance are atpD, aguD, brpA, and relA. The atpD gene encodes $F_1F_0$-ATPase, a proton pump that discharges $H^+$ from within the bacterium to the outside. The aguD gene encodes agmatine deiminase system and produces alkali to overcome acid stress. The genes involved in regulation are vicR, brpA, and relA.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2017

Omeprazole, a benzimidazole derivative, suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting $H^+/K^+$ ATPase in gastric parietals cells, and by reducing $H^+$ concentration. To improve stability of esomeprazole magnesium dihydrate (ESMD), enteric-coated preperation was composed of core tablet, subcoating and enteric coating layer. We were evaluated in vitro dissolution characteristics between test and reference ESMD preparation and stability. We could prepare enteric-coated formulation of ESMD by controlling disintegrating agent and coating ratio which could rapidly dissolved in neutral or alkali medium. The formulation D5 with crospovidone of 1.25% and coating ratio of 16.25% had a similar dissolution behavior compare to reference preparation. Difference factor ($f_1$) and similarity factor ($f_2$) were 0~15 and 50~100 and there was no significant difference in bioequivalence between formulations. The content and dissolution rate of formulation D5 were $96.54{\pm}0.21$ and $78.56{\pm}0.87%$ without change of color in accelerated condition ($40^{\circ}C$, RH 75%, high density polyethylene (HDPE) container) for 6 months. This study concluded that our enteric coated preparation of ESMD could be an useful method to improve stability of unstable drug without direct contact with coating material.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.203-213
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate whether the K-pNPPase activity in renal cortical slices can be used as an index for measuring the activity of $Na^+-K^+$ exchange pump. The K-pNPPase activity, Ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption add intracellular electrolytes content in slices, and Na-K-ATPase activity in microsome were measured and the effects of ouabain and vanadate on these were observed. The results are as follows : 1) p-NPPase activity in slices increased linearly with incubation time during 60 minutes, and $K^+$-dependent, ouabain-sensitive fraction was about 55% of total p-NPPase activity. This value was almost the same through out the incubation time. 2) The concentrations of ouabain and vanadate for 50f inhibition of K-pNPPase activity were$7.0{\times}10^{-6}M$ and $1.3{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectively. 3) The ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption in slices was reduced to 50% of control value by $6.3{\times}10^{-6}M$ ouabain or $2.5{\times}10^{-5}M$ vanadate. These concentrations were similar to those for 50% inhibition of K-pNPPase activity. 4) The trends of intracellular electrolytes change by ouabain and vanadate were similar to those of the change in K-pNPPase activity. 5) The Na-K-ATPase activity in microsome prepared from renal cortex was completely inhibited by $10^{-3}M$ ouabain or $10^{-3}M$ vanadate and the concentration for 50% inhibition was $1.2{\times}10^{-6}M$ in ouabain and $1.6{\times}10^{-6}M$ in vanadate, which were much lower than those for K-pNPPase activity or ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption in slices. These results indicate that K-pNPPase activity measured in renal cortical slices is a better index for evaluating $Na^+-K^+$ exchange pump activity than Na-K-ATPase activity measured in microsome.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 1997

Gibberellin (GA) has been widely used to break seed dormancy for better stand establishment. The experiment was done to clarify the effect of $GA_3$ (concentration; period) and light quality (red; white; dark) after sowing on seed germination and radicle elongation of Campanulaceae (Platycodon grandiflorum; Codonopsis lanceolata; C. pilosula) to get an information on their field emergence. The germination test was carried out with 12 hours irradiation for 9 days after priming treatment. In the darkness, the mean germination rate of all the species was decreased in the order to P. grandiflorum, C. lanceolata, C. pilosula. Their mean germination rates and radicle lengths were increased with increased concentration to 0.1mM of $GA_3$. Earlier germination rate was higher but later one was less in 4-day $GA_3$ treatment than in 1- or 2-day $GA_3$ treatment. Light treatment. especially red light given after $GA_3$ treatment. eliminated the $GA_3$ treatment effect. Red light done after $GA_3$ treatment nearly blocked the germination of P. grandiflorum and C. pilosula but delayed that of C. pilosula compared to the other light quality treatments having the similar rate. In addition. the radicle elongation of all three species affected by light quality treatment showed the same result as the germination rate.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1995

For understanding physiological nature of phototaxis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 PTX(S. 6803 PTX), we examined the effects of some metabolic inhibitors and cation ionophore on the phototactic movement. In the presence of DCMU, which blocks the photosynthetic electron transport just after photosystem II acceptor, there was no inhibitory effect on the phototaxis up to $100\;\mu\textrm{M}$. Instead, the respiratory electron chain inhibitor such as sodium azide dramatically impaired the phototaxis in S. 6803 PTX. These observations indicate that the phototaxis is linked not to photo-phosphorylation, but to respiratory phosphorylation. When the cells were treated with un couplers such as CCCP or DNP, which dissipate the electrochemical gradient of proton($\Delta\mu_{H}+$) across the cytoplasmic membrane, these chemicals did not affect phototaxis. In contrast, when cells were treated with DCCD or NBD which deprive cells of A TP but leave $\Delta\mu_{H}+$ intact across the membrane, the phototactic movement was severly reduced. These results imply that ATP production, not proton motive force, is involved in the phototactic movement in this organism as a driving motive force. The application of specific calcium ionophore A23187 strongly impaired positive phototaxis. Calcium fluxes should be engaged in the sensory trans-duction of phototactic orientation. Finally, when ethionine was supplimented to culture media, the photomovement of this organism was inhibited. This implies that methylation/demethylation mechanism controls the process of phototaxis in S. 6803 PTX like chemotaxis in E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium.murium.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.88.1-88.13
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• 2020

Background: Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that causes listeriosis mainly in immunocompromised hosts. It can also cause foodborne outbreaks and has the ability to adapt to various environments. Peptide uptake in gram-positive bacteria is enabled by oligopeptide permeases (Opp) in a process that depends on ATP hydrolysis by OppD and F. Previously a putative protein Lmo2193 was predicted to be OppD, but little is known about the role of OppD in major processes of L. monocytogenes, such as growth, virulence, and biofilm formation. Objectives: To determine whether the virulence traits of L. monocytogenes are related to OppD. Methods: In this study, Lmo2193 gene deletion and complementation strains of L. monocytogenes were generated and compared with a wild-type strain for the following: adhesiveness, invasion ability, intracellular survival, proliferation, 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) to mice, and the amount bacteria in the mouse liver, spleen, and brain. Results: The results showed that virulence of the deletion strain was 1.34 and 0.5 orders of magnitude higher than that of the wild-type and complementation strains, respectively. The function of Lmo2193 was predicted and verified as OppD from the ATPase superfamily. Deletion of lmo2193 affected the normal growth of L. monocytogenes, reduced its virulence in cells and mice, and affected its ability to form biofilms. Conclusions: Deletion of the oligopeptide transporter Lmo2193 decreases the virulence of L. monocytogenes. These effects may be related to OppD's function, which provides a new perspective on the regulation of oligopeptide transporters in L. monocytogenes.