• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.248-259
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• 2001

Background : In diagnosis or monitor of the airway obstruction in bronchial asthma, the measurement of $FEV_1$ in the standard method because of its reproducibility and accuracy. But the measurement of peak expiratory flow(PEF) by peak flow meter is much simpler and easier than that of $FEV_1$ especially in children. Yet there have been still no data of the predicted normal values of PEF measured by peak flow meter in Korean children. This study was conducted to provide equations to predict the normal value of PEF and correlation between PEF and $FEV_1$ in healthy children. Method : PEF was measured by MiniWright peak flow meter, and the forced expiratory volume and the maximum expiratory flow volume curves were measured by Microspiro HI 501(Chest Co.) in 346 healthy children(age:5-16 years, 194 boys and 152 girls) without any respiratory symptoms during 2 weeks before the study. The regression equations for various ventilatory parameters according to age and/or height, and the regression equations of $FEV_1$ by PEF were derived. Results : 1. The regression equation for PEF(L/min) was: $12.6{\times}$age(year)+$3.4{\times}$height(cm)-263($R^2=0.85$) in boys, and $6{\times}$age(year)+$3.9{\times}$height(cm)-293($R^2=0.82$) in girls. 2. The value of FEFmax(L/sec) derived from the maximum expiratory flow volume curves was multiplied by 60 to compare with PEF(L/min), and PEF was faster by 125 L/min in boys and 118 L/min in girls, respectively. 3. The regression equation for $FEV_1$(ml) by PEF(L/min) was:$7{\times}$PEF-550($R^2=0.82$) in boys, and $5.8{\times}$PEF-146 ($R^2=0.81$) in girls, respectively. Conclusion : This study provides regression equations predicting the normal values of PEF by age and/or height in children. And the equations for $FEV_1$, a gold standard of ventilatory function, was predicted by PEF. So, in taking care of children with airway obstruction, PEF measured by the peak flow meter can provide useful information.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-46
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• 2007

The purpose of the study was to improve the efficiency of Breath & Forced Vital Capacity(FVC) of Stroke Patients Using Record Playing Focused on Breath Training. The Training of Forced Vital Capacity(FVC) is focused on trunk muscles reinforce for Breathing. So the study tried to play Recorder for reinforcing FVC. The play included the two parts. One was for solo play, the other was play in concert base on solo play using Korea country song, Arirang. The Recorder play used abdominal breath, Pursed-lip & Paced methods. The course of play included Long Tone, Staccato, Crescendo, Decrescendo and throughout the course we tried to improve the efficiency & Quantity of breathe. Experiment performed at Social welfare institute for the old. They played & checked FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$ before & after breathe 19 times for 6 weeks using Spirovit SP-1, Schiller. After experiment we performed statical process(p<0.05) using statical Package software. The findings were as follows: Analysis for Experiment showed the numerical Value of increasing Of FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$. Increasing Percentage of Measured/Predicted FVC, $FEV_1$ (or calculated based on theory) ration was 25%, 13% and Quantity of FVC, $FEV_1$ 35%, 40%. Also $FEV_1/FVC$ Ratio(showed efficiency of breathe) raised 13%. And experiment data was confirmed by statical process. The experiment data was valuable under p<0.05. In Conclusion we think the results of experiment showed the efficiency of Music therapy for Breathe(FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$) reinforce.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.364-374
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• 1980

Twenty-two patients were selected for evaluation of pre-and postoperative pulmonary function. These patients were performed open cardiac surgery with the extracorporeal circulation from March 1979 to July 1980 at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungbook National University Hospital. Patients were classified with ventricular septal defect 5 cases, atrial septal defect 5 cases, tetralogy of Fallot 5 cases, mitral stenosis 4 cases, rupture of aneurysm of sinus Valsalva 1 case, left atrial myxoma I case, and aortic insufficiency 1 case. The pulmonary function tests were performed and listed: [1] respiratory rate, tidal volume [TV], and minute volume[MV], [2] forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume[FEV 0.5 & FEV 1.0], [3] forced expiratory flow [FEF 200-1200 ml & FEF 25-75%]. [4] Maximal voluntary ventilation [MVV], [5] residual volume [RV] and functional residual capacity[FRC], measured by a helium dilution technique. Respiratory rate increased during the early postoperative days and tidal volume decreased significantly. These values returned to the preoperative levels after postoperative 5-6 days. Minute volume decreased slightly, but essentially unchanged. Preoperative mean values of the forced vital capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity decreased [63.2%, 87.2% & 77.3% predicted, respectively], and early postoperatively these values decreased further [19.6%, 76.0% & 38.0% predicted], but later progressively increased to the preoperative levels. In residual volume, there was no decline in the preoperative mean values [100.9% predicted] and postoperatively the value rather increased [106.3-161.7% predicted]. Forced expiratory volume [FEV 0.5 & FEV 1.0] and forced expiratory flow [FEF 200-1200 ml & FEF 25-75%] also revealed significant declines in the early postoperative period. There was no significant difference in values of the spirometric pulmonary function tests, such as FEF 1.O and FEF 25-75% between successful weaning group [17 cases] extubated within 24 hrs post-operatively and unsuccessful weaning group [5 cases] extubated beyond 24 hrs. Static compliance and airway resistance measured for the two cases during assisted ventilation, however, any information was not obtained. Long term follow-up pulmonary function studies were carried out for 8 cases in 9 months post-operatively. All of the results returned to the pre-operative or to normal predicted levels except FVC, FEV 1.0, and FEF 25-75% those showed minimal declines compared to the pre-operative figures.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

It is important to find the effective position for cough and sputum clearance in respiratory physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), and peak cough flow (PCF) related to functional level and measurement position in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Twenty one subjects were classified into three functional levels, and measurements was undertaken in three different measurement positions (upright sitting, $45^{\circ}$ reclining and supine). Vitalograph PEF/FEV DIARY was used to measure PEF and $FEV_1$, and Ferraris Pocket Peak was used to measure PCF. Mixed two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for statistical analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1) Significant main effects for measurement position were found. 2) PEF was the highest in upright sitting, followed by $45^{\circ}$ reclining, and supine in order. 3) $FEV_1$ in upright sitting and $45^{\circ}$ reclining were significantly greater compared with that in supine. 4) PCF in upright sitting and $45^{\circ}$ reclining were significantly greater compared with that in supine. 5) No significant main effects for functional level were found in PEF, $FEV_1$, and PCF. 6) No significant functional level by measurement position interactions were found in PEF, $FEV_1$, and PCF. Therefore, it is concluded that upright sitting and $45^{\circ}$ degree reclining positions are recommended for effective cough and sputum clearance.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.438-443
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the difference in mask filters on the respiration rate of healthy people. Design: A randomized cross-over design. Methods: A total of 15 subjects were selected for this study (n=15). After filling out the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, the selected participants abstained from caffeinated beverages and meals 30 minutes before and sat in a chair 10 minutes before stabilizing their breathing. Afterwards, the lung function test was performed 3 times for each mask, and the maximum value was used. The provided masks were Mask Free, Dental Mask, KF80, and KF94. Exhalation was measured for 6 seconds for each mask, and breathing was stabilized by repeating inhalation and exhalation until the next time. Results: In this study, the difference in respiratory function according to the mask type was statistically significant except for FEV1 and FVC (p<0.05). As a result of post-hoc analysis, FVC, FEV1, PEF, and FEF values were significantly lower than those of the control group not wearing a mask (p<0.05). When wearing KF94, FVC, FEV1, PEF25-25%, and FEF were significantly lower than when wearing a dental mask (p<0.05). When wearing a KF80 mask, it was significantly lower in FVC and FEV1 than when wearing a dental mask (p<0.05). In FEV1/FVC, the difference by mask type was not statistically significant (p<0.05), but it was lower than the spirometry standard of COPD patients (FEV1/FVC<0.7). Conclusions: As Now that wearing a mask is essential, it has been confirmed that the mask affects the respiratory rate.Therefore, in the case of healthy adults, it is recommended to rest after wearing a mask if attention deficit or headache occurs. People with low breathing capacity are recommended to have low-intensity activities and frequent rest periods after wearing a mask.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2013

Purpose : The aim of study was to assess the effect of backward walking combined with body weight supported treadmill training for patients with spinal cord injury. Methods : Forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second(FEV1), peak expiratory flow(PEF) and FEV1/FVC ratio(FER) were measured with a spirometer for on subject of T12 spinal cord injury. 10 meter walking test(10MWT), timed up & go test(TUG) and 6-Minute walking test(6MWT) were the measured. Intervention consisted of backward walking combined with body weight supported treadmill training five times a week for 12 weeks. Results : The date of 10MWT, TUG, 6MWT were improved. Furthermore, the date of PEF, FEV1, FVC, FER showed a improvement. Conclusion : Backward walking combined with body weight supported treadmill training may be a better and more effective method for gait performance and respiratory on incomplete spinal cord injury.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.321-329
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence. Methods: The analysis was performed using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey of the Korean civilian population conducted from 2010 to 2012. The analyses were restricted to males who were 40 years of age and above. Complex sample multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of COPD prevalence with 25(OH)D and other factors. Results: $FEV_1/FEV_6$ varied significantly with smoking status, age, household income, education level, occupation, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity (p < 0.05). In univariate analysis, smoking status, BMI, household income, education level, and occupation showed association with COPD (p < 0.05), but vitamin D was not associated with COPD (p = 0.078). However, when adjusted with smoking status, household income, education level, occupation, BMI, age, and smoking index, the lowest quartile of 25(OH)D showed OR 1.643 (95% CI 1.161-2.236) compared to 3rd quartile (p = 0.024). Conclusion: A significant relationship was observed between serum concentration of 25(OH)D and COPD.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.47-52
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to examine if a respiratory muscle strengthening training in patients with stroke can improve their pulmonary function. Methods : Volunteers were included for the study if a patient diagnosed stroke more than 6 months and had 24 points or higher in MMSE-K scores. Twenty-eight subjects participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups; a breathing exercise group(n=14) and a control group(n=14). The intervention for all subjects was conducted for 20minutes, three times a week for 4 weeks. Subjects for the breathing exercise group had the respiratory muscle strengthening training using spiro-tigers, where-as subjects in the control group got their usual treatment ie a postural training. The six-minute walking test(6MWT) and the pulmonary function tests(FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, VC, Vt, IRV and ERV) were employed to assess treatment effects at baseline and after their intervention. Results : Twenty-four subjects finished their 4-week treatment programs. The general characteristics between groups were found to be similar (p>0.05). The pulmonary function between groups were also observed no difference across groups at the baseline measurement (p>0.05). In the post treatment group comparison, subjects in the breathing exercise group showed an increase in lung function with VC ($2.73{\pm}0.80{\ell}$) and Vt ($0.87{\pm}0.38{\ell}$) than those in the control group ($1.91{\pm}0.80{\ell}$ and $0.48{\pm}0.22{\ell}$ respectively) (p<0.05). However, there was no difference found in 6MWT, FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, IRV, and ERV across groups (p>0.05). Conclusion : A significant increase in VC and Vt was found in subjects with stroke, who had four-week training on respiratory muscle strengthening. However, respiratory muscle strengthening showed no effect on walking speed and FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, IRV, and ERV in patients with stroke.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1187-1195
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• 2018

Objective: To compare correlations between pulmonary function test (PFT) results and different reconstruction algorithms and to suggest the optimal reconstruction protocol for computed tomography (CT) quantification of low lung attenuation areas and airways in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: A total of 259 subjects with normal PFT and chest CT results were included. CT scans were reconstructed using filtered back projection, hybrid-iterative reconstruction, and model-based IR (MIR). For quantitative analysis, the emphysema index (EI) and wall area percentage (WA%) were determined. Subgroup analysis according to smoking history was also performed. Results: The EIs of all the reconstruction algorithms correlated significantly with the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) (all p < 0.001). The EI of MIR showed the strongest correlation with FEV1/FVC (r = -0.437). WA% showed a significant correlation with FEV1 in all the reconstruction algorithms (all p < 0.05) correlated significantly with FEV1/FVC for MIR only (p < 0.001). The WA% of MIR showed the strongest correlations with FEV1 (r = -0.205) and FEV1/FVC (r = -0.250). In subgroup analysis, the EI of MIR had the strongest correlation with PFT in both eversmoker and never-smoker subgroups, although there was no significant difference in the EI between the reconstruction algorithms. WA% of MIR showed a significantly thinner airway thickness than the other algorithms ($49.7{\pm}7.6$ in ever-smokers and $49.5{\pm}7.5$ in never-smokers, all p < 0.001), and also showed the strongest correlation with PFT in both ever-smoker and never-smoker subgroups. Conclusion: CT quantification of low lung attenuation areas and airways by means of MIR showed the strongest correlation with PFT results among the algorithms used, in normal subjects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 2001

Background : Asthmatic patients frequently suffer cold-weather-associated respiratory symptoms. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and diagnostic value of isocapnic hyperventilation of cold air(IHCA) using a multistep method, was investigated in patients suspected to have asthma. Method : One hundred and 29 adult patients who had an IHCA performed between july 1999 and December 2000, had an methacholine bronchoprovocation test because of a clinical suspicion of asthma. Results : According to strict criteria, 50 were defined as asthmatics and 79 as symptomatic nonasthmatics. There were no differences in age, sex and smoking state between the asthmatic and symptomatic nonasthmatic groups. There was a significant decrease in the percentage reduction in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second($FEV_1$) after the IHCA between the asthmatics($-10.0{\pm}6.8%$) and the symptomatic nonasthmatics($-2.3{\pm}2.5%)$. The factors associated with a reactivity to IHCA were $FEV_1$/FVC, $FEF_{25-75}$%/FVC and $FEV_1$(% of predicted). The accuracy was highest using a 7% fall in $FEV_1$ ; the sensitivity was 76% and the specificity 96%. Conclusion : IHCA is a specific, although not a sensitive, test for diagnosing asthma in adult patients. Furthermore, the diagnostic cut-off value of the different methods of IHCA need to be determined.