• Title/Summary/Keyword: $Cu_xCo_{3-x}O_4$

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Deposition of YBCO Films on Moving Substrate by a Spray Pyrolysis method (분무 열분해 CVD법으로 이동 중인 LaAlO_3(100) 단결정 위에 증착시킨 YBCO 박막의 특성)

  • Kim, Jae-Gun;Hong, Suk-Kwan;Kim, Ho-Jin;Yu, Seok-Koo;Cho, Han-Woo;Ahn, Jin-Hyun;Joo, Jin-Hoo;Lee, Hee-Gyoun;Hong, Gye-Won
    • Progress in Superconductivity
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.93-97
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    • 2006
  • YBCO films were deposited on a moving substrate by a spray pyrolysis method using nitrate aqueous solution as precursors. Deposition was made on $LaAlO_3$(100) single crystal substrate by spraying precursor droplets generated by a concentric nozzle. The cation ratio of precursor solution was Y:Ba:Cu=1:2.65:4.5. The distance between nozzle and substrate was 15 cm. Substrate was transported with a speed ranging from 0.23 cm/min to 0.5 cm/min. Films were deposited at the pressure ranging from 10 Torr to 20 Torr and the deposition temperature was ranged from $740^{\circ}C\;to\;790^{\circ}C$. Oxygen partial pressure was controlled between 1 Tow and S Torr. Superconducting YBCO films were obtained from $740^{\circ}C\;to\;790^{\circ}C$ with an oxygen partial pressure of 3 Torr. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) observation revealed that films are smooth and highly texture with(001) plans parallel to substrate plane. Highest Jc was 0.72 $MA/cm^2$ at 77K and self-field for the film with a thickness of 0.15 m prepared at a substrate temperature of $740^{\circ}C$ and $PO_2$=3 Torr.

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Corrosion Characteristics by CCPP Control in Simulated Distribution System (CCPP 조절에 따른 모의 상수관로의 부식특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Do-Hwan;Lee, Jae-In;Lee, Ji-Hyung;Han, Dong-Yueb;Kim, Dong-Youn;Hong, Soon-Heon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.12
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    • pp.1249-1256
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    • 2005
  • This study was performed to investigate the efficiency of the corrosion prevention in the simulated distribution system using CCPP(Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential) as the anti-corrosive index by adjusting pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and calcium hardness in the water treatment pilot process. The materials of the simulated distribution system(SDS) were equiped with same materials of real field water distribution system. CCPP concentrations controlled by $Ca(OH)_2$, $CO_2$ gas and $Na_2CO_3$ in the simulated distribution system and uncontrolled by the chemicals in the general water distribution system were average 0.61 mg/L and -7.77 mg/L. The concentrations of heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cu ions in effluent water of the simulated distribution system controlled with water quality were decreased rather than the general water distribution system uncontrolled with water quality. In simulated distribution system(SDS), corrosion prevention film formed by CCPP control was observed that scale was come into forming six months later and it was formed into density as time goes on. We were analyzed XRD(X-ray diffraction) for investigating component of crystal compounds and structure for galvanized steel pipe(15 mm). Finding on analysis, scale was compounded to $Zn_4CO_3(OH)_6{\cdot}H_2O$ (Zinc Carbonate Hydroxide Hydrate) after ten months late, and it was compounded on $CaCO_3$(Calcium Carbonate) and $ZnCO_3$(Smithsonite) after nineteen months later.

A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF IMPROVING ACID RESISTANCE OF BOVINE TOOTH ENAMEL AFTER PULSED Nd-YAG LASER IRRADIATION (펄스형 Nd-YAG 레이저 조사에 의한 법랑질 내산성 증가 기전에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Young-Soon;Shon, Heung-Kyu
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.640-658
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    • 1996
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of improving acid resistance of Nd-YAG laser irradiated tooth enamel and determine the most effective energy density for improving acid resistance. The bovine tooth enamel were lased with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser. The energy densities of exposed laser beam were varied from 10 to $70\;J/cm^2$. To investigate the degree of improving acid resistance by irradiation, all the samples were submerged to demineralize in 0.5 N $HClO_4$ solution for 1 minute. After 1 minute, 0.05 % $LaCl_3$ was added to the solution for interrupting the demineralization reaction. The amounts of dissolved calcium and phosphate in the solution were measured by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the UV/VIS spectrophotometer, respectively. To examine the mechanism of improving acid resistance, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were taken. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples were obtained in the $10^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}2{\theta}$ range with $Cu-K{\alpha}$ radiation using M18HF(Mac Science Co.) with X-ray diffractometer operating at 40 KV and 300 mA. The infra-red spectra of the ground samples in 300 mg KBr pellets 10 mm diameter were obtained in the $4000cm^{-1}\;to\;400cm^{-1}$ range using JASCO 300E spectrophotometer. The scanning electron microscopy was carried out using JSM6400(JEOL Co.) with $500{\sim}2000$ times magnification. The results were as follow 1. The concentration of calcium dissolved from laser irradiated enamel with $50J/cm^2$ was significantly lesser than that of unlased control group (p<0.05) 2. From the result of the X-ray diffraction analysis, $\beta$-TCP, which increases acid solubility, was identified in lased enamel but the diffraction peaks of (002) and (004) became sharp with increasing energy density of laser irradiation. This means that the crystals in lased samples were grown through the c-axis and subsequently, the acid solubility of enamel decreased. 3. The a-axis parameter was slightly increased by laser irradiation, whereas the c-axis parameter was almost constant except for a little decrease at $50J/cm^2$. 4. In the infra-red spectra of lased enamels, phosphate bands ($600{\sim}500cm^{-1}$), B-carbonate bands (870, $1415{\sim}1455cm^{-1}$), and A-carbonate band ($1545cm^{-1}$) were observed. The amounts of phosphate bands and the B-carbonate bands were reduced, on the other hand, the amount of the A-carbonate band was increased by increase the energy density. 5. The SEM experiments reveal that the surface melting and recrystallization were appeared at $30J/cm^2$ and the cracks were observed at $70J/cm^2$. From above results, It may be suggested that the most effective energy density for improving acid resistance of tooth enamel with the irradiation of Nd-YAG laser was $50J/cm^2$. The mechanism of improving acid resistance were reduction of permeability due to surface melting and recrystallization of lased enamel and reduction of acid solubility of enamel due to decrease of carbonate content and growth of crystal.

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Compositional Variation of Arsenopyrites in Arsenic and Polymetallic Ores from the Ulsan Mine, Republic of Korea, and their Application to a Geothermometer (울산광산산(蔚山鑛山産) 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)의 조성변화(組成變化) 및 지질온도계(地質溫度計)에 대(對)한 적용(適用))

  • Choi, Seon-Gyu;Chung, Jae-Ill;Imai, Naoya
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.199-218
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    • 1986
  • Arsenopyrite in arsenic and polymetallic ores from calcic Fe-W skarn deposit of the Ulsan mine, Republic of Korea, has been investigated by means of electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffractometry. As a result, it is revealed that the Ulsan arsenopyrite may be classified into the following three species with different generation on the basis of its mode of occurrence, chronological order during polymetallic mineralization and chemical composition; arsenopyrites I, II and III. 1) Arsenopyrite I-(Ni, Co)-bearing species belonging to the oldest generation, which has crystallized together with (Ni, Co)-arsenides and -sulpharsenides in the early stage of polymetallic mineralization. In rare cases, it contains a negligible amount of antimony. It occurs usually as discrete grains with irregular outline, showing rarely subhedral form, and is diffused in skarn zone. The maximum contents of nickel and cobalt are 10.04 Ni and 2.45 Co (in weight percent). Occasionally, it shows compositional zoning with narrow rim of lower (Ni+Co) content. 2) Arsenopyrite II-arsenian species, in which (Ni+Co) content is almost negligible, may occur widely in arsenic ores, and its crystallization has followed that of arsenopyrite I. It usually shows subhedral to euhedral form and is closely associated with $l{\ddot{o}}llingite$, bismuth, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuthian tennantite, etc. It is worthy of note that arsenopyrite II occasionally contains particles consisting of both bismuth and bismuthinite. 3) Arsenopyrite III-(Ni, Co)-free, S-excess and As-deficient species is close to the stoichiometric composition, FeAsS. It occurs in late hydrothermal veins, which cut clearly the Fe-W ore pipe and the surrounding skarn zone. It shows euhedral to subhedral form, being extremely coarse-grained, and is closely associated with pyrite, "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Among three species of the Ulsan arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite I does not serve as a geothermometer, because (Ni+Co) content always exceeds 1 weight percent. In spite of the absence of Fe-S minerals as sulphur-buffer assemblage, the presence of $Bi(l)-Bi_2S_3$ sulphur-buffer enables arsenopyrite II to apply successfully to the estimation of either temperature and sulphur fugacity, the results are, $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, and log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$. With reference to arsenopyrite III, only arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite may serve to restrict the range of both temperature and sulphur fugacity, $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$. These temperature data are consistent with those obtained by fluid inclusion geothermometry on late grandite garnet somewhat earlier than arsenopyrite II. At the beginning of this paper, the geological environments of the ore formation at Ulsan are considered from regional and local geologic settings, and physicochemical conditions are suspected, in particular the formation pressure (lithostatic pressure) is assumed to be 0.5kb (50MPa). The present study on arsenopyrite geothermometry, however, does not bring about any contradictions against the above premises. Thus, the following genetical view on the Ulsan ore deposit previously advocated by two of the present authors (Choi and Imai) becomes more evident; the ore deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature with steep geothermal gradient-xenothermal conditions.

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