• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low temperature thermal pre-treatment on biodegradation of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion as a countermeasure for increasing sludge generation. The experimental condition was accomplished in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration, and $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $90^{\circ}C$ of temperature for a maximum of 120 minutes retention time. Then, it was followed by analysis of physical/chemical properties, BMP test and composition of biogas. The biogas characteristic was evaluated by applying the modified Gomperz model. As a result, solubility of dissolved substrate, such as $SCOD_{Cr}$, soluble carbohydrate, and soluble protein, and biogas production increased as temperature increased. Solubilization efficiency at $90^{\circ}C$ was 18.4 %, 17.03 % and 16.88% in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration respectively. Also, solubilization rates of carbohydrate and protein similarly increased. BMP test results also showed that methane production in excess sludge increased to 0.194, 0.187 and $0.182m^3/kg$ VS. respectively, and lag phase decreased to 0.145, 0.220, 0.351 day due to acceleration of the hydrolysis step. Consequently, low-temperature thermal pre-treatment could increase biodegradability of sludge, positively affecting biogas production and sludge reduction.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2023

This study was designed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of soybean meal, soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), rapeseed meal (RSM), pea protein concentrate (PPC), wheat gluten meal (WGM) and wheat flour (WF) for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. A reference diet (RF) was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of olive flounder with 1% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) as an inert indicator. Test diets were prepared to contain 70% RF and 30% of the test ingredient. Olive flounder, averaging 150 ± 8.0 g, was cultured in 400-L fiberglass tanks at a density of 25 fish per tank. Fecal collection columns were attached to each tank. Fecal samples were obtained from triplicate groups of fish for 4 weeks. Dry matter digestibility of SPC (75%) and WGM (76%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Protein digestibility of SPC (85%), PPC (88%) and WGM (89%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients, and protein digestibility of RSM (77%) and WF (76%) was lower than the other ingredients tested. Lipid digestibility of SPC (72%) and SPI (69%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Energy digestibility of SPC (85%) and WGM (82%) were significantly higher than that of others tested ingredients. The availability of amino acids in WGM was generally higher than in other plant-feed ingredients. Therefore, SPC and WGM were seems to be efficient as potential protein sources for olive flounder compared to other tested ingredients. Overall, findings of the current study may assist in more efficient and economical formulation of diets using plant feed ingredients for olive flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1148-1155
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• 2020

Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and various co-products fed to growing pigs. Methods: Ten feed ingredients tested were barley (9.3% CP), lupin kernels (31.1% CP), and wheat (11.3% CP) as cereal grains, and 2 sources of corn gluten feed produced in China (21.6% CP) and Korea (24.6% CP), corn gluten meal (65.3% CP), lupin hulls (11.6% CP), rice bran (14.5% CP), soybean meal (44.8% CP), and wheat bran (15.4% CP) as co-products. Ten experimental diets were formulated to contain each ingredient as a sole source of N and an N-free diet was used to correct basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets also contained 0.5% Cr₂O₃ as an indigestible index. A replicated 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 dietary treatments, 6 periods, and 22 animals was employed. Twenty-two barrows with an initial body weight of 64.6±4.9 kg were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. An experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 2-d collection period. Results: The SID of CP in the barley, lupin kernels, wheat, 2 sources of corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, lupin hulls, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat bran were 84.7%, 90.5%, 90.4%, 77.4%, 74.6%, 89.5%, 90.4%, 74.4%, 86.9%, and 63.4% (standard error of the mean [SEM] = 5.3, p = 0.006), respectively. The respective SID values of Lys were 75.5%, 88.4%, 83.9%, 74.7%, 62.4%, 80.3%, 83.9%, 78.5%, 88.0%, and 71.2% (SEM = 3.3, p<0.001), and the SID values of Met were 83.6%, 88.7%, 89.4%, 85.7%, 78.3%, 88.9%, 89.4%, 85.3%, 91.1%, and 77.0% (SEM = 2.4, p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids varies among the feed ingredients fed to pigs.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 1987

선박용 강판(KR Grad A-3)과 라임티타니아계 피복 아아크 용접봉(E4303)을 이용하여 대기중용접 및 습식 수중 용접하여 TRC 임계응력치, 열 사이클, 경도분포, 확산성 수소량, micro조직 등을 실험적으로 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. TRC 시험에 의한 초기 임계응력치 $\sigma$ 하(cr) 은 대기중 용접 및 수중용접의 어느 쪽에서도 Y groove 형상의 경우가 각각 71kg/mm 상(2), 51kg/mm 상(2) 로서 가장 높고, 반대로 45$^{\circ}$r 형 groove의 경우가 각각 52kg/mm 상(2), 41kg/mm 상(2)로서 최저이며, 수중용접부의 냉파괴 감수성이 대기중용접보다 높다. 2. 용접부의 경도는 조립 열영향부에서 가장 높고 대기중용접에서 약 H 하(k) 365, 수중용접에서는 급격한 냉각속도 때문에 약 H 상(k) 670으로 높게 되어 후자의 경우 파괴 감수성의 증가에 의한 낮은 임계응력치를 갖게 된다. 3. 48시간 동안의 확산성 수소량은 대기중용접에서 약 18cc/100g-weld-metal, 수중용접의 경우 약 48cc/100g-weld-metal로서 수중용접의 경우가 약 3배 정도 더 침입하고 있으므로 이의 방지책이 필요하다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 1989

Native Kerean lawngrass (Zeysia japonica steud.) and Manilagrass ( Zeysia matrella Merr.) are frequently used as sport turf and lawn in Kerea and ether Asian countries because of its excellent summer qualities and superior winter-hardiness compared to ether warm-season turfgrass . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the plant growth retardants ( PGR ) en the inhibition (d the growth of the two Kerean native turfgrasses. Kerean lawngrass and Manilagrass were treated with [2 RS , 3 RS] -1- [4- chlorophenyl ] -4, 4-dimethyl -2- [1 H -1, 2, 4- tiazol -1- y] pentan -3- ol ( PP -333) at 93 and 930 gha -j ; 5-[4- chlorphenyl ]-3, 4, 5, 9, 10- peiitaaza - tetracyclo [5, 4, 1, 0 2 6 . o ~'~I -3, 9- diene ( BAS -106) at 16 and 160 gha ; [ E I-] - cyclohexyl -4, 4- dimethyl -2- [1, 2, 4- triazol -1- yl ]-1-pentene - 3- ol ( NTN -821) at 56 and 560 gha ', and 4- chloro -2- [$\alpha$- hydrozybenzy I isonicotin anilide ( CGR -811) at 92 gha in pot study . All PGR treatments were effective in reducing the plant height, with the exception of BAS -106 at 16 gha for Korean lawngrass ; however , all increased quality to some degree , with the exception of PP -333 at 93 gha . The low PGR rates significantly increased Korean lawngrass height during late jtily aitd mid-August . On the other hand , BAS -106 significantly increased Manilagrass height {rom 24 Septeml)er onwards . All PGR treatments haol higher turfgrass quality than untreatments , and also the high rates of PGIt treatments were more effective in increasing quality than the low rates observed on 8 October . Meanwhile , Manilagrass quality was increased to some extent than Korean lawegrass . PP - 333 was significantly effective in reducing clipping yield and the same results were found with the application of NTN -821 at 560 gha -l for both Korean lawngrass and Manilagrass , BAS -106 at 160 gha for Korean lawegrass , and CGR -811 at 92 gha for Manilagrass . The high PGR rates had higher turfgrass shoot weight observed on 8 October than the low rates , and there were little increases obtained with the low rates of PP -333 for Korean lawngrass and BAS - 1 06 for Manilagrass . Effeets on stolon growth varied between growth retardants , and between retardant treatments ; the high rates of PGR as well as the low rate of NTN -821 elongated stolon of Korean lawngrass and manoilagrass . However , PP -333 at 93 gha and BAS -106 at 16 gha - shortened stolons of Korean lawugrass , resulting in inhibition or little difference of stolon dry weight . NTN -821 at 560 gha and CGR -811 had no positive effect on the stolon length of Manilagrass . 101) -333 and the low rate of BAS -106 and NTN -821 decreased root weight of Korean lawng - rass All PGR rates had negative effect on the root weight of Manilagrass with the exception of BAS -106 CR -811 and the high rate of NTN -821 which made no difference in root weight between retarolant treatments and the control .

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.17
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• pp.175-178
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• 2004

The stochiometric mixture of evaporating materials for the $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin film was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin film, $ZnIn_2S_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on throughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) in the Hot Wall Epitaxy(HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively and the growth rate of the $ZnIn_2S_4$ sing1e crystal thin film was about $0.5\;{\mu}m/hr$. The crystalline structure of $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin film was investigated by photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction(DCXD) measurement. The carrier density and mobility of $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin film measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.51{\times}10^{17}\;cm^{-3}$, $291\;cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at $293_{\circ}\;K$, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c - axis of the $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting ${\Delta}S_O$ and the crystal field splitting ${\Delta}Cr$ were 0.0148 eV and 0.1678 eV at $10_{\circ}\; K$, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement of $ZnIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition $(E_X)$ typically observed only in high quality crystal and neutral donor bound exciton $(D^{o},X)$ having very strong peak intensity The full width at half maximum and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 9 meV and 26 meV, respectively, The activation energy of impurity measured by Haynes rule was 130 meV.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2015

본 연구는 저 에너지 사료 내 lysolecithin과 sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate의 첨가가 육계의 생산성 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 본 시험은 1일령 ROSS 308(♂, ♀) 768수를 공시하였고, 시험 개시 체중은 44.3 g으로 35일간 진행하였으며, 시험설계는 1) PC(basal diet), 2) NC(PC-100 kcal), 3) T1(NC+ 0.08% lysolecithin) and 4) T2(NC + 0.04% sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate)로 4개 처리를 하여 처리당 12반복, 반복당 16수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 증체량(body weight gain: BWG), 사료섭취량(feed intake: FI) 및 사료요구율(feed conversion ratio: FCR)은 매주 측정하였다. 산화크롬(Cr2O3)을 표시물로서 0.2% 첨가하여 실험 실험종료 7일 전에 급여하였다. 1~21일차 생산성에 있어 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았고(P>0.05), 21~35일차 증체량에 있어서 T1 처리구 및 T2 처리구가 대조구와 비교하였을 때 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 영양소 소화율에 있어 T1 처리구 및 T2 처리구가 대조구와 비교하였을 때 유의적으로 효과가 있었다(P<0.05). 그러나 건물 소화율에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다(P>0.05). 종합적으로, 육계 사료 내 유화제의 첨가가 후반 성장 단계에서 생산성, 에너지 소화율 및 질소 소화율을 향상시켰다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

한국 자생차에 대한 일반적인 특성을 연구하기 위해, 15개 지역에서 시료를 채취해 차나무 생장환경 및 차엽의 무기성분을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 차 자생지역의 토양 pH는 4.22~6.15, 유기물 함략 23.9~72.6g/kg, 유효인산 300mg/kg 이하, K 0.8~2.5, Na 0.02~0.17, Ca 1.0~6.2, Mg $0.4{\sim}2.1cmol^+/kg$였고, Fe와 Mn은 수십~수mg/kg, 중금속인 Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu. Pb, Cd는 수 mg/kg이었다. 그리고 대부분 지역의 토양이 사양토나 양토의 특성을 가지고 있었다. 자생차 대부분이 죽림이나 수림하에서 자생하고 있었고, 엽의 크기는 $6.85{\pm}1.75{\times}2.6{\pm}0.5cm$이고, 측맥수는 $14.2{\pm}2.7$개, 거치수 $58.5{\pm}11.2$개였으며, 염색은 담녹색~농녹색이었다. 다엽에서 $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ 함량은 30.5~47.7mg/kg, 45.5~164.5mg/kg, 16,998~25.431mg/kg, 1,590~2.392mg/kg, 1,085~1,958mg/kg범위였고, $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$는 21.2~63.2mg/kg, 126.4~257.7mg/kg, 108.5~185.9mg/kg, 1,445~1,819mg/kg, 954~1,670mg/kg 범위였다. 순천 창천리, 화순 쌍봉사, 보성 대원사 및 남해 보리 암에서 자생하는 차나무는 장원산업에서 재배되는 차나무 종인 yabukita 만큼 대엽이였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2005

한반도 남서부 지역은 고태평양판의 섭입에 의한 화성활동이 매우 활발했던 지역으로 백악기 화강암류와 이와 성인적으로 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 추정되는 화산암이 넓게 분포하고 있다. 백악기 화강암류를 형성시킨 마그마의 특성 및 지구조적 환경을 규명하고자 이미 보고 된 185개의 자료와, 야외 지질 조사를 통해 얻은 시료 중 신선한 36개의 시료에 대해 주성분 원소, 미량원소에 대한 지화학 분석을 실시하였다. 본 역 화강암류들은 전형적으로 I-type의 비알칼리암 중 칼크-알칼리 계열에 속하며 ANK vs. ACNK도에 도시해볼 때 대부분 메타알루미나질에 해당된다. 주성분 및 미량원소의 변화경향은 일반적인 화강암류의 분화경향과 유사하지만 지역별 주성분 및 미량원소의 특성을 살펴보면 이들 화강암류가 동원마그마 기원이 아님을 시사한다. 연구 지역의 동쪽에 분포하는 화강암체들은 서부에 비해 높은 Li, Co, Sr Sc의 함량과 낮은 Rb, Nb의 함량을 나타낸다. 미량원소의 함량은 화강암의 세계 평균값보다 전반적으로 높게 나타나는 경향이 있으며, 특히 Cr, Co, Ni, V, Sc등의 철-마그네슘 계열 원소의 함량이 더 높게 나타났다. 희토류원소는 모두 LREE가 HREE 보다 부화되어 화강암류의 전형적인 패턴과 일치하며, 서부 지역이 동부 지역보다 더 뚜렷한 Eu(-)이상을 갖는다. 지구조 판별도에서도 VAG와 syn-COLG 환경에 점시된다. 본 연구지역의 화강암류들은 대륙연변부에서 나타나는 화강암류의 희토류원소의 총량($60{\~}499ppm$)과 $(La/Lu)_{CN}=8.9{\~66}$의 범위에 해당되며 모든 지화학적 자료를 종합해보면 이지역의 화강암류들은 고태평양판의 섭입에 의한 압축장이 작용하는 대륙 연변부에서 생성되었음을 알 수 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2014

유기농산물인증과 무농약농산물인증 지역의 논토양에 대한 연구를 위하여 고성지역 친환경작목반 중심으로 유기농산물 생산지역 266필지와 무농약 농산물 생산지역 545필지로 나누어 비교 조사하였다. 유기재배지 토양의 Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, Zn, Ni는 각각 0.05, 14.5, 1.08, 0.92, 10.7, 1.34, 35.9, 22.2 mg $kg^{-1}$인 반면에 무농약 재배지 토양은 각각 0.32, 13.6, 1.01, 0.03, 10.4, 0.91, 42.4, 22.5 mg $kg^{-1}$이었다. 토양의 화학성 중 pH, 유기물, 유효 $P_2O_5$, 유효 $SiO_2$의 평균값은 유기 재배지 토양에서 각각 5.9, 28.9 g $kg^{-1}$, 126.2 mg $kg^{-1}$, 150.8 mg $kg^{-1}$이었으며, 무농약 재배지 토양은 각각 5.92, 28.4 g $kg^{-1}$, 98.4 mg $kg^{-1}$, 230.1 mg $kg^{-1}$이었다. 치환성 양이온인 $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$의 평균값은 유기재배지 토양의 경우 각각 0.22, 4.83, 0.94 cmol + $kg^{-1}$이었고, 무농약 재배지 토양의 경우 각각 0.33, 5.25, 1.04 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$이었다. 유기 재배지 농업용수의 pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS는 각각 7.23, 8.40, 2.80, 1.86, 2.58 mg $l^{-1}$이었고, 무농약 재배지의 농업용수는 각각 7.65, 9.16, 2.25, 4.11, 4.00 mg $l^{-1}$이었다. 이와 결과를 기초로 하면, 유기농산물과 무농약농산물의 인증기준이 되는 토양과 농업용수의 차이가 없기 때문에 한국의 유기농산물과 무농약농산물로 나누어진 친환경농산물인증을 국제기준의 유기(식품)인증으로 일원화하여야 할 것으로 본다.