• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.144-156
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• 1999

Thermal Barrier Coating with Functional Gradient Materials (FGM-TBC) can play an important role to protect the parts from harmful environments in high temperatures such as oxidation, corrosion, and wear and to improve the efficiency of aircraft engine by lowering the surface temperature on turbine blade. FGM-TBC can increase the life spans of product and improve the operating properties. Therfore, in this study the evaluations of mechanical and thermal properties of FGM-TBC such as fatigue, oxidation and wear-resistance at high temperatures have been conducted. The samples of both the TBC with 2, 3, 5 layers (YSZ/NiCrAlY) to be produced by Air Plasma Spray method (APS) and the bulk TBC with 6 layers to be produced by Plasma Assisted Sintering method (PAS) were used. Furthermore, residual stress, bond strength, and thermal conductivity were evaluated. The average thickness of the APS was 500$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 600$\mu\textrm{m}$ and the average thickness of the PAS was 3mm. The hardness number of the top layer of APS was 750 Hv to 810Hv and that of PAS was 950 Hv to 1440Hv. The $ZrO_2$ coating layer of APS was composed of tetragonal structure after spraying as the result of XRD analysis. As shown in the results of the high temperature wear test, the 3 layer coating of APS had the best wear resistance at $800^{\circ}C$ and the 5 layer coating of APS had the best wear resistance at $600^{\circ}C$. But, these coatings had the tendency of the low-temperature softening at $300^{\circ}C$. The main mechanism of wear was the adhesive wear and the friction coefficient of coatings was increased as increasing the test temperatures. A s results of thermal conductivity test, the ${\Delta}T$ of the APS coating was increased as number of layer and the range of thermal conductivity of the PAS was $800^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of surface treatments on the bond strengths between polymer-containing restorative materials and two dual-cure resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the present study, rectangular samples prepared from Lava Ultimate (LU) and Vita Enamic (VE) blocks were used. The specimen surfaces were treated using CoJet sandblasting, 50 ㎛ Al₂O₃ sandblasting, % 9 HF (hydrofluoric) acid, ER,Cr:YSGG laser treatment, and Z-Prime. Dual-cure resin cements (TheraCem and 3M RelyX U 200) were applied on each specimen's treated surface. A micro-tensile device was used to evaluate shear bond strength. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS 9.4v3. RESULTS. While the bond strength using TheraCem with LU or VE was not statistically significant (P=.164), the bond strength using U200 with VE was statistically significant (P=.006). In the TheraCem applied VE groups, Z-Prime and HF acid were statistically different from CoJet, Laser, and Sandblast groups. In comparison of TheraCem used LU group, there was a statistically significant difference between HF acid and other surface treatments. CONCLUSION. The bonding performance between the restorative materials and cements were material type-dependent and surface treatment had a large effect on the bond strength. Within the limitations of the study, the use of both U200 and TheraCem may be suggested if Z-prime was applied to intaglio surfaces of VE. The cementation of LU using TheraCem is suitable after HF acid conditioning of the restoration surfaces.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2023

In this study, the effect of drying temperature on characteristics of the trivalent chromate film on electroplated zinc was investigated. An zinc-electroplated iron specimen with a thickness of 5 ㎛ was used for chromate treatment. Chromate treatment was conducted in a solution diluted 10 times from a mixture of Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂0 360 g/L, Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O 60 g/L, Na₂SO₄ 60 g/L, NH₄F·HF 25 g/L, and NaOH 20 g/L. The zinc electroplated specimen was treated using the chromate solution with pH 2.0 at 25 ℃ for 60 s. Subsequently, chromate-treated samples were dried in an electric furnace for 2h with temperature varied from 25 to 125 ℃. The corrosion rate increased with the increase in the drying temperature, and the surface morphology of the chromate-treated film was observed using FE-SEM. When the drying temperature changed, the color of the chromate film changed from green to yellow, and the thickness of the film changed from 362 to 241 nm, respectively. Additionally, corrosion resistance was evaluated via a salt spray test.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2023

The localized corrosion resistance of the Ni-based Inconel 718 alloy after solution heat treatment was evaluated using electrochemical techniques in a solution of 25 wt% NaCl and 0.5 wt% acetic acid. Solution heat treatment at 1050 ℃ for 2.5 hours resulted in an increased average grain diameter. Both Ti carbides (10 ㎛ diameter) and Nb-Mo carbides (1 - 9 ㎛ diameter) were distributed throughout the material. Despite heat treatment, the shape and composition of these carbides remained consistent. An increase in solution temperature led to a decrease in pitting potential value. However, the pitting potential value of solution heat-treated Inconel 718 was consistently higher than that of as-received Inconel 718 at all tested temperatures. Localized corrosion initiation occurred at 0.4 V_SSE in a temperature environment of 80 ℃ for both as-received and solution heat-treated Inconel 718 alloys. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis indicated that the composition of the passive film formed on specimen surfaces remained largely unchanged after solution heat treatment, with O1s, Cr2p_3/2, Fe2p_3/2, and Ni2p_3/2 present. The difference in localized corrosion resistance between as-received and solution heat-treated Inconel 718 alloys was attributable to microstructural changes induced by the heat treatment process.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2007

목 적 : 육안적 또는 현미경적 혈뇨를 주소로 24시간 소변화학검사를 시행한 환아들의 의무 기록을 후향적으로 조사하여 고칼슘뇨군과 비고칼슘뇨군으로 나누어 두 군의 혈액 및 소변화학검사와 그로부터 계산된 각 용질의 배설량, 청소율, 분획배설 등에 있어서 두 군간에 차이점이 있는지 비교하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 2월부터 2007년 2월까지 10년간 가톨릭의대 의정부성모병원 소아과에서 육안 또는 현미경적 혈뇨를 주소로 24시간 소변검사를 시행한 환아 중, 단백질 배설량이 4 mg/$m^2$/시간 이상으로 단백뇨가 동반된 경우는 제외하고, 소변 칼슘 배설량이 4 mg/kg/일 이상으로 특발성 고칼슘뇨증으로 진단 받은 30명과 소변 칼슘배설량이 3mg/kg/일 미만인 비고칼슘뇨군 환아 41명을 대상으로 하여 혈액화학검사, 기본 소변검사, 24시간 소변화학검사로부터 각종 소변 용질의 배설량, 청소율, 분획배설 등을 구하여 두 군간에 차이점이 있는지를 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 고칼슘뇨군(30명)과 비고칼슘뇨군(41명)에서 육안적 혈뇨는 각각 24명(80%), 17명(42%)으로 고칼슘뇨군에서 육안적 혈뇨의 비가 높았다. 임의채취뇨의 Ca/Cr 비는 각각 $0.34{\pm}0.15,\;0.15{\pm}0.13$이었으며 고칼슘뇨군 30명 중 28명의 임의채취뇨 Ca/Cr 비는 0.2 이상이었고, 비고칼슘뇨군 41명 중 36명의 임의채취뇨 Ca/Cr 비가 0.2 미만이었다. 혈액화학검사에서 고칼슘뇨군과 비고칼슘뇨군의 혈청 칼슘은 각각 $9.8{\pm}0.5 mg/dL,\;9.5{\pm}0.5 mg/dL$로 고칼슘뇨군이 통계학적으로 유의하게 높았다(P=0.033). 24시간 소변의 칼슘농도는 각각 $14.7{\pm}7.7 mg/dL,\;3.3{\pm}2.2 mg/dL$로 고칼슘뇨군이 유의하게 높았고(P<0.001), 칼슘배설량도 각각 $6.1{\pm}2.9 mg/kg/$일, $1.5{\pm}0.9 mg/kg/$일로 고 칼슘뇨군에서 유의하게 높았다(P<0.001). 크레아티닌 청소율로 구한 사구체여과율은 각각 $93.7{\pm}31 mL/min,\;79.5{\pm}32.0 mL/min$로 고칼슘뇨군이 유의하게 높았다(P=0.048). 24시간 소변의 요소농도는 각각 $797{\pm}316 mg/dL,\;569{\pm}329 mg/dL$로 고칼슘뇨군에서 유의하게 높았고(P=0.015), 요소배설 량도 각각 $341 {\pm}102 mg/kg/$일, $233{\pm}123 mg/kg/$일로 고칼슘뇨군에서 유의하게 높았다(P=0.002). 나트륨 배설량은 두 군간에 차이가 없었으나 나트륨 분획배설(FENa)은 각각 $1.0{\pm}0.4%,\;1.3{\pm}0.6%$로 고칼슘뇨군에서 유의하게 낮았다(P=0.029). 소변배설량은 두 군간에 차이가 없었으나 소변의 삼투질농도는 각각 $393{\pm}103 mOsm/kg\;H_2O,\;304{\pm}96 mOsm/kgH_2O$로 고칼슘뇨군에서 더 농축된 소변을 보았다(P=0.003). 결론 :고칼슘뇨군의 소변화학검사의 가장 특징적인 소견은 요소 배설과 사구체여과율의 증가로서 이는 고칼슘뇨군이 비고칼슘뇨군에 비하여 고단백식이를 하고 있을 가능성을 시사한다. 나트륨과 칼슘은 사구체 여과가 증가함에 따라 원위세뇨관 및 집합관에 도달하는 양도 증가하고 그 곳에서 나트륨의 재흡수 기전이 매우 정교하게 이루어지는데 비하여 칼슘의 그 것은 그렇지 못하여 고칼슘뇨증을 일으켰을 가능성이 있다. 향후 고칼슘뇨 환아를 진료함에 있어서 단백질 섭취 등식이 습관의 문진과 함께 식이요법도 고려해 보아야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.259-269
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• 1995

석탄연소 폐기물 (Pulverised Fuel Ash: PFA)을 17년, 40년 매립 풍화받은 것 그리고 현재 발생하는 신선한 시료등으로 구분 영국내 2개 화력발전소로부터 각각 채취하여 주상용출시험 (Column leaching test)을 실시하였다. 용매는 증류수와 인공합성 침출수의 2가지를 이용하였다. 전자의 경우 풍화 시료의 용출행태를 주로 알아보고자 하였으며 후자의 경우 PFA시료와 용매간의 반응중에 발생하는 2차 물질형성이 폐수처리중 중금속제거에 활용가능성이 있는가를 알아보자고 함이었다. 신선한 시료로부터 매우 높은 함량의 원소방출이 관찰된다. 이는 Ca, Na, K, B, Cr, Li, Mo, Se, 그리고 $SO^{2-}_4$등을 포함한다. 이는 원소들의 분포위치에 관한 정보를 제공하며 이들원소의 입자 표면 수반을 시사한다. 풍화 받은 시료로부터 채취된 용액시료에서는 신선한 시료와는 달리 원소들의 급격한 초기방출은 관찰되지 않으며 비교적 일정함량을 보이며 매우 완만한 농도감소 현상을 보인다. 이는 17년과 40년이라는 매립기간중 표면의 용융성원소들의 방출을 의미하며 입자를 주로 구성하는 유리질물질에 수반되는 부분이 이들 시료에서의 원소방출에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다. 증류수를 이용한 실험결과를 여러가지 침출수배출기준, 음용수기준치 등과 비교시 PFA는 이들 기준에 초과하는 농도를 나타내는바 침출수배출시에는 희석 등의 처리가 필요할 것으로 생각되며 매립시 침출수가 지하수로 유입되지 않도록 하여야할 것으로 보인다. 인공 침출수가 PFA기둥을 통과하며 많은 중금속 - B, Fe, Zn, Hg, Ni, Li, Mo -등이 침출수로부터 제거되며 이 제거정도는 신선한 Drax > 풍화 Drax > 풍화 Meaford 시료의 순이다. 물분석시료를 지구화학 모델링 프로그램인 WATEQ4F를 이용하여 PFA 침출수내의 농도조정물질의 존재여부를 알아본 결과 Ca의 경우 $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$, Al의 경우 $Al(OH)_3$, Fe는 $Fe(OH)_3$ 등이 PFA침출수내에 각 해당원소의 농도를 제한하는 2차물질로 판단되었다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2004

We fabricated and tested a resistive type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) of three-phase 6.6 $kV_{rms}/200 A_{rms}$ rating based on YBCO thin films grown on sapphire substrates with a diameter of 4 inches, Short circuit tests were carried out at a accredited test facility for single line-to- ground faults, phase-to-phase faults and three-phase faults, Each phase of the SFCL was composed of 8${\times}$6 elements connected in series and parallel respectively. Each element was designed to have the rated voltage of 600 $V_{rms}$. A NiCr shunt resistor of 23 Ω was connected to each element for simultaneous quenches. Firstly, single phase-to-ground fault tests were carried out. The SFCL successfully developed the impedance in the circuit within 0.12 msec after fault and controlled the fault current of 10 $kA_{rms} below 816 A_{peak}$ at the first half cycle. In addition, in case of phase-to-phase fault and three- phase fault test. simultaneous quenches among the SFCLs of the phases successfully accomplished. In conclusion. the SFCL showed excellent performance of current limitation upon fault and stable operation regardless of the amplitude of fault currents.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.229-233
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• 1993

광자기 디스크의 제조시 기록막내부의 산소함량에 따른 기록 및 자기적 특성의 변화를 연구하였다. 기록막내의 산소함량 변화는 반응성 스퍼터링에 의해 조절하였으며 스퍼터링 전과정 동안 산소의 거동을 in-situ 잔류가스분석기로 조사하였다. 산소함량의 증가에 따라 보자력은 감 소하였으나 수직이방성 및 수직 각형비등은 변화하지 않았다. 대부분의 첨가된 산소는 스퍼터링 과정중 소모되어 Tb원자와 안정한 산화물을 형성하여 자기적 조성의 변화를 초래하였지만 임계기 록크기와 임계외부자계크기에만 약간의 변화를 가져왔을 뿐 디스크의 기록신호잡음비에는 별로 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 디스크의 신뢰도면에서도 크게 감소하지 않았다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1992

The pluton rocks in Kwangyang-Seungju area consist of two mica granite, hornblende diorite, Rimunri quartz diorite, grnodiorite porphyry and granophyre. The analysis of the geochronological data by the methods of K-Ar for the hornblende from Rimunri quartz diorite and hornblende diorite show that the ages are found to be $86{\pm}3.3$ Ma and $108{\pm}4$ Ma, respectively, and K-Ar age for chlorite from the altered two mica granite which intruded by the hornblende diorite of the Bonjeong mine shows $108{\pm}4$ Ma; K-Ar age for sericite from the greisenized hornblende diorite, which is closely associated with the Bonjeong ore deposits, is dated as $94.2{\pm}2.4$ Ma. They correspond to the igneous activity of the Bulgugsa Disturbance periods in the area. In chemical feature for oxides versus silica and AFM triagular diagrams of the pluton rocks in the study area, there is a suggestion of the possibility that these rock facies area a Calc-alkali series of differentiated products by low-pressure crystal fractionation processes in $SiO_2$-undersaturated suites. Compared with hornblende diorite, andesite and granodiorite porphyry, two mica granite, Rimunri quartz diorite and granophyre exhibit a wider range of normalized REE abundance and negative Eu anomalies. Such anomalies imply more extensive feldspar fractionation during crystallization. The Rimunri quartz diorite and hornblende diorite occurring in the margin of four mines(Bonjeong, Okdong, Soungchei and Saungyeul) of this area have high contents of As, Sb, Cu and Zn which have been shown as the best indicators in hypogene gold deposits and low contents of Ba, Cr served as more sensitive indicators. And the granitoids are regarded as the rocks associated with gold and sulfide mineralization of the area.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.665-674
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sire and shape of retention element on the bond strength of indirect composite resin and metal. Material and method: The metal disk specimens, each 6mm in diameter, were cast from CrCo alloy. They were divided into 8 groups by applied retention element. retention bead group $B2\;({\phi}\;0.2mm),\;B4\;({\phi}\;0.4mm),\;B6\;({\phi}\;0.6mm),\;B8\;({\phi}\;0.8mm)$, retention crystal group C2 (0.2mm), C5 (0.5mm), C8 (0.8mm) and sandblasting group SB ($110{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ blasting) as control. Eighty-eight metal specimens were veneered with $TESCERA^{(R)}$ Indirect resin system. One specimen of each group was sectioned and the resin-metal bonding pattern at the interface was observed under measuring microscope. Other specimens were then tested for tensile bond strength on an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2mm/min. Results: 1. Compared to sandblasting, beads or crystals increased the resin-metal bond strength (P<.05). 2. 0.2mm retention crystals were most effective in improving the resin-metal bond strength (P>.05). 3. 0.2mm beads showed the highest bond strength among retention bead groups, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>.05). 4. Retention crystals tend to be higher in bond strength than retention beads due to wider surface area. 5. The larger retention element, the larger the undercut for the mechanical retention, but the gap at resin-metal interface was also increased. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, 0.2mm retention crystals were most effective in improving the resin-metal bond strength.