• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.399-403
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• 1998

This study was carried out to optimize the concentration of Ca2+ and pH of fusion medium which affected electrofusion frequency of protoplasts isolated from Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv. BY4) mesophyll cells and callus. The protoplasts were electrofused in the fusion media containing two different Ca2+ concentrations and three different pH regions. Fusion frequency was lower in the fusion medium containing only 13% mannitol as osmotic stabilizer. However, higher degree of fusion frequency (47.3%) was observed in the fusion medium containing 50mM CaCl2 at pH 10.5 than any other conditions. Cell viability was decreased by Ca2+ and high pH treatment in the fusion media, while fusion frequency was increased. It is concluded that Ca2+ is involved in electrofusion of protoplasts.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 1985

To investigate the condition for the protoplast fusion of Streptococcus lactis, streptomycin(200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) resistant and rifampicin (200$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) resistant mutants were isolated. By using these markers, protoplast fusion was carried out in the presence of CaCl$_2$ and polyethylene glycol. The optimal conditions for the protoplast fusion were obtained by treatment of protoplasts with 150 mM CaCl$_2$ (final concentration; 25 mM) and 40％ (w/v) PEG 4, 000 for 2 min. At the optimal conditions, the fusion frequency was 6.26$\times$10$^{-5}$ . On the other hand, genetic recombination between the antibiotic resistant mutants by mating was not observed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1081-1086
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• 2017

The present study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the growth response of Dracaena braunii treated with chloride ions and to evaluate its salt tolerance. Distilled water (CON) was spiked with 1 (C1), 2 (C2), 5 (C5), 10 (C10) and 15 g/L (C15) $CaCl_2$, respectively. Acidity (pH) and electrical conductivity of hydroponic solution, and leaf width, leaf length, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and the water content of Dracaena braunii were measured. Acidity and electrical conductivity remarkably increased commensurate with increasing concentrations of $CaCl_2$. Growth in the C1 treatment was better than that in CON, whereas the C10 or C15 treatments caused either slow growth or withering of the plants. Fresh weight, dry weight and water content were significantly decreased in response to $CaCl_2$ concentration, compared with those in the control. These results showed that $CaCl_2$ concentration less than 1 g/L may be used as a hydroponic solution for D. braunii, as long as the water quality is not too saline. The chlorine ion has a negative effect on the growth.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2018

This paper aims to evaluate the results of toxicity testing with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri on wastewater samples which might be influenced by ion imbalance. The effluents from factories were found to be more toxic with high salinity levels than those from public wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and sewage treatment plant (SWP). Clion composition was highest in the effluent, in terms of percentage, which was followed by $Na^+$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Ca^{2+}$. $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ion was relatively low. The sensitivity of D. magna test results was higher than V. fischeri. Among samples which were proved by V. fischeri testing to be nontoxic, the composition ratio of each ion whether toxic samples or nontoxic samples which were decided by D. magna toxicity testing, were compared. $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ ion composition ratio showed high level in nontoxic samples whereas $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ ion composition ratio was high in toxic samples. Accordingly, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ ion seemed to be considered the ions causing toxicity in effluent. Toxicity from some categories of industries (Mining of non-metallic minerals, Manufacture of basic organic petrochemicals, Manufacture of other basic organic chemicals, Manufacture of other chemical products etc.) seemed to be influenced by salinity. The Ion concentration in influent and effluent were similar. Concentration of $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ ions were high in influent, however $Mg^{2+}$ and $SO_4^{2-}$ ions were high in effluent.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.185-190
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• 2012

Rejection characteristics of perchlorate ($ClO_4^-$) were examined for commercially available reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. A bench-scale dead-end stirred-cell filtration system was employed to determine the toxic ion rejection and the membrane flux. Model water solutions were used to prepare $ClO_4^-$ solutions (approximately, $1,000{\mu}g/L$) in the presence of background salts (NaCl, $Na_2SO_4$, and $CaCl_2$) at various pH values (3.5, 7, and 9.5) and solution ionic strengths (0.001, 0.01, and 0.01 M NaCl) in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). Rejection by the membranes increased with increasing solution pH owing to increasingly negative membrane charge. In addition, the rejection of the target ion by the membranes increased with increasing solution ionic strength. The rejection of $ClO_4^-$ was consistently higher for the RO membrane than for the NF membrane and $ClO_4^-$ rejection followed the order $CaCl_2$ < NaCl < $Na_2SO_4$ at conditions of constant pH and ionic strength for both the RO and NF membranes. The possible influence of NOM on $ClO_4^-$ rejection by the membranes was also explored.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.257-268
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• 2024

This study investigated the growth characteristics of Euonymus japonicus, Hedera helix, and Peperomia puteolata treated with different calcium chloride (CaCl₂) concentrations to evaluate salt tolerance limits in hydroculture cultivation. Six concentrations of CaCl₂ (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 g·L^-1 referred to as Cont., C1, C2, C5, C10, and C15) were applied to solution - grown plant species. The survival rate, growth index, plant height, plant width, leaf width, leaf length, number of leaves, and relative chlorophyll contents were measured at monthly intervals. Euonymus japonicus, Hedera helix, and Peperomia puteolata survived up to C2, C5, and C10 at each CaCl₂ concentration. The Euonymus japonicus was higher in the C1 treatment than in the Cont. for most growth characteristics. Hedera helix had the highest leaf width, leaf length, and number of leaves in the Cont., a significant difference was observed compared with the C1 treatment. The chlorophyll content did not differ significantly between the C5 and Cont. treatments. The leaf width and length of Peperomia puteolata were greater in the C2 and C1 treatments than in the Cont., whereas the number of leaves and chlorophyll content were the highest in C5. Dry weight analysis revealed that Euonymus japonicus, Hedera helix, and Peperomia puteolata were the lowest in the Cont. treatments. Euonymus japonicus was 74% in C15, and Hedera helix, and Peperomia puteolata were analyzed at approximately 37%- 50% and 9%-14%, respectively, regardless of the concentration in the CaCl₂ treatment groups. In indoor hydroponic cultivation, the salt tolerance limit concentrations of Euonymus japonicus, Hedera helix, and Peperomia puteolata are 2, 5, and 10 g·L^-1, respectively, indicating that hydroculture management techniques should be applied at higher concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.789-804
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and physiologycal activitis of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (Maxim.) H. Hara under the NaCl treatment conditions (0, 100, 200, 300 mM). After 30 days treatment, the growth and physiologycal activitis were investigated. In the growth of plants, the plant height, leaf width, leaf length and ion level were reduced at NaCl treatments of more than 100 mM. The total polyphenol content was decreased by NaCl in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control group. The contents of total flavonoids did not show any difference at the concentration of 200 mM and 300 mM. However, the content of total flavonoid decreased compared with that of control. In antioxidant activity, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power activity were decreased by NaCl concentration compared to the control. When changes in the content of NO production was monitored by ELISA, production inhibitory effect was 94.5%, 70%, 63%, 56.9% in NaCl concentration of 0, 100, 200, 300 mM, respectively. The growth, ion level, antioxidant and anti-inflammation activity of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus was reduced at NaCl treatments of more than 100 mM.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2004

The impact of dissolved wastewater constituents on the treatment of synthetic bisphenol A (BPA) solutions was investigated under a variety of reaction conditions. The laccase enzyme from Trametes vesicolor was used for the BPA treatment. The constituents studied included various inorganic salts, organic compounds and heavy metal ions. BPA degradation was inhibited by sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfide, nitrite, and cyanide ions at 25 mg/$\ell$, 100mg/$\ell$, 25 mg/$\ell$ 150 mg/$\ell$, and 2.5 mg/$\ell$, respectively. However, the inhibitive effects of sulfide and sulfite on BPA degradation were diminished by additional aeration to oxidize them. Formaldehyde significantly reduced the rate of BPA degradation at 1.0% among organic compounds studied. Among heavy metal ions tested, Fe(II) substantially suppressed BPA removal at 1 mM. MgCl$_2$ and CaCl$_2$ exhibited great inhibition of BPA degradation at 25mM.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.683-694
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) has been well documented to be effective against various cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Rg1 on mechanical stress-induced cardiac injury and its possible mechanism with a focus on the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) signaling pathway. Methods: Mechanical stress was implemented on rats through abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) procedure and on cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts by mechanical stretching with Bioflex Collagen I plates. The effects of Rg1 on cell hypertrophy, fibrosis, cardiac function, [Ca²⁺]_i, and the expression of CaSR and calcineurin (CaN) were assayed both on rat and cellular level. Results: Rg1 alleviated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improved cardiac decompensation induced by AAC in rat myocardial tissue and cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Importantly, Rg1 treatment inhibited CaSR expression and increase of [Ca²⁺]_i, which similar to the CaSR inhibitor NPS2143. In addition, Rg1 treatment inhibited CaN and TGF-b1 pathways activation. Mechanistic analysis showed that the CaSR agonist GdCl₃ could not further increase the [Ca²⁺]_i and CaN pathway related protein expression induced by mechanical stretching in cultured cardiomyocytes. CsA, an inhibitor of CaN, inhibited cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, [Ca²⁺]_i and CaN signaling but had no effect on CaSR expression. Conclusion: The activation of CaN pathway and the increase of [Ca²⁺]_i mediated by CaSR are involved in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, that may be the target of cardioprotection of Rg1 against myocardial injury.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of high concentration of sodium salts and chlorides in soil on the growth of tomato and the uptake of minerals. The growth inhibition rates of plant height and dry weight were different depending on salts, but they were not related to the electric conductivities (EC) and acidities (pH) in the soil solution. The orders of growth inhibition were Cl, SO$_4$, CO$_3$, PO$_4$＞NO$_3$ in the sodium salts series, and Na, K, Mg, NH$_4$＞Ca in the chlorides. The growth inhibition rates of the sodium salts series tended to be larger than those of the chloride series. Yield was lower 30%~10% in the sodium salt and chloride series than in the control. Chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were lower in the sodium salts and chloride series than in the control. Mineral concentration was lower in sodium salts and chlorides than in control. The nitrate absorption was inhibited in all salts except for NaNO$_3$ and NH$_4$Cl, and specially in NaCl and Na$_2$SO$_4$ treatments of the sodium salts and in KCl treatment of chloride series. K concentration was reduced NaCl and Na$_2$SO$_4$ treatments compared with the other salts. In the sodium salt series, calcium and magnesium concentration were decreased antagonistically when sodium concentration was increased.