• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2015

Three different methods (simple washing of plastic and pulp sample, washing after direct heating of the diapers, and the heating after washing of plastic and pulp sample) were carried out to decrease total coliforms and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) in the diaper's plastic and pulp. Plastic and pulp samples were obtained from diaper by treatment with 10% $CaCl_2$ and 4% sea salt water, dilution with 1,000 ml tap water, and draining by using sieves. Three times washing was the most appropriate for the reduction of microorganisms in plastic and pulp. By three times washing, the number of total coliforms in the plastic and pulp samples showed 92.8% and 99.8% of decrease, respectively, and the number of HPC showed 97.3% of decrease in the plastic and 98.5% of decrease in the pulp. The washing after direct heating of the fecal contaminated diapers was not effective because HPC in the plastic and pulp samples were still detected about 2-3 log CFU/g in the plastic and 1-2 log CFU/g in the pulp, respectively, even after heating at $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$ for 12 h. Meanwhile, total coliforms and HPC were completely sterilized at $80^{\circ}C$ for 4 h by heating after washing of plastic and pulp samples, suggesting that this method was the most appropriate method for the reduction of microorganisms in plastic and pulp obtained from fecal contaminated diapers.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2008

In a pear fruit 'Chuhwangbae' was investigated the effect of the calcium-coated double paper bag on the physical properties of the paper bag, micro meteorological phenomena, and calcium contents in quality of fruit. The calcium-coated paper bag, compared with official paper bags, did not give any effect on light transmission ratio and tensile strength. The change of the inside relative humidity of the paper bag was a little compared with conventional paper bags, but there was no difference in temperature. The contents of the accumulated calcium of the pericarp was remarkably greater than conventional paper bags during the period of 65 days to 160 days after the full bloom, but the flesh remarkably increased at 160 days. The calcium content per concentration of calcium coating greatly increased in 12% of yellow double paper bags and 9, 12% of newspaper double paper bags in case of the pericarp, and in 3% of yellow double paper bags and 6, 9, 12% of newspaper double paper bags in case of the pericarp. As a result of treatment of a radioactive isotope, the amount of accumulated calcium in the pericarp continued until 60 hours after treatment, but there was no difference in the calcium amount between the flesh and no-treatment pericarp. As to the hardness of fruits at the time of harvest, there was no difference in the concentration in case of a yellow double bags. But newspaper double paper bags 6, 12% was significantly difference. Soluble solid remarkably increased in yellow double paper bags 6, 9% and yellow double paper bags 3, 6, 9%. Also, it did not effect on changes of the pericarp, fruit weight and the color of the pericarp.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 1994

This study was conducted to characterize the chemical and mineralogical properties of representative phosphate rocks from North Carolina and Florida, and to find out the method for increasing the citric acid (two percent) solublility of phosphate rock. The the results are summerized as follows : 1. Major composition of phosphate rock was carbonate apatite containing small amounts of calcite and quartz. The differential thermal analysis(DTA) did not show endothermic or exothermic peak till $1,000^{\circ}C$. 2. Two percent citric acid solublility of phosphate rock was increased with the finess of particle size, but the water solublility was not affected by the particle size. Long time calcinated under high temperature had negative effect, while the incubation with 2% citric acid under low temperature had positive effect on solubility. 3. To increase the solubility of phosphate rock it was mixed with farmyard and barnyard manure and acidulated. Citrate solubility by treatment with sulfuric acid was more effective than nitric acid. Acidulation with thirty percent sulfuric acid increased both citric acid solubility and water solublility. Treatment with glutamic acid had little effect on the solubility of phosphate rock.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2017

A new approach to the solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) using alginate-quaternary ammonium complex beads was investigated under controlled mild alkaline conditions. The complex beads were prepared by the reaction of sodium alginate (SA) with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-octadecyldimethylammonium chloride (TSA) in acid solution, followed by crosslinking with $CaCl_2$. Treatment of WAS with SA-TSA complex beads was effective for enhancing the efficacy of WAS solubilization. The highest value of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration (3,900 mg/L) was achieved after 10 days of treatment with 30% (v/v) SA-TSA complex beads. The WAS solubilization efficacy of the complex beads was also evaluated by estimating the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The maximum value of VFAs was 2,961 mg/L, and the overall proportions of VFAs were more than 75% of SCOD. The main components of VFAs were acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, and butyric acids. These results suggest that SA-TSA complex beads might be useful for enhancing the solubilization of WAS. The potential use of VFAs as the external carbon substrate for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by a mixed microbial culture (MMC) was also examined. The enrichment of PHA-accumulating MMC could be achieved by periodic feeding of VFAs generated from WAS in a sequencing batch reactor. The composition of PHA synthesized from VFAs mainly consisted of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The maximum PHA content accounted for 25.9% of dry cell weight. PHA production by this process is considered to be promising since it has a doubly beneficial effect on the environment by reducing the amount of WAS and concomitantly producing an eco-friendly biopolymer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1529-1535
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• 1999

This study was done for the extraction of carotenoid from Phaffia rhodozyma in combination with PEF and other methods. PEF treatment conditions were $30{\sim}80\;kV/cm,\;100{\sim}1000\;Hz\;and\;100{\sim}1000\;{\mu}s$. In order to increase permeability of yeast cell wall, various methods such as freezing-thawing, mechanical treatment, solvents, permeabilizing agents, and yeast cell wall lytic enzyme were used before PEF treatment. The combination of PEF $(50\;kV/cm,\;300\;Hz,\;1000\;{\mu}s)$ and conventional methods such as solvent and freezing-thawing pre-treatment had no effects on the extraction of carotenoid pigments. The extent of extracted carotenoid by the PEF $treatment(50\;kV/cm,\;300\;Hz,\;1000\;{\mu}s)$ combined with yeast cell wall lytic enzyme and mechanical pre-treatment increased 52% and 69.8% more than the sum of that by each treatment, respectively. Permeabilizing agents, especially Tween 20 and capric acid, enhanced the extraction efficiency of carotenoid pigments from P. rhodozyma cells. These results indicated the feasibility for the continuous extracting carotenoid pigments from P. rhodozyma by PEF combined with other permeabilizing methods.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.538-555
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to understand $PM_{2.5}$ chemical characteristics on the Suwon/Yongin area and further to quantitatively estimate $PM_{2.5}$ source contributions. The $PM_{2.5}$ sampling was carried out by a high-volume air sampler at the Kyung Hee University-Global Campus from November, 2010 to October, 2011. The 40 chemical species were then analyzed by using ICP-AES(Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V and Zn), IC ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$), DRI/OGC (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3) and GC-FID (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a] pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and dibenzo[a,h,]anthracene). When applying PMF model after performing proper data treatment, a total of 10 sources was identified and their contributions were quantitatively estimated. The average contribution to $PM_{2.5}$ emitted from each source was determined as follows; 26.3% from secondary aerosol source, 15.5% from soil and road dust emission, 15.3% from vehicle emission, 15.3% from illegal biomass burning, 12.2% from incineration, 7.2% from oil combustion source, 4.9% from industrial related source, and finally 3.2% from coal combustion source. In this study we used the ratios of PAHs concentration as markers to double check whether the sources were reasonably classified or not. Finally we provided basic information on the major $PM_{2.5}$ sources in order to improve the air quality in the study area.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 1990

The conditions for immobilization of the partially purified ${\beta}-galactosidase$ form Bacillus subtilis HP4 and the properties of the immobilized enzyme have been investigated. The crude enzyme precipitated with cold acetone was purified about 68-fold through DEAE-cellulose and sephadex G-100 chromatography and its recovery was 19.9% The optimal conditions for Immobilization of enzyme were obtained in 2%(w/v) sodium alginate, 15%(v/v) enzyme solution and 2%(w/v) calcium chloride, and also the optimal stirring thme was 2 hours on the above conditions. The optimum temperature and pH values for immobilized enzyme were $55^{\circ}C$ and 6.5, respectively. Its residual activity was show 25% after heat treatment for an hour at $65^{\circ}C$, and found its high stability in pH 6.0 to 8.0. The enzyme activity was not affected b)· EDTA, 2-mercaptoethanol, KCN, protective agents, and other methal ions except Hg ion and Cu ion. The $K_m\;and\;V_{max}$ values of the immobilized enzyme on ONPG were $1.82{\times}10^{-2}M\;and\;3.57{\times}10^{-8}mole/min$, whereas those on lactose were $2.94{\times}10^{-2}M\;and\;1.68{\times}10^{-7} mole/min$, respectively. The remained enzyme activity for the immobilized enzyme was 95%t of original activity after storage of 40 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and when reused for 5 times was 81%. When skim milk(4.8% lactose) and 5% lactose solution were reacted with the immobilized enzyme(250 units/g) of lactose were 51% and 43%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.252-261
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• 2006

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic or inorganic acid supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts of weanling pigs. In growth trial (Exp I), a total of 100 crossbred pigs ({$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$}${\times}$Duroc), weaned at $23{\pm}2$ days of age and $7.25{\pm}0.10kg$ average initial body weight (BW), were allotted to 5 treatments by body weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Three different organic acids (fumaric [FUA], formic [FOA] or lactic acid [LAA]) and one inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid [SHA]) were supplemented to each treatment diet. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During 0-3 wk, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F ratio) were not significantly different among treatments. However, pigs fed LAA or SHA diet showed improved ADG by 15 or 13% respectively and 12% greater ADFI in both treatments compared to CON diets. Moreover, compared to organic acid treatments, better ADG (p = 0.07) and ADFI (p = 0.09) were observed in SHA diet compared to pigs that were fed the diet containing organic acids (FUA, FOA or LAA). However, during 4-5 wk, no differences in ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were observed among treatments. Overall, ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were not affected by acidifier supplementation. Although it showed no significant difference, pigs fed LAA or SHA diets showed numerically higher ADG and ADFI than pigs fed other treatments. In metabolic trial (Exp II), 15 pigs were used to evaluate the effect of acidifier supplementation on nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) was not improved by acidifier supplementation. Although the amount of fecal-N excretion was not different among treatments, that of urinary-N excretion was reduced in acidsupplemented treatments compared to CON group (p = 0.12). Subsequently, N retention was improved in acid-supplemented groups (p = 0.17). In anatomical trial (Exp III), the pH and $Cl^-$ concentrations of digesta in gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. No detrimental effect of intestinal and lingual (taste bud) morphology was observed by acidifier supplementation particularly in inorganic acid treatment. In white blood cell assay (Exp IV), 45 pigs were used for measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts. In all pigs after LPS injection, WBC counts had slightly declined at 2 h and kept elevating at 8 h, then returned to baseline by 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, overall WBC counts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. In conclusion, there was no difference between organic and inorganic acidifier supplementation in weanling pigs' diet, however inorganic acidifier might have a beneficial effect on growth performance and N utilization with lower supplementation levels. Furthermore, inorganic acidifier had no negative effect on intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts in weanling pigs. These results suggested that inorganic acidifier might be a good alternative to organic acidifiers in weanling pigs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.603-611
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• 2014

The lectins were separated from Korean and Chinese mung bean seeds finally via chromatography using Sephadex G-100 and their biochemical features were studied and compared. They showed no hemagglutination with human red blood cells regardless of trypsin treatment and showed hemagglutination with only trypsin treated rabbit red blood cells. The molecular weights of two lectins were identified as 54 kDa and 28 kDa by SDS-PAGE. It was found that while the optimal reaction temperature of the lectin from Korean mung bean was $60^{\circ}C$, that of the lectin from Chinese mung bean seeds was $50^{\circ}C$. It was found also that the most thermal stable temperature of the seed lectin from Korean mung bean seeds was $50^{\circ}C$ and the lectin from Chinese mung bean was $40-50^{\circ}C$. The lectin from Korean mung bean seeds showed the highest activity at pH 3.2 and the lectin from Chinese mung bean showed the highest activity at pH 6.2. It was identified that when treating a denaturant, thiourea and guanidine-HCl resulted in no hemagglutination, so they induced denaturalization. It was identified also that there was no hemagglutination with urea, so it did not induced denaturalization. They showed no septicity to 6 types of carbohydrates including D-glucose. In addition, the lectins from the two mung bean seed had specificity to metal ions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

Albumin-modification has been viewed as one of the most effective ways of extending the short in vivo lifetimes of peptide drugs by delaying glomerular filtration. In this study, we describe a new type 2 anti-diabetic exendin-4 (Ex4) peptide derivative with significant binding ability to human serum albumin (HSA). This exendin-4 derivative consists of a 4-branched polyethylene glycol $(PEG)_{5k}$ (Mw: 20 kDa) modified with three stearylamines ($C_{18}-NH_2$) and one exendin-4 on its branches. PEG and stearylamine were selected to provide functionality to increase molecular size and bind to albumin, respectively. This derivative ($3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4) was shown to have larger molecular size (Ca. 152 kDa) than actual (25.0 kDa) when subjected to size-exclusion chromatography, and the fluorescein-tagged $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 displayed significant binding to the HSA-immobilized Sepharose CL-4B resin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 was found to have acceptable anti-hyperglycemic efficacy via three consecutive oral glucose tolerance testings (OGTT) in fasted type 2 diabetic db/db mice. The $HD_{total}$ value ($57.6{\pm}12.3%$) of $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 at a 50 nmol/kg dose was 2-fold greater than that ($31.0{\pm}8.7%$) of native exendin-4 in non-fasted db/db mice. Especially, the blood glucose levels in the mice group treated with $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 did not rebound to ~150 mg/dL until 24 h after the injection, which obviously shows the extended hypoglycemia. We believe that this derivative has great pharmaceutical potential as a novel long-acting type 2 anti-diabetic injection treatment.