• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제12권
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• pp.57-68
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• 1994

Rhizobium jaonicum S118로부터 변이주(變異株)를 선발(選拔)하고 생리적(生理的)인 특성(特性) 및 식물체(植物體)와의 상호관계(相互關係)등을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. N. T. G를 처리(處理)한 S118로부터 근류(根瘤)를 형성(形成)하지 않는 SM255, 근류착생(根瘤着生)이 아주 좋고 acetylene환원력(還元力)도 높은 HP277, 근류착생(根瘤着生)이 S118보다 떨어진 LP268 그리고 근류(根瘤)가 아주 드물게 형성(形成)되는 SM303을 선별(選別)하였다. SM255를 접종(接種)한 식물체(植物體)는 생육(生育)이 저조(低調)하였고, 뿌리털의 curling 현상(現象)도 관찰(觀察)되지 않았다. 반면 HP277은 SM255와 서로 다른 결과(結果)를 나타내었다. Litmus milk 반응(反應)에서 HP277이 alkali성(性), serume zone을 형성(形成)하였고, congo red를 약(弱)하게 흡수(吸收)하였다. YEM배지(培地)에서 SM255는 생육(生育)이 S118과 비슷한 slow-growing형(型)이지만 HP277은 fast-growing형(型)이었다. 질산(窒酸) 및 아질산(亞窒酸) 환원(還元)은 LP268이 음성(陰性), 음성(陰性), SM255는 양성(陽性), 양성(陽性), 그 외(外) 균주(菌株)는 양성(陽性), 음성(陰性)으로 나타났다. SM255는 무기태(無機態)와 유기태(有機態) 질소원(窒素源)의 영향(影響)을 받아 생육(生育)이 저조(低調)하였다. 그러나 HP277은 $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$의 10mM, 25mM 농도(濃度)에서 생육(生育)이 가능하였고, 유기태(有機態) 질소원(窒素源)의 이용(利用)이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 모든 균주(菌株)가 starch를 이용(利用)하지 못하였고 arabinose의 경우 SM255와 SM303은 타균주(他菌株)에 비해 이용성(利用性)이 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 sucrose는 모든 균주(菌株)가 이용(利用)할 수 있었다. HP277과 S118은 균체(菌體) 단백질(蛋白質)의 조성(組成)에 차이(差異)가 없었고, SM255는 Rm 0.62의 band가 결여(缺如)되어 있었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2023

망간각의 지화학적, 광물학적 특성의 변화는 인근 환경 변화를 반영한다. 따라서 서태평양 마젤란해산군 OSM-XX의 망간각에 대한 특성 파악과 고해양 복원 연구를 위하여 지화학적, 광물학적 분석을 각각 micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) 과 X-ray diffraction (XRD)를 이용하여 실시하였다. OSM-XX의 망간각은 인산염화 여부 및 구조에 의해 인산염화 작용을 받은 부분(L4-L5), 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 치밀한 부분(L3), 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 다공성 부분(L1-L2)의 세 부분으로 구분되었다. 철망간 산화광물 층에서는 모두 버나다이트 피크가 확인되었으며, 인산염화 작용을 받은 부분은 carbonate fluorapatite(CFA)의 존재와 높은 Ca, P의 특성을 나타내었다. 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 치밀한 부분은 높은 Mn, Ni, Co를 나타내었고, 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 다공성 부분은 높은 Fe값과 detritus quartz, feldspar가 확인되었다. OSM-XX의 망간각이 성장하는동안 나타난 특성의 변화는 인근 해양환경의 변화를 반영하였다. 약 51.87 Ma의 연대를 나타내는 망간각의 인산염 퇴적체는 약 36-32 Ma의 전지구적 인산염화 작용에 의해 형성된 것으로 보이며, 이는 당시의 상승된 해수면 높이와 낮은 해수온을 지시한다. 또한, 치밀한 구조에서의 높은 Mn, Ni, Co, Mn/Fe 비는 강화된 산소최소층과 환원환경을 지시하며, 다공성 구조에서의 높은 Fe와 낮은 Mn/Fe 비는 약화된 산소최소층과 산화환경을 지시한다. 이는 마이오세-올리고세 경계의 Mi-1 빙하기가 끝난 후 환경변화를 반영하였다. 9 Ma부터 이어진 한랭화의 결과로 인한 저층류와 산소최소층의 강화에 의해 망간각 최외각의 Mn/Fe 비와 Co/Mn 비가 미세하게 증가하였지만, 6 Ma부터 태평양에 발생한 탄산염 용해율의 감소로 성장속도의 감소를 야기하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.645-650
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• 1998

The dual drug-loaded alginate beads simultaneously containing drug in inner and outer layers were prepared by dropping plain (single-layered) alginate beads into $CaCl_2$ solution. The release characteristics were evaluated in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h followed by intestinal fluids thereafter for 12 h. The surface morphology and cross section of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was also investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The poorlv water-soluble ibuprofen was chosen as a model drug. The surface of single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads showed very crude and roughness, showing aggregated particles, surface cracks and rough crystals. The thickness of dual drug-loaded alginate beads surrounded by outer layer was ranged from about 57 to 329mcm. The distinct chasm between inner and outer layers was also observed. In case of single-layered alginate bead, the drug was not released in gastric fluid but was largely released in intestinal fluid. However, the release rate decreased as the reinforcing $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ polymer contents increased. When the plasticizers were added into polymer, the release rate largely decreased. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was stable in gastric fluid for 2 h but largely increased when switched in intestinal fluid. The drug linearly released for 4 h followed by another linear release thereafter, showing a distinct biphasic release characteristics. There was a difference in the release profiles between single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads due to their structural shape. However, this biphasic release profiles were modified by varying formulation compositions of inner and outer layer of alginate beads. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads slightly decreased when the outer layer was reinforced with $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS1OO polymers. In case of dual drug-loaded alginate beads with polymer-reinforced outer layer only, the initial amount of druc released was low but the initial release rate (slope) was higher due to more swellable inner cores when compared to polymer-reinforced inner cores. The current dual drug-loaded alginate beads may be used to deliver the drugs in a time dependent manner.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.243-254
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• 1994

Inflammatory diseases, allergic and asthmatic disorders are caused by the mediator release from the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD), methyltransferase or adenylate cyclase etc. during IgG or IgE cross-linking of high affinity receptors on mast cells or basophil surface. One important enzyme activated after IgG or IgE receptor cross-linking is PLD, the enzyme which converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA). Under the hypothesis that these may be some differences in mediator release according to the difference in PLD activity, we attempted to confirm the ginseng saponin effects on the PLD activity. We examined the PLD activity during the passively sensitized mast cell activation in the presence of single component of ginsenosides $(Rc,\;Rg_1,\;Rg_2,\;Rg_3)$. We also measured the amount of mediators (histamine and leukotrienes) released by stimulating with ovalbumin (OA) or calcium ionophore (CaI), Guinea Pig lung mast cells were purified using enzyme digestion, count current elutriation, and discontinuous Percoll density gradient. In purified mast cells prelabeled with $[^3H]$ arachidonic acid or $[^3H]$ palmitic acid, PLD activity was assessed more directly by the production of labeled PEt by PLD-mediated transphosphatidylation in the presence of ethanol. Histanine release was determined by Spectrophotofluorometry, and leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. The PLD activity during the passively sensitized mast cell activation is increased up to $3{\sim}5times$. The PLD activity during the passively sensitized mast cell activation in the presence of all ginsenosides is decreased up to $4{\sim}11$ times. $Rg_l\;and\;Rg_2$ ginsenoside pretreatment decreased histamine and leukotrienes by 50% in the OA-induced or by 40% in the Cal-induced mast cell after passively sensitization. Rc pretreatment poorly decreased histamine but leukotrienes decreased by 70% in the OA-induced or by 35% in the Cal-induced mast cell. $Rg_3$ ginsenoside pretreatment increased histamine release without challenging OA or Cal but leukotrienes decreased. These observations indicate that single unit of ginsenosldes may be an important contributor to inhibit the release of histamine and leukotrienes in the guinea pig lung mast cells, that inhibits the PLD-mediated formation of DAG evoked by mast cell activation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.951-960
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• 2010

Sediment works as a resource for electric cells. This paper was designed in order to verify how sediment cells work with anodic material such as metal and carbon fiber. As known quite well, sediment under sea, rivers or streams provides a furbished environment for generating electrons via some electron transfer mechanism within specific microbial population or corrosive oxidation on the metal surfaces in the presence of oxygen or water molecules. We experimented with one type of sediment cell using different anodic material so as to attain prolonged, maximum electric power. Iron, Zinc, aluminum, copper, zinc/copper, and graphite felt were tested for anodes. Also, combined type of anodes-metal embedded in the graphite fiber matrix-was experimented for better performances. The results show that the combined type of anodes exhibited sustainable electricity production for ca. 600 h with max. $0.57\;W/m^2$ Al/Graphite. Meanwhile, graphite-only electrodes produced max. $0.11\;W/m^2$ along with quite stationary electric output, and for a zinc electrode, in which the electricity generated was not stable with time, therefore resulting in relatively sharp drop in that after 100 h or so, the maximum power density was $0.64\;W/m^2$. It was observed that the corrosive reaction rates in the metal electrodes might be varied, so that strength and stability in the electric performances(voltage and current density) could be affected by them. In addition to that, COD(chemical oxygen demand) of the sediment of the cell system was reduced by 17.5~36.7% in 600 h, which implied that the organic matter in the sediment would be partially converted into non-COD substances, that is, would suggest a way for decontamination of the aged, anaerobic sediment as well. The pH reduction for all electrodes could be a sign of organic acid production due to complicated chemical changes in the sediment.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1437-1442
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• 2009

Recent studies have shown that alum addition to litter results in many environmental and economic advantages, such as reductions in metal runoff, lower ammonia emission and improved poultry performance. However, no research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different types of alum on soluble metals in poultry litter. The objective of this study was conducted to investigate changes in soluble metal from poultry litter with different types of aluminum sulfate (alum) under laboratory condition. The treatments used in this study, which were mixed in the upper 1 cm of litter or sprayed onto the litter surface, were 4 g alum, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, 17.3 g liquid alum, 11.2 g A7 (high acid alum), and 22.4 g A7 (high acid alum)/100 g litter. Applying different types of alum to poultry litter reduced (P<0.05) concentrations of soluble Fe (9 to 54%), Cu (9 to 49%) and Zn (11 to 40%), relative to untreated litter, whereas it increased Ca and Mg (P<0.05). Mean soluble Fe and Cu levels in poultry litter from different types of alum decreased in the order: 22.4 g A7 (54% and 49%) > 17.3 g liquid alum (48% and 42%) > 8 g alum (48% and 31%) > 4 g alum (28% and 10%) > 8.6 g liquid alum (10% and 9%) > 11.2 g A7 (8.6% and 9%). Additionally, the high reduction in soluble Zn concentration was 4 g alum (40%), followed by 8 g alum (26%), 22.4 g A7 (25%), 17.3 g liquid alum (23%), 8.66 g liquid alum (18%), and 11.2 g A7 (11%), respectively. In conclusion, the current studies suggest that treating poultry litter with different types of alum can be applied to reduce soluble metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) and to develop a production to merchandise for poultry litter that would result in reduction in pollutants from these materials. Furthermore, in order to improve environmental management in the poultry industry, the use of alum, liquid alum and high acid alum all should be provided a valid means of reducing negative environmental impact.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.288-303
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• 2012

In this study, real time measurements of particle number size distribution in urban Gwangju, coastal Taean, and industrial Yeosu in Korea were conducted in 2008 to understand the occurrence of ultrafine particle (UFP) (<100 nm) events, the variation of its concentration among different sampling sites, and UFP formation pathways. Also, to investigate seasonal and long-term variation of the UFP number concentration, data were collected for the period of 5 years (2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012) in urban Gwangju. Photochemical and combustion events were found to be responsible for the formation of UFP in the urban Gwangju site, whereas only photochemical event led to the formation of UFP in the coastal Taean site. The highest UFP concentration was found in industrial Yeosu (the average UFP number fractions were 79, 59 and 58% in Yeosu, Gwangju, and Taean, respectively), suggesting that high amount of gas pollutants (e.g., $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and volatile organic carbon (VOC)) emitted from industries and their photochemical reaction contributed for the elevated UFP concentration in the industrial Yeosu site. The UFP fraction also showed a seasonal variation with the peak value in spring (61.5, 54.5, 50.5, and 40.7% in spring, fall, summer, and winter, respectively) at urban Gwangju. Annual average UFP number concentrations in urban Gwangju were $5.53{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, $4.68{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, $5.32{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, $3.99{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, and $2.16{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$ in the year 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. Comparison of the annual average UFP number concentration with urban sites in other countries showed that the UFP concentrations of the Korean sites were lower than those in other urban cities, probably due to lower source strength in the current site. TEM/EDS analysis for the size-selected UFPs showed that the UFPs were classified into various types having different chemical species. Carbonaceous particles were observed in both combustion (soot and organics) and photochemical events (sulfate and organics). In the photochemical event, an internal mixture of organic species and ammonium sulfate/bisulfate was identified. Also, internal mixtures of aged Na-rich and organic species, aged Ca-rich particles, and doughnut shaped K-containing particles with elemental composition of a strong C with minor O, S, and K-likely to be originated from biomass burning nearby agricultural area, were observed. In addition, fly ash particles were also observed in the combustion event, not in the photochemical event.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1179-1189
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• 2006

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of supplemental vitamin D on laying performance, metabolic profile and egg quality of hens fed diets containing different fat sources and levels. Lohman strains (n = 480) were assigned to one of 10 diets: basal diet (BD), BD plus 2.5 and 5.0% sunflower oil (SO) or tallow (T) at vitamin D provided $1{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ of the current recommendation. The experiment lasted from week 30 to 44 of age. Each diet was tested in 12 replicate cages of 4 hens. Production, metabolism, and egg quality data were subjected to three-way ANOVA. Both fats decreased feed intake (FI) as compared to BD. Increasing SO and T levels linearly decreased and quadratically increased FI, respectively. The dietary factors did not affect egg production (EP) and egg weight. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased EP when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. However, increasing T level improved FCE, whereas increasing SO level worsened FCR. Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D and glucose concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation also caused a decrease and an increase in serum vitamin D concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Serum glucose concentration for hens fed SO was lower than hens fed T. Increasing fat level linearly increased serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations, regardless of the fat type. Increasing SO level linearly decreased serum cholesterol concentration. Vitamin D supplementation did not alter lipid metabolites. The dietary factors did not affect serum total protein, Ca, and P concentrations. As compared with BD, feeding SO decreased dry tibia and ash weights more than feeding T. Vitamin D supplementation tended to increase dry tibia weight and decrease tibia ash weight. Eggshell strength and thickness, yolk and albumen indexes, and Haugh unit were not responsive to the dietary factors. Eggshell strength quadratically increased with increasing T level. Yolk color for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. The dietary factors did not affect most of yolk fatty acids. Increasing SO level quadratically decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. In conclusion, increasing fat level improved laying performance without altering metabolic profile and egg quality. Vitamin D supplementation had minor alteration effects on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in response to fat feeding.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제4권
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• pp.55-64
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• 1986

배과실(果實)의 PPO를 분리(分離) 정제(精製)한 후(後) 그 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 조효소액(粗酵素液)을 전기영동한 결과 2개의 활성분리대(活性分離帶)가 관찰(觀察)되었으며, 이 조효소액(粗酵素液)을 acetone 심몰(沈沒)과 DEAE-cellulose chromatography로 부분정제(部分精製)한 결과 PPO A 분획(分劃)과 PPO B 분획(分劃)을 얻었다. 각 구분을 전기영동(電氣泳動)한 결과 PPO A, B 각각 Rm치가 0.58, 0.68인 단일 활성분리대(活性分離帶)가 관찰(觀察)되었다. PPO A와 PPO B의 최종 정제도(精製度)는 각각 7.8와 8.7배(倍)였다. PPO A의 최적(最適) pH와 온도(溫度)는 pH 7, $33^{\circ}C$인 반면 PPO B의 최적(最適) pH와 온도(溫度)는 pH 4.2, $30^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. PPO A, B의 열(熱) 안정성(安定性)은 $60^{\circ}C$ 이상(以上)의 온도(溫度)에서는 급격히 활성(活性)이 감소했으며 PPO B보다 PPO A가 더 안전(安定)하였다. 배의 두 PPO는 o-diphenol에 강한 활성을 나타냈으며 특히 PPO A는 catechol에 PPO B는 chlorogenic acid에 활성이 강했다. 또한 PPO A는 pyrogallol에도 활성을 나타냈다. 그러나 두 PPO는 m-diphenol, p-diphenol과 monophenol에는 활성(活性)을 나타내지 않았다. 무기염(無機鹽)의 영향(影響)을 본 결과(結果)는 10mM농도(濃度)에서 $Zn^{{+}{+}}$은 PPO A의 활성(活性)을 증가(增加)시켰으나 $Fe^{{+}{+}}$는 저해(沮害)했고 반면 $Fe^{{+}{+}}$, $Zn^{{+}{+}}$는 PPO B는 활성(活性)을 증가(增加)시켰으나 $K^+$, $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, $Hg^{{+}{+}}$는 저해(沮害)했다. $Cu^{{+}{+}}$는 저농도(低濃度)에서는 효소(酵素)를 활성화(活性化)시켰으나 10mM의 고농도(高濃度)에서는 저해작용(沮害作用)을 했다. 저해제(沮害劑)의 작용(作用)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), L-ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, thiourea 등이 저해작용(沮害作用)이 강했다. PPO A와 PPO B의 catechol에 대한 Km치는 각각 20mM과 14.3mM이었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.731-742
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• 2014

본 연구는 다비 재배를 하고 있는 비모란선인장 재배토양에 친환경 부산물비료인 지렁이분변토를 혼합 재배할 때 구경, 구고, 자구수 및 토양 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여, 재배기간 동안 충분한 영양을 공급할 수 있고 생산량을 확보할 수 있는 적정 혼합비율을 규명하였다. 수출용 접목선인장인 비모란 선인장(대목: 9 cm 접수: $1.5{\times}1.3cm$ 접목묘) '이홍' 품종을 2013년 6월부터 12월까지 서울시 서초구 내곡동 서울특별시 농업기술센터 플라스틱하우스 내에서 수행하였다. 농가에서 재배하고 있는 모래와 비료를 50:50으로 혼합한 것을 대조구로 하고, 모래와 음식물쓰레기를 먹이로 하여 생산한 지렁이분변토의 혼합비율을 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100으로 한 5조합의 pH는 7.1-7.4로 거의 비슷하게 조사되었는데 비모란선인장 재배의 적정 pH가 6.5-7.5로 적합한 범위였다. 유기물함량은 지렁이분변토 혼합비율이 높아짐에 따라 증가하였지만 관행처리구 55 mg/kg보다는 32-43 mg/kg으로 낮게 조사되었다. 치환성양이온함량은 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 높아졌지만 관행처리구보다 $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ 양이 적었으나 $Ca^{2+}$의 함량은 관행처리구는 $9.1cmol^+/kg$이나 지렁이분변토 혼합시 $11.5-33.7cmol^+/kg$으로 높게 조사되었다. 지렁이분변토 혼합비율에 따른 비모란선인장 이식 3개월 후 구경을 조사한 결과 대조구 31.39 mm 보다 지렁이분변토 혼합처리구가 32.46-37.59 mm로 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 이식 5개월 후 비모란선인장 생육특성을 조사한 결과 구경은 32.63 mm 보다 지렁이분변토처리구가 32.49-37.59 mm로 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 유의성 있게 신장하였다. 구고는 대조구의 경우 2.63 mm이고 지렁이분변토 혼합비율에 따라 2.79-3.16 mm로 유의성 있게 조사되었다. 자구수가 많이 생기는 것은 농가에는 매우 유리한 상황인데 대조구는 2.7개이고 지렁이분변토 혼합비율이 높아짐에 따라 3.2-8.3개로 조사되어 고도로 유의하였다. 특히 지렁이분변토 80%와 100% 처리구에서 6.2개와 8.3개로 조사되어 대조구보다 2.5배 이상 증가하였는데 비모란선인장 재배농가에서 단기간 자구생산에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 지렁이분변토 40%와 60% 혼합처리의 경우 자구수가 4.5와 4.8개로 대조구보다 많이 조사되었으며, 토양배수에도 문제가 없었고 이끼가 발생하는 현상도 없었다. 비모란선인장 생육특성을 조사해본 결과 지렁이분변토 40% 및 60% 혼합비율이 생육에 효율적이라고 판단되었다.