• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 1997

소 난포란의 체외성숙시 성숙배지에 FSH 및 LH의 첨가가 체외성숙난자의 calcium 반응과 체외수정란의 발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 난포란의 체외성숙은 TCM199을 기초로 한 4가지의 배양조건 하에서 : 1) 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH＋5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH, 2) 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH, 3) 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH 및 4) 무 호르몬 첨가구로서 5% CO2에 24시간 동안 체외성숙을 유도하였다. 체외성숙 24기간째에 난포란의 과립막세포는 1ml PB1＋에서 4분 동안 vortexing을 하여 완전히 제거하였다. 세포 내 calcium 반응을 측정하기 위하여 2mM Fura-2 AM ester 및 0.02% Pluronic F-127가 첨가된 PB1-용액에 39$^{\circ}C$ in cubator에서 40분 동안 배양하였다. 30${\mu}\ell$ M2 medium drop을 30mm plastic dish에 만들어 20$\times$ 형광대물렌즈가 장착된 Nikon Diaphot 현미경의 장착된 Nikon Diaphot 현미경의 warm stage에 설치하였다. 세포 내 calcium 방출을 자극하기 위하여 난자에 25mM inositol 1, 4, 5-trasphophate(IP3)로 1.21kV/cm의 전기자극 또는 20mM ryanodine으로 미세주입을 실시하였다. 이러한 처리를 하지 않은 난자는 체외수정 후 CR1aa와 BRL monolayers의 공배양조건 하에서 체외발달을 유도하였다. 분할율(Day 2)과 배반포기발달율(Day 9)을 조사하였다. FSH와 LH의 처리구에서 IP3 또는 ryanodine으로 자극된 난자(1.79$\pm$0.05, 1.66$\pm$0.06)는 FSH, LH 및 무 호르몬처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 calcium 반응을 보였다(1.00$\pm$0.03, 1.28$\pm$0.04, and 0.53$\pm$0.02 in IP3 elctroporation; 0.68$\pm$0.05, 1.03$\pm$0.05, and 0.47$\pm$0.04 in ryanodine microinjection). FSH와 LH, FSH, LH처리구에서 분할율(87.9, 71.5 및 75.6%)은 무 호르몬처리구(60.7%)(P<0.05)에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으며, FSH와 LH처리구(29.3%)에서의 배반포기 발달율은 FSH, LH 처리구뿐만 아니라 무 호르몬처리구보다 유의적으로 높았다(16.5, 19.0 and 9.8%)(P<0.05). Bovine FSH 및 Ovine FSH의 처리구에서의 calcium 반응은 유의적인 차이가 없었다(1.72$\pm$0.05, 1.61$\pm$0.06). 또한 분할율(82.2 and 84.0%) 및 배반포기(27.8 and 27.1%) 발달율도 bovine 및 ovine FSH처리구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 전기자극에 의한 세포 내 calcium 반응은 체외성숙배지에 첨가하는 호르몬의 처리에 따라서 유의적인 변화를 보였다. 비록 분할율은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 배반포기 발달율은 FSH와 LH 공동처리구에서 FSH, LH 단독처리구 및 무 호르몬처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 발달율을 보였다. 체외성숙기간에 FSH와 LH의 공동첨가는 체외성숙 및 체외발달의 생리적인 교정을 위하여 요구되는 것으로 사려된다.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2014

This study was carried out to establish the system of OPU derived embryo production, management of recipients as well as offspring production. OPU derived embryo production system was carried out of aspiration of immature oocytes 2 times per week, total 24 times for 3 months by an ultrasonographic guided follicular aspiration system and then produced in vitro-produced blastocysts by in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture system. This work was collected total 13,866 oocytes, average $8.2{\pm}4.5$ oocytes per session and 8,170 G1 + G2 grade oocytes, average 4.8 oocytes per session by 1,692 times session of total 71 donors for 4 years from 2010 to 2013. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst developmental competence were obtained 11,825 (85.3%) and 5,032 (36.3%) that was $7.0{\pm}3.8$ cleaved embryos and $3.0{\pm}2.5$ blastocysts per session. OPU derived embryo transfer were taken place in 2, 4, 6 and 7 local governments at 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 for 4 years and pregnancy rate were obtained 41.2, 43.9, 46.5 and 49.7% in each years. It means that pregnancy rate was continuously improved according of every year for 4 years. Pregnancy rate was significantly different according to individual local government in which was 62.7% in B, but 24.2% in F at 2012. Paternity identification was carried out total 26 offspring in C local government of 2012 and then confirmed 100% agreement of its analysis. In conclusion, the results obtained the possibility of mass production of elite cow embryos as well as offspring by OPU derived embryo production system, of which could be decreased the required time of genetic improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.13-44
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• 1982

1. Since long time ago, it has been talked about that soaking wood into water for a long time would be profitable for the decreasing of defects such as checking, cupping and bow due to the undue-shrinking and swelling. There are, however, no any actual data providing this fact definitly, although there are some guesses that water soluble extractives might effect on this problem. On the other hand, this is a few work which has been done about the effect of water soluble extractives upon the some physical properties of wood and that it might be related to the above mentioned problem. If man does account for that whether soaking wood into water for a long time would be profitable for the decreasing of defects due to the undue-shrinking and swelling in comparison with unsoaking wood or not, it may bring a great contribution on the reasonable uses of wood. To account for the effect of water soluble extractives upon physical properties of wood, this study has been made at the wood technology laboratory, School of Forestry, Yale university, under competent guidance of Dr. F. F. Wangaard, with the following three different species which had been provided at the same laboratory. 1. Pinus strobus 2. Quercus borealis 3. Hymenaea courbaril 2. The physical properties investigated in this study are as follows. a. Equilibrium moisture content at different relative humidity conditions. b. Shrinkage value from gre condition to different relative humidity conditions and oven dry condition. c. Swelling value from oven dry condition to different relative humidity conditions. d. Specific gravity 3. In order to investigate the effect of water soluble extractives upon physical properties of wood, the experiment has been carried out with two differently treated specimens, that is, one has been treated into water and the other into sugar solution, and with controlled specimens. 4. The quantity of water soluble extractives of each species and the group of chemical compounds in the extracted liquid from each species have shown in Table 36. Between species, there is some difference in quantity of extractives and group of chemical compounds. 5. In the case of equilibrium moisture contents at different relative humidity condition, (a) Except the desorption case at 80% R. H. C. (Relative Humidity Condition), there is a definite line between untreated specimens and treated specimens that is, untreated specimens hold water more than treated specimens at the same R.H.C. (b) The specimens treated into sugar solution have shown almost the same tendency in results compared with the untreated specimens. (c) Between species, there is no any definite relation in equilibrium moisture content each other, however E. M. C. in heartwood of pine is lesser than in sapwood. This might cause from the difference of wood anatomical structure. 6. In the case of shrinkage, (a) The shrinkage value of the treated specimen into water is more than that of the untreated specimens, except anyone case of heartwood of pine at 80% R. H. C. (b) The shrinkage value of treated specimens in the sugar solution is less than that of the others and has almost the same tendency to the untreated specimens. It would mean that the penetration of some sugar into the wood can decrease the shrinkage value of wood. (c) Between species, the shrinkage value of heartwood of pine is less than sapwood of the same, shrinkage value of oak is the largest, Hymenaea is lesser than oak and more than pine. (d) Directional difference of shrinkage value through all species can also see as other all kind of species previously tested. (e) There is a definite relation in between the difference of shrinkage value of treated and untreated specimens and amount of extractives, that is, increasing extractives gives increasing the difference of shrinkage value between treated and untreated specimens. 7. In the case of swelling, (a) The swelling value of treated specimens is greater than that of the untreated specimens through all cases. (b) In comparison with the tangential direction and radial direction, the swelling value of tangential direction is larger than that of radial direction in the same species. (c) Between species, the largest one in swelling values is oak and the smallest pine heartwood, there are also a tendency that species which shrink more swell also more and, on the contrary, species which shrink lesser swell also lesser than the others. 8. In the case of specific gravity, (a) The specific gravity of the treated specimens is larger than that of untreated specimens. This reversed value between treated and untreated specimens has been resulted from the volume of specimen of oven dry condition. (b) Between species, there are differences, that is, the specific gravity of Hymenaea is the largest one and the sapwood of pine is the smallest. 9. Through this investigation, it has been concluded that soaking wood into plain water before use without any special consideration may bring more hastful results than unsoaking for use of wood. However soaking wood into the some specially provided solutions such as salt water or inorganic matter may be dissolved in it, can be profitable for the decreasing shrinkage and swelling, checking, shaking and bow etc. if soaking wood into plain water might bring the decreasing defects, it might come from even shrinking and swelling through all dimension.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2011

'Younghan' (Hordeum vulgare L.), a winter barley for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration in 2008. It was derived from a cross between $F_1$['YB3433-3B-5'/'YB3135-3B-2-3'] and 'YB3135-3B-2-3'. 'SB971305-B-B-B-4-4' line was selected for its earliness, resistance to disease and good agronomic characteristics. The promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials in Iksan in 2004 to 2005, and designated as 'Iksan420'. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield at eight locations throughout Korea for two years from 2007 to 2008 and finally named as 'Younghan'. It has the growth habit of IV, erect plant type, green leaf and thick culm in diameter. Its heading date was April 24, and the maturing date was May 25 in paddy field conditions, which were one day earlier than those of the check cultivar 'Youngyang'. The cultivar 'Younghan' had better winter hardiness, and resistance to lodging and BaYMV than those of the check cultivar did. The average forage dry matter yield of 'Younghan' was approximately 12.0 MT/ha in adapted region. 'Younghan' also showed 8.5% of crude protein content, 27.2% of ADF, and 67.1% of TDN, including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for (area with daily minimum temperature in January) above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2003

Genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits were estimated on the basis of the data from 3,415 heads of Hanwoo bulls tested at Livestock Improvement Main Center. The data were divided into two groups : the first period group consisted of 1,592 heads of bulls tested in individual pens from 1986 to 1990 and the second period group consisted of 1,823 heads of bulls tested in group pens from 1991 to 1996. The testing period was from 6 to 18 months of age in the first period group and 10 to 22 months of age in the second period group. The average daily gains during 6 to 12 months and 12 to 18 months were 1.01kg and 0.77kg, respectively, in the first period group and 0.80kg and 0.95kg in the second period group, and the compensated growth appeared to have occurred in the second period group. The heritability of body weight at 12 months estimated was 0.37 during the first period and 0.47 during the second period. The heritability of body weight at 18 months was 0.29 during the first period and 0.33 during the second period. The heritability of average daily gain during 6${\sim}$12 months estimated was 0.26 for the first period and 0.33 for the second period. The heritability of average daily gain during 12${\sim}$18 months estimated was 0.11 for the first period and 0.22 for the second period. The heritabilities of body weights and average daily gains estimated tended to be higher in the second period than in the first period. The heritability of body measurements at 12 months during the first period estimated was 0.30 for withers height, 0.25 for rump height, 0.11 for thurls width and 0.13 for chest girth. The heritability of body measurments at 12 months during the second period was 0.53 for withers height, 0.44 for rump height, 0.36 for thurls width and 0.56 for chest girth. The heritabilites of withers height, rump height, thurls width and chest girth at 18 months of age were 0.40, 0.22, 0.12 and 0.21 during the first period and 0.45, 0.42, 0.42 and 0.35 during the second period, respectively. The heritability of carcass traits estimated during the first period was 0.11 for carcass weight, 0.24 for dressing percent, 0.25 for eye muscle area, 0.18 for backfat thickness and 0.21 for carcass length. The heritabilities of carcass weight, dressing percent, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, carcass length and marbling score during the second period estimated were 0.32, 0.52, 0.33, 0.51, 0.58 and 0.31, respectively. The genetic correlations between the first and second periods estimated were higher than 0.8 for chest girth at 12 months, rump height at 18 months, carcass weight and dressing percent, but were lower for other traits.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.146-153
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• 2006

Purpose: Gastrointestinal stromal tumorsm (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors that arise anywhere in the tubular GI tract. The prognosis for GSTIs is important because f GISTs may metastasiwx in the liver or the abdominal cavity in an early stage. For the reason we examined the tumor size, the mitotic number, ki 67, p53, and c-kit mutation as independent prognostic factor for GISTs. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 76 patients who had been re-evaluated for confirmation of diagnosis between Jan 1998 and Dec. 2001. at Catholic University of medicine. Results: There were significant difference between the turner size, mitotic indices, ki 67, c-kit mutations and the 5-years survival rates. Tumor size (${\geq}5\;cm$) and mitotic index (${\geq}5/50\;HPF$) were statistically related to a significantly poor prognosis (P=0.017 and P=0.042, respectively). c-kit mutations in exon 11 were found in 7 cases c-kit mutation was observed more frequently in high risk patients, and there was a significant difference between c-kit mutation and survival (P=0.037). Elevated ki 67 was noted in 34 out of the 76 cases. High risk patients showed elevated ki67 index more frequently and there was significant relation with the survival rate (P=0.0417). Conclusion: We think that tumor size, mitotic index, Ki 67 and c-kit mutation are as independent prognostic factors for GISTs, but more research is needed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.120-132
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• 2008

Remotely sensed images from a satellite can be applied for detecting and quantifying spatial and temporal variations in terms of landuse & landcover, crop growth, and disaster for agricultural applications. The purposes of this study were to analyze topography using DEM(digital elevation model) and classify landuse & landcover into 10 classes-paddy field, dry field, forest, bare land, grass & bush, water body, reclaimed land, salt farm, residence & building, and others-using Landsat TM images in North Korea. Elevation was greater than 1,000 meters in the eastern part of North Korea around Ranggang-do where Kaemagowon was located. Pyeongnam and Hwangnam in the western part of North Korea were low in elevation. Topography of North Korea showed typical 'east-high and west-low' landform characteristics. Landcover classification of North Korea using spectral reflectance of multi-temporal Landsat TM images was performed and the statistics of each landcover by administrative district, slope, and agroclimatic zone were calculated in terms of area. Forest areas accounted for 69.6 percent of the whole area while the areas of dry fields and paddy fields were 15.7 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. Bare land and water body occupied 6.6 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. Residence & building reached less than 1 percent of the country. Paddy field areas concentrated in the A slope ranged from 0 to 2 percent(greater than 80 percent). The dry field areas were shown in the A slope the most, followed by D, E, C, B, and F slopes. According to the statistics by agroclimatic zone, paddy and dry fields were mainly distributed in the North plain region(N-6) and North western coastal region(N-7). Forest areas were evenly distributed all over the agroclimatic regions. Periodic landcover analysis of North Korea based on remote sensing technique using satellite imagery can produce spatial and temporal statistics information for future landuse management and planning of North Korea.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 2003

Bovine pericardium fixed in glutaraldehyde solution (GA) has been one of the most popular surgical bioprosthesis, however, late calcific degeneration after implantation remains to be solved. To mitigate calcific degeneration, we posttreated the bovine pericardium with amino acids after GA fixation. Material and Method: 40 small pieces of bovine pericardia were fixed in 0.625% GA solution with 4 g/L $MgCl_26H_2O$as a control group (group 1). 40 pieces fixed in the same GA solution were posttreated with 2% chitosan solution (group 2) and the other 40 pieces posttreated with 8% glutamate (group 3). These were implanted into the belly of forty Fisher 344 rats subdermally and extracted at f month, 2 months, 3 months and 4 months after implantation. Result: With atomic absorption spectrophotometry we measured the deposited calcium amount and the results were as follows; 2.01 $\pm$0.13 mg/g in group 1, 2.34$\pm$0.73 mg/g in group 2, 2.49$\pm$0.15 mg/g in group 3 at 1 month after implantation, and 3.57$\pm$0.15 mg/g in group 1, 3.52$\pm$0.92 mg/g in group 2, 3.46$\pm$0.12 mg/g in group 3 at the second month. But 5.45$\pm$0.42 mg/g in group 1, 3.22 $\pm$1.31 mg/g in group 2 and 4.20$\pm$0.55 mg/g in group 3 at the 3rd month, which have statistical significance in group 2 (p<0.05). Finally at 4th month, 6.01$\pm$1.21 mg/g in group 1, 3.78$\pm$1.82 mg/g in group 2, 3.92$\pm$0.92 mg/g in group 3, which also have statistical significance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This means posttreatment with 2% chitosan shows meaningful calcium mitigation effects after 3rd month on subcutaneously implanted bovine pericardium in the rat models but 8% glutamate shows mitigation effect after 4months in this experiment.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.425-435
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• 1998

To improve the efficiency of nuclear transplantation in bovine, in this study the development in vitro of nuclear transferred (NT) embryos was compared by different activation regimens of the enucleated oocytes. The effect of developmental stage and culture system of donor nuclei on fusion and development in vitro of NT embryos were also evaluated. Oocytes were collected from Hanwoo ovaries obtained from slaughterhouse and matured in Ham's F-10 supplemented with hormones. After 20~22 h maturation, the oocytes were vortexed to be free from cumulus cells and subsequently their nucleus and the first polar body were removed. Enucleated oocytes were divided into 3 groups for activation; the oocytes of group I were activated with ionomycin for 5 min and subsequently incubated in 6-dimetylarninopurine (DMAP) for 4 h, Those of group II were treated with DMAP for 4 h at 39 h after onset of in vitro maturation (IVM) and those of group III were kept in room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) for 3 h at 39 h after onset of IVM. After in vitro fertilization (IVF) the embryos for muclear donor were cultured either by group culture (20 embryos /50 ${mu}ell$ drop) or individually (1 embryo /50 ${mu}ell$ drop) for 4 day and 5 day. At day 4 and 5 after IVF, blastomeres were separated in calcium-magnesium free medium, and then classified into small (day 5: $\leq$ 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, day 4: $\leq$ 46 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and large (day 5 : $\geq$ 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, day 4 ; $\geq$ 46 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). The separated blastomeres were replaced into enucleated and activated recipient cytoplasm. The blastomere-oocyte complexes were fused by electrically. The NT embryos were cultured in TCM-199 containing 10% FCS in 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 7 day. The results obtained were summarized as follows; There were no differences in fusion and development to blastocyst between groups as group I (68%, 10%), group II (75%, 14%) and group III (73%, 9%), respectively. However, the cell number in blastocyst of NT embryos in group III were significantly fewer than in the other groups (P＜0.05). No differences in fusion and development to blastocyst were found between individual or group cultured and between small or large blastomeres of day 4 and day 5 donor embryos. From these results, it was concluded that the combination of ionomycin and DMAP, or treatment of DMAP at 39 h after onset of IVM were useful for the efficient of production of NT bovine embryos, and the individual cultured embryos could be simply used as donor nuclei for NT bovine embryo.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.829-834
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• 1998

Concerned with environmental issue, a new decomposition method for CFCs that caused the destruction of ozone layer was proposed. Using thermal plasma process, CFC113 decomposed completely. In order to quantify the tendency in decomposition and recombination of CFC113, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed. The calculation was conducted with CFC113, $H_2$, $O_2$ at 1 atm and 300 K~5000 K. In the experiment, products which are generated after decomposition in the plasma were examined by varying reacting gases($H_2$, $O_2$) flow rates and the changes of inside diameters of quenching tubes. Decomposition products were analyzed using Gas Chromatograph. The results are very promising with a decomposition efficiency greater than 99.99%. As to CFC113/$H_2$=1/3, conversion to CO decreased with increasing $O_2$ ratio. When CFC113/$O_2$=1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2, conversion to CO increases above $H_2$ ratio of 3. The change of CO conversion is not sensitive to power changes. As total flow rate increased, CO conversion was slightly decreased. When the inside diameter of the quenching tube was changed from 8mm into 4mm, CO conversion was increased due to enhanced quenching rate.