• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 1992

Si surfaces exposed to CHF3/C2F6 gas plasmas ih reactive ion etching (RIE) have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CHF3/C2F6 gas plasma exposure of Si surface leads to the deposition of residual film containing carbon and fluorine. The narrow scan spectra of C 1s show various bonding states of carbon as C-Si, C-F/H, C-CFx(x $\leq$ 3), C-F, C-F2, and C-F3. The chemical bonding states of fluorine are described with F-Si, F-C and F-O. And the oxygen and silicon are also detected. The effects of parameters for reactive ion etching as CHF3/C2F6 gas ratio, RF power, and pressure are investigated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.36-36
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• 2010

Low-pressure fluorocarbon plasmas are widely used in microelectronics fabrication for a variety of surface modification purposes. In particular, fluorocarbon plasmas are used for the etching of dielectrics such as silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. Among the various fluorocarbons, this study focuses on C4F6 molecules (C4F6s) which are composed of hexafluorocyclobutene (c-C4F6), hexafluoro-1, 3-butadiene (1, 3-C4F6), and hexafluoro-2-butyne (2-C4F6). We have investigated the dissociation reactions of C4F6s, resulting in CF2, CF3, C2F3, and C3F3 fragments, by using the wB97X-D functional with various basis sets. In this presentation, the geometrical properties, energetics, and dissociation mechanisms of C4F6s will be suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 1999

The anionic complexes, [ln($C_6F_5)_4$]-, which are thermal and moisture sensitive, have been prepared by the reaction of In($C_6F_5)_3{\cdot}D(D=CH_3CN$, O($C_2H_5)_2$) with the system ($CH_3)_3SiC_6F_5$/CsF, $C_6F_5$MgBr or Cd($C_6F_5)_2$. The stable anionic indium(III) complexes are obtained through cation exchange with PNPCI ([PNP]= bis(triphenylphosphino)ammonium). The pure substance is obtained by column chromatography. These new anionic complexes are unambiguously identifed by NMR-spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, molecular weight, DTA/TG and elemental analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 2001

We have treated polyester fabric with $CF_4,\;C_2F_6,\;SF_6\;and\;C_3F_6$ glow discharge plasmas to develop functional fabrics which preserve moisture transportation and water proofing nature. Modified properties were evaluated by water vapor permeation rate and breakthrough water pressure. The change of surface morphology was observed by SEM. Fiber interstice of the plasma treated fabric was calculated as $0.32{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and this value was sufficiently ideal as water repellent material. The moisture transportation of ${CF_4}-treated$ fabric was good as much as untreated fabric, and those of $C_2$F(sub)6-treated, SF(sub)6-treated fabrics were reduced by 1~3%, and that of ${C_3F_6}-treated$ fabric was reduced by 15%. The best treatment condition were 0.06 torr 120 seconds in $CF_4$, 0.05 torr 30 seconds in $SF_6$, 0.08~0.15 torr 90 seconds in $SF_6$ and 0.1 torr 45 seconds in $C_3F_6$ respectively. The grade of moisture transportation effect was $CF_4>C_2F_6>SF_6>>C_3F_6$, and water proofing effect was $C_2F_6{\approx}CF_4>C_3F_6>SF_6$. It was observed by SEM that the thin film was formed on the surface of the treated substrate by the fluorocarbon plasma treatment.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.224-225
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• 2006

The Ethylene polymerization behavior of a series of polymethylene bridged dinuclear CGC $[Zr({\eta}^{5}:{\eta}^{1}-C_{9}H_{5}SiMe_{2}NCMe_{3})Me_{2}]_{2}[(CH_{2})_{n}]\;[_{n}=6(1),\;9(2),\;12(3)]$ in the cocatalytic activation with $Ph_{3}C^{+}B^{-}(C_{6}F_{5})_{4}\;(B_{1})\;or\;Ph_{3}C^{+}(C_{6}F_{5})_{3}B^{-}C_{6}F_{4}B^{-}(C_{6}F_{5})_{3}Ph_{3}C^{+}\;(B_{2})\;or\;B(C_{6}F_{5})_{3}\;(B_{3})$ were investigated to study the nuclearity effects as well as the counteranion effects. The ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization were conducted at $30^{\circ}C$ It was found that both in ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization, activities increased in the order of 1 < 2 < 3, which indicates the presence of longer bridge between two active sites contributes more efficiently to facilitate the polymerization activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.2060-2069
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• 2017

Newcastle disease is a serious infectious disease in the poultry industry. The commercial vaccines can only offer limited protection and some of them are expensive and need adjuvants. At present, DNA vaccines are widely used. However, the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are too slow and low. Here, we constructed the transfer vectors with a different number of C3d as molecular adjuvants (n = 1, 2, 4, or 6), and the vectors were cloned into the optimal eukaryotic expression plasmid (pVAXI-optiF) that expressed the F gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and named pVAXI-F(o)-C3d1, pVAXI -F(o)-C3d2, pVAXI-F(o)-C3d4, and pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6, respectively. Cell transfection test indicated that pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 showed the highest expression. In vivo immunization showed that the chickens immunized with pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 intramuscularly induced better immune responses than the chickens immunized with the other plasmids. The protective efficacy of pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 was 80% after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9. The results in this study showed that C3d6 could be used as a molecular adjuvant to quickly induce an effective immune response to control NDV.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-38
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of herb formula HDDM, a modification of Huangdan decoction that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure, on the blood glucose levels in multiple low doses (MLD; 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days) of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated female B6C3F1 mice. Initial studies were performed to compare diabetes induction in five strains (e.g., B6C3F1, NOD, CD-1, C3H/HeN and C57BL/6) of mice by MLD-STZ, and immune changes following the treatment. The results suggested that the order of susceptibility to diabetes induction was NOD $\approx$ CD-1 > B6C3F1 $\approx$ C3H > C57BL/6. Furthermore, STZ modulation of T cell development, differentiation and activation might play a role in diabetes induction by MLD-STZ treatment. MLD-STZ-induced diabetes in female B6C3F1 mice was moderate, which allowed the evaluation of drug-induced protection or exacerbation of diabetes to be performed. As such, modulation of blood glucose by HDDM, which consisted of Da Huang (Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei), Huang Qi (Radix Astragali Seu Hedysari), Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), Yin Yang Huo (Herba Epimedii), Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis or Coix lacryma-jobi), Mai Dong (Radix Ophiopogonis) and Shan Zhu Yu (Fructus Corni), was evaluated in MLD-STZ-treated female B6C3F1 mice. The results suggested that HDDM could lower the blood glucose levels, but it had no immunomodulatory activities. Additionally, HDDM-treated mice exhibited improved glucose tolerance. In conclusion, these studies have suggested that MLD-STZ-induced diabetes in female B6C3F1 mice is a useful model to evaluate drug modulation of diabetes, and that the herb formula HDDM possesses anti-diabetic effects.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.497-504
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• 2007

We have prepared the dinuclear half-sandwich CGC(constrained geometry catalyst) with polymethylene bridge $[Zr(({\eta}^5\;:\;{\eta}^1-C_9H_5SiMe_2NCMe_3)Me_2)_2\;[(CH_2)_n]$ [n=6(4), 9(5), 12(6)] by treating 2 equivalents of MeLi with the corresponding dichlorides compounds. To study the catalytic behavior of the dinuclear catalysts we conducted copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene in the presence of three kinds of boron cocatalysts, $Ph_3C^+[B(C_6F_5)_4]^-\;(B_1),\;B(C_6F_5)_3\;(B_3)$, and $Ph_3C^+[(C_6F_5)_3B-C_6F_4-B(C_6F_5)_3]^{2-}\;(B_2)$. It turned out that all active species formed by the combination of three dinuclear CGCs with three cocatalyst were very efficient catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. The activities increase as the bridge length of the dinuclear CGCs increases. At the same time the dinuclear cocatalyst exhibited the lowest activity among three cocatalysts. The prime observation is that the dinuclear cocatalyst gave rise to the formation of the copolymers with the least branches on the polyethylene backbone.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.317-322
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• 2016

While PFOS sodium salt ($C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$) was not degraded by microorganisms for 28 days, the 4 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 21.6% for $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, 20.5% for $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, 15.8% for $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ and 6.4% for $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$, respectively. The acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna was conducted for 48 hours, the half effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of PFOS sodium salt ($C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$) was evaluated in 54.5 mg/L. While the 4 alternatives did not show any effect at 500.0 mg/L. The surface tension of the PFOS salt ($C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$) is 46.2 mN/m at a concentration of 500.0 mg/L. While the surface tension of the 4 alternatives was found to be superior to PFOS sodium salt ($C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$). The surface tension of $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ (20.9 mN/m) has the lowest, followed by $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ (23.4 mN/m), $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ (27.3 mN/m), $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$ (28.2 mN/m). The four kinds of alternatives ($C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$, $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$, $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$) were found to be superior to PFOS sodium salt ($C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$) in terms of biodegradation, Daphnia sp. acute toxicity and surface tension, and thus they were considered applicable as PFOS alternatives. Especially biodegradation rate of $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ and $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$ was relatively high as 15.8~21.6%, and Daphnia sp. acute toxicity and surface tension were considerably superior (surface tension 39~55%) to PFOS sodium salt. Therefore, these alternatives are considered to be available as an alternative of PFOS.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1.1-13
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• 1990

Authors have performed the sensory evaluation tests according to each given items after selecting various lines in order to assess the visual effects by the lines in cloth designing. The evaluations were done by means of ranking tests followed by paired comparison tests. The results obtained were as follows : 1. In the item in than "Shoulder width looks wide", the design C3 showed the best visual effect, and then B1, F8, and A5 comes in order. In "Shoulder width looks narrow", they were A2, F5, F7, and B2 in order. 2. In "Bust looks big", the effect was best in F9, and then B1, F5, C3, and A5 and order. "Bust looks small" item showed A3, C1, and F1 in order. 3. In "Waist looks thick", they were B2, D1, and F7 while in "Waist looks thin", they were B3, F8, and D6 in order. 4. In the item in that "Hip looks big", the best effect was in F9, and then E3, C2, and B4 in order. In "Hip looks small", the best one was C1, and then comes. E1, F6, and F8. 5. In "Upper body looks thick", they were D2, D4, F8, C3 and A5 in order whild in "Upper body looks thin", they were A1, F5, and D7 in order. 6. In the item "Lower body lookds thick", they were F9, C2, E3, B3, and D3 in order. In "Lower body looks thin", the best one was C1, and then D1, E2, F6, and F8 comes in order. 7. In "whole body looks thick", they were F9, F3, D3, and A5, and in "Whole body looks thin", they were F5, A1, C1, and D6 in order. 8. In "Height looks tall", the effects were in order of A4, D6, E1, and F7 while in "Height looks short", they were E3, F9, B4, D2, and D1. 8. In "Height looks tall", the effects were in order of A4, D6, E1, and F7 while in "Height looks short", they were E3, F9, B4, D2, and D1. F9, B4, D2, and D1.