• Title/Summary/Keyword: $C_3A$량

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Effect of Carbonized Biomass Derived from Pruning on Soil Carbon Pools in Pear Orchard (배 과수원에서 전정가지 유래 탄화물 시용이 토양 탄소 축적에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sun-il;Lee, Jong-sik;Kim, Gun-yeob;Choi, Eun-jung;Suh, Sang-uk;Na, Un-Sung
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.159-165
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    • 2016
  • BACKGROUND: Carbonized biomass is increasingly used as a tool of soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon storage to application of carbonized biomass derived from pear tree pruning.METHODS AND RESULTS: The carbonized biomass was a mobile pyrolyzer with field scale, which a reactor was operated about 400~500℃ for 5 hours. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06 Mg/ha, C-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha, C-2. It was shown that the soil carbon pools were 49.3 Mg/ha for C-1, 57.8 Mg/ha for C-2 and 40.1 Mg/ha for the control after experimental periods. The contents of accumulated soil carbon pool were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with enhancing the carbonized biomass input amount. The slopes (1.496) of the regression equations are suggested that carbon storage from the soil was increased about 0.1496 Mg/ha with every 100 kg/ha of carbonized biomass input amount.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that application of carbonized biomass would be increased the soil carbon contents due to a highly stable C-matrix of carbonized biomass. More long-term studies are needed to be proved how long does carbon stay in orchard soils.

Is that possible to simulate daily runoff with one parameter? (하나 매개변수로 유출 모의 가능한가?)

  • Noh, Jaekyoung;An, Hyunuk;Lee, Jaenam
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2017.05a
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    • pp.29-29
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    • 2017
  • 유역의 물수지를 강수, 증발산, 토양수분저류, 유출 등 성분으로 구성하고, 토양수분저류 상태에 따라 증발산과 유출이 변화하는 식을 기본식으로 구성하였으며, 물수지를 개선하는 매개변수를 변수화하는 개념을 도입하여 다음 식의 모형을 개발하였다. 여기서, ETa는 실제증발산량, ETo는 잠재증발산량, Q는 유출량, S는 토양수분저류량이고, C1은 증발산, C2, ${\alpha}$는 유출반응, C3, C4는 매개변수 ${\alpha}$를 변수화시키는 데 관련한 매개변수이다. $$ETa(i)=(1-e^{-c1{\times}s(i)}){\times}ETo_{(i)}$$ $$Q_{(i)}=S_{(i)}{\times}(1-e^{-c2{\times}s(i)})^{[(c3+e^{-c4{\times}s(i)}){\times}a]}$$ 모형의 검증을 위해 Monte Calro 기법으로 최적 매개변수를 결정한 결과 수많은 매개변수 조합이 최적영역에 분포되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 매개변수 하나만 남겨 놓고 나머지 매개변수는 상수화시켜도 모의결과가 똑같다는 결과를 관찰하였으며, 이를 토대로 하나 매개변수만으로 일 유출 모의가 가능하다고 결론을 내렸다. 하나의 매개변수는 ${\alpha}$를 우선 추천하고, C1도 유역의 토지이용에 따라 증발산이 변화하기 때문에 의미있다고 판단하고 있다. 하나의 매개변수를 결정하는 방법은 유출 자료가 있으면 유출량으로, 없으면 유출률을 맞추는 방법이며, 일반화하기 쉽고 실용성이 매우 높은 것으로 평가된다. 유역면적 $209km^2$인 보령댐의 2007년부터 2009년까지 Monte Calro 기법으로 매개변수를 결정한 결과 C1=0.0196, C2=0.0023, C3=0.3230, C4=0.0051, ${\alpha}=2.3304$ 이었으며, 이 때 연평균 강우량 1221.2mm, 유출량 651.2mm, 유출률 53.3%이었으며, $R^2=0.833$, RMSE=2.073, NSE=0.831이었고, 관측 유출량 610.8mm, 유출률 50.0%였다. 매개변수 C1, C2, C3, C4를 고정시키고 유출률 50%에 이를 때 ${\alpha}$는 2.6946이었으며, 이 때 $R^2=0.831$, RMSE=2.102, NSE=0.826이었고, 매개변수 C2, C3, C4, ${\alpha}$를 고정시키고 유출률 50%에 이를 때 C1은 0.0255이었으며, 이 때 $R^2=0.833$, RMSE=2.083, NSE=0.829이었다. 한편 똑같은 자료로 탱크모형은 $R^2=0.79$, RMSE=2.43, NSE=0.77이었고, SWAT 모형은 $R^2=0.56$, RMSE=3.97, NSE=0.40으로 나타난 것과 비교할 때, 개발된 모형의 성능이 우수한 것이라 결론내릴 수 있었다.

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Nitrogenation of Coal Ash in the Presence of Carbon and Product Distributions of AlN, SiC and Si₃N₄ (석탄회의 탄소가 첨가된 질화반응과 AlN, SiC 그리고 Si₃N₄의 생성분포)

  • 양현수;홍원표;노재성;서동수;손응권
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.27 no.8
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    • pp.956-956
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    • 1990
  • A nitrogenation of coal ash in the presence of carbon was carried out to examine the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and carbon composition on the formation of AlN, SiC and Si3N4. Decreasing the particle size increased the formation of AlN and its maximum composition in the product was obtaiend under 1450∼1500℃, 2 hours of reaction time and about 30% of carbon addition(on the basis of sample weight). Compositions of SiC and Si3N4 were distributed to the opposite so that SiC showed a higher composition compared with Si3N4 at a lower temperature, a shorter reaction time and a greater carbon addition.

A study on the fabrication and properties of aluminum oxynitride spinel spinel(ALON) prepared by reaction sintering method (반응소결법을 이용한 Aluminum Oxynitride Spinel(ALON) 제조 및 특성연구)

  • 장복기;이종호;백용혁;문종하;신동선;임용무
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.320-326
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    • 1999
  • Aluminum oxynitride spinel (ALON) was synthesized by the direct melt nitridation (DMN) process using aluminum metal and aluminium oxide. The amount of ALON increased with increasing the reaction sintering temperature. The specimen containing up to 10 wt% Al showed ALON phase only when heat-treated beyond $1750^{\circ}C$. Whereas the specimen composed of more than 12 wt% Al showed unreacted AlN phase. Bulk density of reaction-sintered specimen was increased with increasing sintering temperature, except the speimen containing unreacted AlN where the density slightly decreased when heat-treated beyond $1750^{\circ}C$, Transgranular fracture mode was observed predominantly in the specimen with higher Al content.

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A study on the delectric and piezoelectric properties of the Pb($Zn_{1}$3$Nb_{2}$3/)$_{3}$-Ba($Zn_{1}$3/$Nb_{2}$3/)$P_{3}$-PbT$iO_{3}$ ceramics (Pb($Zn_{1}$3/$Nb_{2}$3/)$O_{3}$-Ba($Zn_{1}$3/$Nb_{2}$3)$O_{3}$ - PbT$iO_{3}$ 세라믹의 유전 및 압전특성에 관한 연구)

  • 박혜옥;이성갑;배선기;이영희
    • Electrical & Electronic Materials
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.233-241
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    • 1990
  • 본 연구에서는 xPb(Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_{3}$-yBa(Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_{3}$-zPbTiO(0.50.leq.x.leq.0.60, 0.10.leq.y.leq.0.20, 0.20.leq.z.leq.0.40)세라믹을 1050.deg.C에서 2시간동안 유지시켜 일반소성법으로 제작하였다. 시편 제작시 조성은 조성변태 상경계부근을 선택하였으며 Ba(Zn$_{1}$3/ Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_{3}$ 고용량에 따른 purochlore상의 억제 및 그 영향을 조사하고 구조적, 유전적 및 압전적 특성을 측정하였다. X-선 회절분석 및 미세구조의 관찰 결과, Ba(Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_{3}$의 고용량에 따라 pyrochlore상 및 미반응 물질등은 억제되어 0.20mol 고용된 시편에서는 균질한 perovskite상이 형성되었다. Ba(Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_{3}$의 고용량이 증가함에 따라 유전상수는 증가하여 0.50PZN-0.20BZN-0.30PT시편의 경우 6880.9의 높은 값을 나타내었으며 정전용량의 온도계수는 감소하여 0.383[%/.deg.C]의 양호한 값을 나타내었다. 큐리온도는 PbTiO$_{3}$의 고용량이 0.20mol에서 0.40mol로 증가함에 따라 30.deg.C에서 170.deg.C로 증가하였다. 전기기계 결합계수 (K$_{p}$), 기계적 품질계수(Qm) 및 압전전하 계수 (d$_{33}$)는 조성변태 상경계 부근의 조성에서 크게 나타났으며 0.60PZN-0.15BZN-0.25PT 시편의 경우 각각 58.5%, 120.5, 150x$10^{-12}$[C/N]의 값을 나타내었다.다.다.

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Evaluation of the evaporation estimation approaches based on solar radiation (일사량에 기초한 증발량 산정방법들의 적용성 평가)

  • Rim, Chang-Soo
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.165-175
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    • 2016
  • In order to examine the applicability, the evaporation estimation approaches based on solar radiation are classified into 3 different model groups (Model groups A, B, and C) in this study. Each group is tested in the 6 study stations (Seoul, Daejeon, Jeonju, Busan, Mokpo, and Jeju). The model parameters of each model group are estimated and verified with measured pan evaporation data. The applicability of verified model groups are compared with results of Penman (1948) combination approach. Nash-Sutcliffe (N-S) efficiency coefficients greater than 0.663 in all study stations indicate satisfactory estimates of evaporation. On the other hand, in the model verification process, N-S efficiency coefficients greater than 0.526 in all study stations indicate also satisfactory estimates of evaporation. However, N-S efficiency coefficients in all study cases except Model groups B and C in Busan are less than those of Penman (1948) combination approach. Therefore, it is concluded in this study that the evaporation estimation approaches based on solar radiation have capability to replace Penman (1948) combination approach for the estimation of evaporation in case that some meteorological data (wind speed, relative humidity) are missing or not measured.

The Effect of Construction Methods on Geothermal Exchange Rates of Cast-in-place Energy Piles (현장타설말뚝형 에너지 파일의 시공형태별 지중 열교환량에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Yong-Boo;Nam, Yu-Jin;Sim, Young-Jong;Sohn, Jeong-Rak
    • Land and Housing Review
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.169-175
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    • 2012
  • In recent, there are many studies associated with energy piles to save initial construction cost for ground source heat pump system. In this study, to evaluate geothermal exchange rates two types (a connection type and a slinky type) of cast-in-place energy piles (PRD, 4.5m in depth, 1,200 mm in diameter) were constructed for the tests and their efficiencies were compared with numerical analysis results. As a result, starting with operation, geothermal exchange rate gradually decreases due to exchange of lower ground temperature. In the case of connection type, temperature difference is $0.37^{\circ}C$ in heating mode and $0.34^{\circ}C$, in cooling mode, respectively. In addition, in case of a connection type, geothermal exchange rate in heating mode is 2,314W/m and in cooling mode, 252.2W/m whose value is 9% higher than in heating mode. In the case of slinky type, the average geothermal exchange rate in heating mode is 168.0W/m, which is about 27% lower than that of connection type.

A study on the dyeing-rate in single and mixture dyeing of silk with levelling and milling acid dyes (견섬유에 대한 산성 Levelling 및 Milling 염료의 단일 및 혼합염색에 있어서의 염색속도에 관한 연구)

  • 배도규
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.9-12
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    • 1991
  • A study on dyeing-rate for single and mixture dyeing of silk with acid dyes was carried out. Single and mixture dyeings were performed with levelling and milling dyes at 7$0^{\circ}C$ and at pH 3, pH 4 and pH 5, respectively. The results of this study were summerized as follows : 1. C. I. Acid Orange 7. A) At pH 3, dyeing-rate was more fast in the single dyeing than in mixture dyeing at the beginning of dyeing process. B) At pH 4 and 5, dyeing-rates tend to get very similar in single and mixture dyeing. 2. C. I. Acid Blue 138 A) At all pH value, dyeing-rates were more fast in the mixture dyeing than single dyeing at the beginning of dyeing. B) As the time increased, the difference of dyeing-rate and adsorption amounts between single and mixture dyeing was not shown.

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Nutrition Survey of Children of a Day Care Center in the Low Income Area of Pusan I. A Study on Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status (부산 시내 일부 저소득층 유아원 원아의 영양실태에 관한 연구 I. 영양섭취실태 및 건강실태 조사)

  • 이정숙
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.27-33
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    • 1993
  • A nutrition survey of 99 children, 3 to 6 years old, in the day care center, situated in Kamman-dong of Pusan, as the location of one of the socioeconomically vulnerable groups, was undertaken between July 1 and 14, 1992, to investigate dietary intake and nutritional status. The results are summarized as follows. Hematocrit value was 38.9%. Mean content of serum iron was 53.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$ and 17.2% of the subjects were below the borderline of anemia. Mean contents of serum total protein, serum albumin and serum complement $C_3$were at an acceptable level, But, 27% of the subjects were below the borderline of protein deficiency, Energy intake of the children was 68.6~87.5% of the RDAs and mean protein intake was 94.1~114.1% of the recommendation. Low intake of Ca, Fe, vitamin A, B$_1$, B$_2$, C, niarin were also found. The survey found 10% of the subjects skipped a meal once a day, The children intake 3.3~5.5 kinds of the food every meal. The following percentages of the children intake below 75% of the RDAs ; 68% of the children for Fe, 60.2% for vitamin C, 58.3% for niacin, 58.2% for Ca, 46.6% for energy, 37.9% of vitamin B$_2$, 37.8% of vitamin B$_1$.

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Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the PSS-PT-PZ ceramics doped with $La_2$O_3 ($La_2$O_3가 첨가된 PSS-PT-PZ 세라믹의 유전 및 압전특성)

  • 이성갑;박인길;류기원;이영희
    • Electrical & Electronic Materials
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.198-206
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    • 1992
  • (P $b_{1-x}$L $a_{x}$)[(S $b_{1}$2/S $n_{1}$2/) $Ti_{y}$ Z $r_{1-y}$] $O_{3}$(0.leq.x.leq.0.04, 0.25.leq.y.leq.0.40) 세라믹을 1250[.deg.C]에서 2시간동안 유지시켜 일반 소성법으로 제작하였으며 조성 및 L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$첨가량에 따른 구조적, 압전적 특성을 관찰하였다. L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$의 첨가량이 3-4[mol%]인 경우 La-rich의 pyrochlore상이 형성되었다. 시편의 평균결정립 크기는 1-2[.mu.n]의 크기를 나타내었으며 PbTi $O_{3}$조성이 증가함에 따라 다소 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 각 조성의 시편에 대해 PbTi $O_{3}$ 및 L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유전상수는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 상전이 온도인 큐리온도는 PbTi $O_{3}$조성이 감소할수록 L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 압전 전하계수 및 전기기계 결합계수는 L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$첨가량 및 PbTi $O_{3}$조성에 따라 증가하였으며 L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$가 4[mol%]첨가된 0.10PSS-0.40PT-0.50PZ 시편에서 각각 250x$10^{-12}$[C/N], 29.7[%]의 최대값을 나타내었다. 기계적 품질계수는 L $a_{2}$ $O_{3}$첨가량 및 PbTi $O_{3}$조성이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 0.10PSS-0.25PT-0.65PZ 시편에서 138의 최대값을 나타내었다.다.

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