• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.220.1-220.1
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• 2011

In recent years, the importance of Carbon Capture and Storage (hereafter CCS) is growing bigger and bigger. The development and commercialization of CCS technology are concerned for reducing carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emissions. For the most studies, the technology of $CO_2$ storage is known as the geological storage, ocean sequestration, mineral carbonation, industrial utilization, and so on. The geological storage is adjudged the most reasonable technology from economic and environmental aspects. Generally, the $CO_2$ geological storage is comprised of compression - transportation - drilling/injection - storage/management process. The critical problem is a leakage of $CO_2$ in all process. For resolving a leakage problem, it is necessary to predict and build a monitoring system. Those systems are proved safety of a leakage and received positive social perceptions of $CO_2$ geological storage. For those reasons, a risk assessment of $CO_2$ geological storage is required. A risk assessment is an estimated process of the possible effects when spilling $CO_2$. Although numerous studies of risk assessment have studied, it is incomplete to evaluate a risk and disaster quantitatively. The risk assessment will be developed for domestic application and safe $CO_2$ geological storage considering characteristics of Korea.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.133-160
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• 2018

$CO_2$ storage is a very important technology for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and has been considered as almost the only viable and effective option for immediate large-scale $CO_2$ sequestration. Small-scale demonstration project for offshore $CO_2$ storage in the Pohang Basin is the transitional stage R&D program for technological preparation of large-scale $CO_2$ storage project in Korea. Through the extensive exploration research for prospective $CO_2$ storage sites, the offshore strata in the Pohang Basin was recommended for the storage formation of the small-scale demonstration project. The Pohang Offshore Storage Project launched at 2013, and has accomplished the technical demonstration and technological independence in a wide range of $CO_2$ storage technology, such as geophysical exploration, storage site characterization, storage design, offshore platform construction, injection-well drilling and completion, deployment of injection facility, operation of $CO_2$ injection, and $CO_2$ monitoring. The project successfully carried out $CO_2$ test injection in early 2017, and achieved its final goal for technical development and demonstration of $CO_2$ storage in Korea. The realization of $CO_2$ injection in this project is the measurable result and has been recorded as the first success in Korea. The Pohang Offshore Storage Project has a future plan for the continuous operation of $CO_2$ injection and completion of $CO_2$ monitoring system. The project has provided in-house technical and practical expertises, which will be a solid foundation for the commercial-scale $CO_2$ storage business in Korea. Additionally, the project will help to secure national technical competitiveness in growing international technology market for $CO_2$ storage.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

This study is to identify quantitatively the function of carbon dioxide emissions reduction due to temperature and energy reduction according to direct carbon dioxide storage, shade provision, and evaportanspiration of urban park. According to the result of study, landscape tree indicated high carbon dioxide storage effect compare to bush, in which broadleaf tree indicated higher storage function than coniferous tree. It is believed to be the storage of carbon dioxide can be increased by increasing the composition rate of forest plants in the urban park. According to the direct estimation result of carbon dioxide storage in terms of example area, storage of carbon dioxide is estimated to be "seoul a zone" $476,818.8kg{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "anyang b zone" $186,435.7{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "daejeon c zone" $262,826{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "kwangju d zone" $231,657.8{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$. The carbon dioxide storage per unit area estimated to be "seoul a zone" $3.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "anyang b zone" $5.0{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "daejeon c zone" $2.6{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "kwangju d zone" $5.6{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$. The result of indirect carbon dioxide reduction effect estimated to be "seoul a zone" $291,603.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "anyang b zone" $165,462.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "daejeon c zone" $141,719.2{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "kwangju d zone" $154,803.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$. Carbon dioxide reduction potential amount through the urban park was increased to 1.6 times to 1.8 times when calculated to the indirect effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.03a
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• pp.291-294
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• 2010

$CO_2$ is known as the major source of the green house effect and the volume produced from electricity generation and transportation sector in Korea constitutes the large portion. In order to reduce the green house effect, several treatment methods can be the major research topics such as the scheme to fundamentally restrict the production of $CO_2$ creation, to perfectly sequestrate the produced $CO_2$, to reuse the separated $CO_2$, or to permanently dispose $CO_2$ in an appropriate storage site. Among of them, R&D strategy and geotechnical research issues are explored in this paper in an effort to realize geological storage for the sequestrated $CO_2$ in local storage sites. $CO_2$ is known as the major source of the green house effect and the volume produced from electricity generation and transportation sector in Korea constitutes the large portion. In order to reduce the green house effect, several treatment methods can be the major research topics such as the scheme to fundamentally restrict the production of $CO_2$ creation, to perfectly sequestrate the produced $CO_2$, to reuse the separated $CO_2$, or to permanently dispose $CO_2$ in an appropriate storage site. Among of them, R&D strategy and geotechnical research issues are explored in this paper in an effort to realize geological storage for the sequestrated $CO_2$ in local storage sites.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2008

To mitigate the climate change and global warming, various technologies have been internationally proposed for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Especially, in recent, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is regarded as one of the most promising emission reduction options that $CO_2$ be captured from major point sources (eg., power plant) and transported for storage into the marine geological structure such as deep sea saline aquifer. The purpose of this paper is to review the latest progress on the development of technologies for $CO_2$ storage in marine geological structure and its perspective in republic of Korea. To develop the technologies for $CO_2$ storage in marine geological structure, we carried out relevant R&D project, which cover the initial survey of potentially suitable marine geological structure fur $CO_2$ storage site and monitoring of the stored $CO_2$ behavior, basic design for $CO_2$ transport and storage process including onshore/offshore plant and assessment of potential environmental risk related to $CO_2$ storage in geological structure in republic of Korea. By using the results of the present researches, we can contribute to understanding not only how commercial scale (about 1 $MtCO_2$) deployment of $CO_2$ storage in the marine geological structure of East Sea, Korea, is realized but also how more reliable and safe CCS is achieved. The present study also suggests that it is possible to reduce environmental cost (about 2 trillion Won per year) with developed technology for $CO_2$ storage in marine geological structure until 2050.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.396-400
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• 1985

For investigation of the optimum gas composition for CA storage of Shingo pear, the pears were kept at 8 different $O_2/CO_2$ concentrations for 5 months and checked in some indices related in storability and sensory quality after storage and transfer to air at $20^{\circ}C$ for 1 week. The pears kept in all the CA storage conditions in this experiment, especially in $3%\;O_2-3%,\;CO_2$, were lower in weight loss than the pears kept in cold room. Immediately after storage decay rates of the pears stored at CA storage conditions except $3%\;O_2-3%,\;CO_2$ and $3%\;O_2-4%,\;CO_2$ were more serious than that of the pears stored at cold room, and the rates of the pears, especially stored at cold room, were rapidly increased by exposure to $20^{\circ}C$ after storage. The highest soluble solid content and firmess were shown in the pears stored at the CA storage condition of $3%\;O_2-3%,\;CO_2$, and the pears stored at the conditions of $3%\;O_2$ and $4%{\sim}5%\;CO_2$ had the highest acidity. In sensory evaluation the pears kept at the conditions of $3%O_2-3%$, 4% and 5% $CO_2$ maintained a good quality after storage and after storage and transfer to air at $20^{\circ}C$ for 1 week.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2013

Anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily through radiative forcing from carbon dioxide, continue to challenge earth's climate. This study quantified $CO_2$ storage and uptake by dominant forest types and age classes in the middle region of Korea. In addition, the role of forest landscapes in reducing atmospheric $CO_2$ against $CO_2$ emissions based on energy consumption was evaluated. Mean $CO_2$ storage and uptake per unit area by woody plants for three forest types and four age classes were estimated applying regression equations derived to quantify $CO_2$ storage and uptake per tree; and computations per soil unit area were also performed. Total $CO_2$ storage and uptake by forest landscapes were estimated by extrapolating $CO_2$ storage and uptake per unit area. Results indicated mean $CO_2$ storage per unit area by woody plants and soils was higher in older age classes for the same forest types, and higher in broadleaved than coniferous forests for the same age classes, with the exception of age class II (11-20 years). $CO_2$ storage by broadleaved forests of age class V (41-50 years) averaged 662.0 t/ha (US$331.0 hundred/ha), highest for all forest types and age classes evaluated. Overall, an increased mean $CO_2$ uptake per unit area by woody plants was evident for older age classes for the same forest types. However, decreased $CO_2$ uptake by broadleaved forests at age class V was observed, compared to classes III and IV with an average of 27.9 t/ha/yr (US$14.0 hundred/ha/yr). Total $CO_2$ storage by woody plants and soils in the study area was equivalent to 3.4 times the annual $CO_2$ emissions, and woody plants annually offset the $CO_2$ emissions by 17.7%. The important roles of plants and soils were associated with 39.1% of total forest area in South Korea, and $CO_2$ emissions comprised 62.2% of the total population. Therefore, development of forest lands may change $CO_2$ sinks into sources. Forest landscape management strategies were explored to maintain or improve forest roles in reducing atmospheric $CO_2$ levels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.668-673
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• 2000

The influence of storage atmosphere on ethylene production, quality attributes and storage injury of 'Tsugaru' apples was investigated. Apples were stored in 1% $O_2+1%\;CO_2,\;1%\;O_2+3%\;CO_2,\;3%\;O_2+1%\;CO_2,\;3%\;O_2+3%\;CO_2$ and air at $0^{\circ}C$ for 5 months. Ethylene production was more suppressed by 1% $O_2$ than 3% $O_2$ atmospheres regardless $CO_2$ levels. The loss of flesh firmness and the decrease of titratable acidity were not significantly different among the storage atmospheres until 3 months of storage but more retarded by 1% $O_2$ than 3% $O_2$ atmospheres thereafter. Soluble solid content was unaffected by the storage atmosphere, but the content tended to be increased until 2 months of storage and then not varied. Ethanol content increased up to a peak level followed by a gradual loss during storage in CA but increased continuously in air. In the sensory evaluation after storage for 5 months, hardness, tartness and overall acceptability of apples stored in 1% $O_2$ atmospheres were significantly higher than those stored in the others. There was no fruit injury or off-flavor production resulting from the 1% $O_2$ atmospheres. The incidence of bitter pit was reduced as storage $O_2$ level decreased. The results show that the optimum conditions of CA storage for 'Tsugaru' apples are $0^{\circ}C$ and 1% $O_2+1{\sim}3%\;CO_2$.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.7
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• pp.1232-1236
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• 2010

In this Paper, optimal capacity of energy storage and amount of $CO_2$ reduction in Jeju is calculated. Based on electricity demand data of Je-Ju from 2006 to 2007, the estimation electricity demand from 2009 to 2018 is performed. To calculate the amount of maximum $CO_2$ reduction and energy storage capacity in Jeju, the 4th power supply planning and IPCC guideline are used. Finally, Optimal capacity of energy storage and the amount of $CO_2$ reduction are showed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.311-330
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• 2023

Development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technique is becoming increasingly important as a method to mitigate the strengthening effects of global warming, generated from the unprecedented increase in released anthropogenic CO₂. In the recent years, the characteristics of basaltic rocks (i.e., large volume, high reactivity and surplus of cation components) have been recognized to be potentially favorable in facilitation of CCS; based on this, research on utilization of basaltic formations for underground CO₂ storage is currently ongoing in various fields. This study investigated the feasibility of underground storage of CO₂ in basalt, based on the examination of the CO₂ storage mechanisms in subsurface, assessment of basalt characteristics, and review of the global research on basaltic CO₂ storage. The global research examined were classified into experimental/modeling/field demonstration, based on the methods utilized. Experimental conditions used in research demonstrated temperatures ranging from 20 to 250 ℃, pressure ranging from 0.1 to 30 MPa, and the rock-fluid reaction time ranging from several hours to four years. Modeling research on basalt involved construction of models similar to the potential storage sites, with examination of changes in fluid dynamics and geochemical factors before and after CO₂-fluid injection. The investigation demonstrated that basalt has large potential for CO₂ storage, along with capacity for rapid mineralization reactions; these factors lessens the environmental constraints (i.e., temperature, pressure, and geological structures) generally required for CO₂ storage. The success of major field demonstration projects, the CarbFix project and the Wallula project, indicate that basalt is promising geological formation to facilitate CCS. However, usage of basalt as storage formation requires additional conditions which must be carefully considered - mineralization mechanism can vary significantly depending on factors such as the basalt composition and injection zone properties: for instance, precipitation of carbonate and silicate minerals can reduce the injectivity into the formation. In addition, there is a risk of polluting the subsurface environment due to the combination of pressure increase and induced rock-CO₂-fluid reactions upon injection. As dissolution of CO₂ into fluids is required prior to injection, monitoring techniques different from conventional methods are needed. Hence, in order to facilitate efficient and stable underground storage of CO₂ in basalt, it is necessary to select a suitable storage formation, accumulate various database of the field, and conduct systematic research utilizing experiments/modeling/field studies to develop comprehensive understanding of the potential storage site.