• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.1417-1427
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• 2019

In this study, we evaluated the performance of a commercial pixelated cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector for spectroscopy and identified its feasibility as a Compton camera for radiation monitoring in a nuclear power plant. The detection system consisted of a $20mm{\times}20mm{\times}5mm$ CZT crystal with $8{\times}8$ pixelated anodes and a common cathode, in addition to an application specific integrated circuit. The performance of the various radioisotopes $^{57}Co$, $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, and $^{137}Cs$ was evaluated. In general, the amplitude of the induced signal in a CZT crystal depends on the interaction position and material non-uniformity. To minimize this dependency, a drift time correction was applied. The depth of each interaction was calculated by the drift time and the positional dependency of the signal amplitude was corrected based on the depth information. After the correction, the Compton regions of each spectrum were reduced, and energy resolutions of 122 keV, 356 keV, 511 keV, and 662 keV peaks were improved from 13.59%, 9.56%, 6.08%, and 5%-4.61%, 2.94%, 2.08%, and 2.2%, respectively. For the Compton imaging, simulations and experiments using one $^{137}Cs$ source with various angular positions and two $^{137}Cs$ sources were performed. Individual and multiple sources of $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, and $^{137}Cs$ were also measured. The images were successfully reconstructed by weighted list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization method. The angular resolutions and intrinsic efficiency of the $^{137}Cs$ experiments were approximately $7^{\circ}-9^{\circ}$ and $5{\times}10^{-4}-7{\times}10^{-4}$, respectively. The distortions of the source distribution were proportional to the offset angle.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2009년도 정보 및 제어 심포지움 논문집
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• pp.357-359
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• 2009

In this paper, the 2.4GHz doppler radar system consisting of the doppler radar module and a baseband module were designed to detect heartbeat and respiration signal without direct skin contact. A bio-radar system emits continuous RF signal of 2.4GHz toward human chest, and then detects the reflected signal so as to investigate cardiopulmonary activities. The heartbeat and respiration signals acquired from quadrature signal of the doppler radar system are applied to the pre-processing circuit, amplification circuit, and the offset circuit of the baseband module. ECG(electrocardiogram) and reference respiration signals are measured simultaneously to evaluate the doppler radar system. As a result, the respiration signal of doppler radar signal is detected to 1m without complex digital signal processing. The sensitivity and calculated from I/Q respiration signal were $98.29{\pm}1.79%$, $97.11{\pm}2.75%$, respectively, and positive predictivity were $98.11{\pm}1.45%$, $92.21{\pm}10.92%$, respectively. The sensitivity and positive predictivity calculated from phase and magnitude of the doppler radar were $95.17{\pm}5.33%$, $94.99{\pm}5.43%$, respectively. In this paper, we confirmed that noncontact real-time heartbeat and respiration detection using the doppler radar system has the possibility and limitation.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

A DE-side LBP tilting pad journal bearing of a 1-stage overhung heat-pump compressor in a propylene process exhibited abnormal high-temperature behavior. Its temperature had been relatively high at $78^{\circ}C$ from the beginning of operation. In 2014, after three years of operation, it increased suddenly and reached $103^{\circ}C$. Installing a varnish removal equipment and others managed to stabilize the temperature at $95^{\circ}C$. We undertook a troubleshooting approach for reviewing the comprehensive status and integrity of the temperature design of the bearing. We performed lubrication and heat-balance analysis, based on the design engineering data and documents supplied by the OEM. For the base design data of DE-side TPJB, evaluating the effects of key design variables on bearing metal temperature showed that firstly, increasing the bearing clearance and supply oil flow-rate, and next, changing the oil type, and finally, increasing the machined pad clearance and offset, are more effective in reducing the bearing metal temperature. Furthermore, a clarification meeting with the OEM revealed that an incorrect decision had been made to decrease the bearing clearance to eliminate the SSV harshness issue, while not maintaining a sufficient oil flow-rate. We conducted a detailed retrofit design analysis, wherein we increased the oil flow-rate and bearing clearance by decreasing the preload. We predicted that the bearing temperature would decrease to $63^{\circ}C$ from $75.7^{\circ}C$ even at the rerate condition. Finally, after installing and operating a retrofit replacement bearing in 2015, the bearing temperature stabilized at a low temperature of $65^{\circ}C$. Currently (January. 2017), two year later, the bearing metal temperature remains at $65^{\circ}C$. Therefore, we can conclude that the abnormal high-temperature behavior of the bearing has been resolved completely.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study concerns the wheelchair-based rehabilitation of elderly people, investigating muscle activity and coordination of upper limbs during wheelchair-based new millennium health gymnastics with varying elbow exercise velocity. METHODS: Twelve elderly people participated in new millennium gymnastics twice per week during 12-weeks. The group was separated into 0.4, 1.0, and 1.6 Hz groups (controlled by the metronome speed). Range of motion was measured by electrogoniometer, electromyography signals used root mean square values. The data application was normalized using reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). Upper limb (wrist and elbow joint) data gathered while standing up after the "falling on hips" was investigated in terms of coordination of angle-angle plots. One-way ANOVA, paired t-test and Scheffe's post hoc comparisons, were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: There were results taken before and after the experiments. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the triceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis of the 0.4 Hz group (p<.05). There was significant difference in the triceps brachi of the 1 Hz group. No significant differences were found in all muscles of the 1.6 Hz group. Muscle co-activation indexes of the 0.4 Hz group were larger than the others. The 0.4 Hz graph was turning point synchronized clockwise. The 1 Hz graph was out of phase with the negative slope. The 1.6 Hz graph was turning point synchronized counterclockwise, and uncontrolled factor phase was offset on angle-angle plots. CONCLUSION: It is found that improvement of muscle activity and upper limbs coordination of elderly people using wheelchair-based new millennium gymnastics is optimal with elbow exercise velocity with a frequency of 0.4 Hz.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2024

Once the foundation displacement of the transmission tower occurs, additional stress will be generated on the tower members, which will affect the seismic response of transmission tower-line systems (TTLSs). Furthermore, existing research has shown that the reciprocating slippage of joints needs to be considered in the seismic analysis. The hysteretic behavior of joints is obtained by model tests or numerical simulations, which leads to the low modeling efficiency of TTLSs. Therefore, this paper first utilized numerical simulation and model tests to construct a BP neural network for predicting the skeleton curve of joints, and then a numerical model for a TTLS considering the bolt slippage was established. Then, the seismic response of the TTLS under foundation displacement was studied, and the member stress changes and the failed member distribution of the tower were analyzed. The influence of foundation displacement on the seismic performance were discussed. The results showed that the trained BP neural network could accurately predict the hysteresis performance of joints. The slippage could offset part of the additional stress caused by foundation settlement and reduce the stress of some members when the TTLS with foundation settlement was under earthquakes. The failure members were mainly distributed at the diagonal members of the tower leg adjacent to the foundation settlement and that of the tower body. To accurately analyze the seismic performance of TTLSs, the influence of foundation displacement and the joint effect should be considered, and the BP neural network can be used to improve modeling efficiency.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2007

험준한 산지에 위치한 광릉 KoFlux 슈퍼사이트는 기복이 진 지형과 산골 순환으로 인해 풍속이 약한 것이 특징이다. 따라서 에디 공분산 방법을 이용한 플럭스 관측에 좌표회전이 미치는 효과를 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 세 가지의 직교 좌표 체제 (이중, 삼중 및 planar fit 회전)의 특징을 살펴 보고, 이들을 광릉 슈퍼사이트에서 관측된 플럭스 자료에 적용하였다. 'Planar Fit(PF)' 좌표회전으로부터 유추해 낸 초음파 풍속계의 연직 풍속의 평균 차감은 대략 $\pm0.05ms^{-1}$이었다. 바람이 부는 경우, 이중 회전 $(\bar{v}=\bar{w}=0)$에서 산출된 열, 수증기 및 $CO_2$의 난류 플럭스는 PF 회전에서 나온 결과와 거의 같았다. 그러나 바람이 잔잔한 경우에는 이중 회전이 큰 값의 편의를 나타내었다. 대기 지표층의 중요한 스케일링 모수인 마찰 속도는 좌표 회전 방법의 선택에 따라 더 민감하게 반응하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2018

본 연구는 일반인에게 안전한 실내공기질 개선수단으로 인식되는 공기정화식물의 효율적 적용을 위해 실내공조에 요구되는 총풍량 확보가 가능한 식생기반 바이오필터 시스템을 제안하고자 했다. 시스템의 정량적 성능평가는 강의실형태의 실험실 체적 $332.73m^3$ 내 16명의 재실자 조건에서 목업단위 시스템의 공조 성능, 실내공기질 및 쾌적지표 개선효과에 대한 시계열 분석으로 진행되었다. 우선, 시스템 구동을 통해 총 $1,411.22m^3/h$의 유출 총풍량을 확보하여, 4.24 ACH의 환기율을 제공할 수 있었다. 실내온도는 $1.6^{\circ}C$, 흑구온도는 $1.0^{\circ}C$ 감소가 확인되었으며, 상대습도는 24.4% 상승한 최대 82.0%까지 증가하였다. 상대습도 급증에 따른 쾌적도 감소현상은 송풍기 구동에 따라 발생되는 실내기류로 상쇄되는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 시스템 가동에 따른 공기질 개선지표 중 $PM_{10}$은 39.5% 감소한 평균 $22.11{\mu}g/m^3$을 기록하였다. 반면, $CO_2$는 최대 1,329 ppm까지 지속적으로 농도가 상승했는데, 이는 광도조건이 광보상점을 만족하지 못해 적용 식물과 재실자에서 방출되는 $CO_2$가 처리되지 못한 것으로 해석된다. 실내쾌적지표의 경우 PMV는 평균 83.6 % 감소된 -0.082, PPD는 평균 47.0% 감소된 5.41%에 수렴하여 식생기반 바이오필터 구동에 의해 높은 쾌적범위의 실내공간조성이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구의 한계는 소수 참여인원과 단기간 실험으로 인하여 시스템의 성능 규명이 제한적인 부분이었으며, 보다 장기간의 실험을 통해 바이오필터에 도입된 식생의 생육상태에 따른 압력손실 변화, 미세먼지 저감에 대한 구체적인 메커니즘 규명 등의 후속연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.40-49
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• 2008

Mobile-DTV 응용을 위한 분수형 주파수 합성기를 1.8V $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정으로 설계하였다. VCO는 PMOS를 사용하여 위상잡음을 감소시켰고, 인덕터와 캐패시터, 버렉터(varactor)를 선택적으로 스위칭하는 기법을 적용하여 측정 결과 800MHz-1.67GHz 대역에서 동작이 가능한 것을 확인하였다. VCO 이득 곡선의 선형 특성을 개선하기 위해서 버렉터 바이어스 기법을 사용하였고, 개수를 2개로 최소화 하였다. 추가적으로 버렉터 스위칭 기법을 사용해서 VCO 이득 저하 특성을 개선하였다. 또한, VCO 주파수 교정 블록을 사용해서 VCO 이득 저하를 개선하면서, VCO 이득의 간격을 일정하게 유지하도록 설계하였다. 분수형 주파수 분주비를 위한 시그마-델타 변조기의 설계 시 통합 모의실험 기법(co-simulation method)을 적용해서 설계의 정확성과 효율성을 향상시켰다. VCO와 PFD, CP, LF는 Cadence Spectre를 이용하여 검증하였고, 분주기는 Spectre와 Matlab Simulink, ModelSim, HSPICE를 이용하여 검증하였다. 주파수 합성기의 전체 소모 전력은 1.8V 전원 전압에서 18mW이고, VCO의 주파수 영역은 최대 주파수의 약 52.1%가 되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 VCO의 위상 잡음은 1GHz, 1.5GHz, 2GHz 출력 주파수에서 1MHz 오프셋에서 -100dBc/Hz 이하의 잡음 특성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.523-542
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• 2024

Hanwoo and Jeju Black cattle (Jeju Black) are native breeds of Korean cattle. Jeju Black cattle are recognized as natural monuments and are known to exhibit slower growth rates compared to Hanwoo. While several studies have analyzed the genetic characteristics of these cattle, there has been limited research on the differences in their microbiome. In this study, rumen fluid was obtained from three Hanwoo steers and three Jeju Black steers, and three different diets (total mixed rations [TMRs] for growing, early fattening, and late fattening periods) were used as substrates for in vitro fermentation. The in vitro incubation was conducted for 3 h and 24 h following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. After both incubation periods, fermentation characteristics were analyzed, and ruminal microbiome analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, employing both QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. The results revealed significant differences in the ruminal microbiota due to the inoculum effect. At the phylum level, Patescibacteria and Synergistota were found to be enriched in the Jeju Black inoculum-treated group. Additionally, using different inocula also affected the relative abundance of major taxa, including Ruminococcus, Pseudoramibacter, Ruminococcaceae CAG-352, and the [Eubacterium] ruminantium group. These microbial differences induced by the inoculum may have originated from varying levels of domestication between the two subspecies of donor animals, which mainly influenced the fermentation and microbiome features in the early incubation stages, although this was only partially offset afterward. Furthermore, predicted commission numbers of microbial enzymes, some of which are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fatty acids, and alpha amylase, differed based on the inoculum effect. However, these differences may account for only a small proportion of the overall metabolic pathway. Conversely, diets were found to affect protein biosynthesis and its related metabolism, which showed differential abundance in the growing diet and were potentially linked to the growth-promoting effects in beef cattle during the growing period. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that using different inocula significantly affected in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbiome features, mainly in the early stages of incubation, with some effects persisting up to 24 h of incubation.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2005

AMachine vision is a promising tool for the autonomous guidance of farm machinery. Conventional CCD camera for the machine vision needs a desktop PC to install a frame grabber, however, a web camera is ready to use when plugged in the USB port. A web camera with a notebook PC can replace existing camera system. Autonomous steering control system of this research was intended to be used for combine harvester. If the web camera can recognize cut/uncut edge of crop, which will be the reference for steering control, then the position of the machine can be determined in terms of lateral offset and heading angle. In this research, a white line was used as a cut/uncut edge of crop for steering control. Image processing algorithm including capturing image in the web camera was developed to determine the desired travel path. An experimental vehicle was constructed to evaluate the system performance. Since the vehicle adopted differential drive steering mechanism, it is steered by the difference of rotation speed between left and right wheels. According to the position of vehicle, the steering algorithm was developed as well. Evaluation tests showed that the experimental vehicle could travel within an RMS error of 0.8cm along the desired path at the ground speed of $9\sim41cm/s$. Even when the vehicle started with initial offsets or tilted heading angle, it could move quickly to track the desired path after traveling $1.52\sim3.5m$. For turning section, i.e., the curved path with curvature of 3 m, the vehicle completed its turning securely.