• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.7-8
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• 2000

Transgenic animals are very useful for scientific, pharmaceutical, and agricultural purposes. In livestock, transgenic technology has been used forthe genetic alteration of farm animals, the production of human proteins inlarge quantities in the milk of transgenic farm animals, and the generation of animals with organs suitable for xenotransplantation. To date, the transfer of foreign genes into farm animals has been performed mainly by microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized eggs. However, the overall success rate of transgenic animals in livestock so far has been disappointingly low, eg., the efficiency is 0∼5% in swine, and less than 1% in sheep and cattle, compared with the rate in mice where 5% microinjected develop into transgenic animals. Recently, McGreath et al. (2000) have succeeded in producing the gene targeted sheep by the use of nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells transfected with a foreign gene in vitro. However, we may need plenty of time until currently employ this method for gene transfer to farm animals. We have been studying to exploit the method for improving production efficiencies of transgenic animals with emphasis of its application to farm animals. The present paper describes three approaches that we have made in our laboratory to improve production efficiencies of transgenic animals, based on the DNA microinjection method. 1. Co-injection of restriction enzyme with foreign DNA into the pronucleus for elevating production efficiencies of transgenic animals. 2. Efficient selection of transgenic mouse embryos using EGFP as a marker gene. 3. Phenotypes of tansgenic mice expressing WAP/hGH-CAG/EGFP fusion gene produced by selecting transgenic embryos. 4. Efficient site-specific integration of the transgene targeting an endogenous lox like site in early mouse embryos.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-90
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• 2006

Background: There are many ways to provide superior analgesia for postoperative pain after abdominal surgery of which epidural analgesics with opioids and local analgesics are the most useful. In an effort to maximize the level of analgesia and to minimize the side effects, ketamine, midazolam, clonidine, and adrenalin can be co-administrated as an adjuvant. This study examined the analgesic effect and side effects of midazolam compared with those given an epidural injection of bupivacaine, fentanyl and ketamine. Methods: In a double blind randomized controlled trial, 50 patients received either fentanyl $0.3{\mu}g/kg/h$ and ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/h (Group FK) or fentanyl $0.3{\mu}g/kg/h$, ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/h and midazolam 0.4 mg/h (Group FKM), added to 0.125% of bupivacaine at a rate of as much as 2 ml/h, for patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) after low abdominal surgery. Ten minutes before surgery, the patients received either 10 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine or 10 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with the same amount of normal saline, added to fentanyl $50{\mu}g$. The pain score and the side effects were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: There was no difference in the pain score except for the VAS on coughing 1 hour after surgery. FKM group had fewer side effects. Conclusions: There was a better analgesic effect and fewer side effects with the addition of epidural midazolam to bupivacaine and fentanyl with ketamine formula. However, more study on the dose and route of administration will be needed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1993

This study was made to understand a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats by determining the activities of several enzymes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as several blood component levels such as glucose and ketone bodies, and non-esterified fatty acids. Albino rats (Sprague Dawley, 170-200g, 3) were injected once with 70mg streptozotocinhg body weight intraperitoneally and fed with ordinary diet for 7 days, and then the fat soluble fraction (5 mg~20 mg/day/rat) was injected intraperitoneally once a day for three days to rats having high blood glucose level over 340 mg/100ml. After a final injection of the fat soluble fraction, rats u.ere starved for 16 hours followed by the analysis of blood serum and liver enzymes. It was found that increased levels of glucose, ketone bodies and free fatty acids in streptozotocin induced rats were decreased appreciably by administration of the fat soluble fraction. However, the amount of administered fat soluble fraction did not show any significantly different hypoglycemic action. Decreased activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of the liver of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were greatly modified suggesting that a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction was also appreciable as ginseng saponin fraction. We also compared a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction prepared from American ginseng and Chinese ginseng with that of Korean pain ginseng. 핀o significant difference of the hypoglycemic activity was observed between the above ginseng fat soluble fractions, suggesting that a study of the fat soluble fraction might be one of the most interesting subjects relating to diabetic hyperglycemia in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2012

Aerosol slurry samples were collected in 60-min interval using Korean Semi-continuous Elements in Aerosol Sampler (KSEAS) between May 19 and June 6, 2010 at an urban site of Gwangju. The $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected with a flow rate of 16.7 L/min and particles are grown by condensation of water vapor in a condenser maintained at ${\sim}5^{\circ}C$ after saturation by direct injection of steam. The resulting droplets are collected in a liquid slurry with a airdroplet separator. Concentrations of 16 elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ti, V, Ni, Co, As, Se) in the collected slurry samples were determined off-line by ICP-MS. KSEAS sample analysis encompassed the sampling periods for which 24-hr average elemental species concentrations were calculated for comparison with those derived from 24-hr integrated filter samples. Relationship between elemental species measured by two methods indicated high correlation coefficients (r), mostly greater than r of 0.80. However, we note that concentrations of Al, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe, which are often associated with crustal elemental particles, in the KSEAS samples, were substantially lower (1.4~11 times) than those found in the typical filter-based samples. This discrepancy is probably due to difficulties in transferring insoluble dust particles to the collection vials in the KSEAS. Temporal profiles of elemental concentrations indicate that some transient events in their concentrations are observed over the sampling periods. For the elemental species studied, atmospheric concentrations during the transient events increased by factors of 4 in Mn~80 in Zn, compared to their background levels. Principle component analyses were applied to the hourly KSEAS data sets to identify sources affecting the concentrations of the metal constituents observed. In this study, we conclude that hourly measurements for particle-bound elemental constituents were extremely useful for revealing the short-term variability in their concentrations and developing insights into their sources.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2018

It has recently been reported that methanol fuel has been used in the product carrier with established duel fuel engine, which has been greatly reducing emissions of $CO_2$, NOx and SOx from the engine. However, to use methanol alone as fuel oil in a general diesel engine, design modification of cylinder head is needed because the ignition aid device or the duel fuel injection system is needed. On the other hand, only if the mixer is installed on the fuel oil supply line, diesel oil - methanol blending oil can be used as fuel oil for the diesel engine, but there is a problem of the phase separation when two fuels are mixed. In this study, diesel oil and methanol were blended compulsorily in preventing the phase separation with installing agitators and a fuel oil boost pump on fuel line of a test engine. Also, cylinder pressure and fuel consumption quantity were measured according to engine load and methanol blending ratio, and indicated mean effective pressure, heat release rate and combustion temperature obtained from the single zone combustion model were analyzed to investigate the effects of latent heat of vaporization of methanol on combustion stability and characteristics. As a result, the combustion stability and characteristics of 10% methanol blending oil are closest to the those of diesel oil, and it could be used as fuel oil in existing diesel engines without deterioration of engine performance and combustion characteristics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.443-457
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extracts of Scutellaria Radix on the alveolar bone formation in the extract socket of rat. Thirty-six Sprague-dawley rats were used in this study. Mean body weight of rat was $130{\pm}5g$. Experimental animal were administered 0.4% ,${\beta}-aminopropionitril$(Sigma, USA) with the solid commercial food for 5 days. All the maxillary 1st molar of the rats were extracted by using of the tissue forcep under the general anesthesia with Pentobarbital sodium(Tokyo Chemical Co, Japan) injection into intraperitoneal space. All the extracted rats were divided into two group, experimental group which were feeded the solid food mixed ethanolic extracts of Scutellaria Radix, and control group which were feeded same food without reagent. At 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 14th days after tooth extraction, rats in both groups were serially sacrificed respectively. All the specimen were treated as usual method and prepared Hematoxylin-eosin stain for the light microscopic observation. The results were as follows : 1. Bone formation of extracted socket starts from the area on remained periodontal ligament than other area. 2. In the case of administration of the extracted Scutellaria Radix showed rapid healing process of connective tissue than non-administrated group. 3. In the case of administration of the extracted Scutellaria Radixshowed rapid osteogenesis than non-administrated With above results, it was concluded that ethanolic extracts of Scutellaria Radix may play a favorable role on the healing process of exatraction socket after extraction in rats. It was suggested that further study to evaluate the different concentration and administration method of ethanolic extracts of the Scutellaria Radix into same experimental model.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.172-181
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• 2006

Flame retardant synergism of phyllite was studied in ABS resins containing brominated flame retardant(tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBA) or brominated epoxy oligomer(BEO)) and antimony trioxide($Sb_2O_3)$. Talc was used for the comparison purpose. ABS compounds were manufactured by a twin-screw co-rotating extruder and subsequently injection molded into several specimen for mechanical and thermal properties. Flame retardancy of ABS compounds measured by UL 94 vertical test with 1.6 mm thick bar specimen was enhanced by the replacement of antimony trioxide into phyllite or talc in the range of 12.5%(0.5 wt%) to 37.5%(1.5 wt%). Phyllite showed better synergistic effect comparing with talc especially for BEO. Only phyllite enhanced the flowability of ABS compounds. Notched Izod impact strength decreased with the proportion of phyllite or talc content. Phyllite could replace the antimony trioxide up to the content of 25%(1 wt%) to give better flame retardancy and flowability without darkening problem.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.336-338
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• 1993

The immunomodulating activity of Kp, an antitumor protein-polysacchanide preparation from the shake-cultured mycelia of Phellinus linteus, was investigated in ICR mice subcutaneously implanted wit $1\times10^6$ cells of sarcoma 180. The mice were intraperitoneally administered with Kp at a does of 100 mg/kg once daily for five consecutive days starting from 24 hrs after the tumor implantation. Ten days after the last injection, the mice were immunized with $1\times10^7$ or $4\times10^8$ sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and five days later, the antibody-forming immune response were assessed by direct hemolytic plaque assay. To an immunization does of $1\times10^7$ SRBC, the Kp-treated mice elicied a successful humoral immune response despite the turmor-burden and produced $259\times10^3$ plaque-forming cells (PFC)/spleen, while the corresponding tumor-bearing control mice showed virtually no reponse $(2.0\times10^3$ PFC/spleen) (the stimulation index=129.5). However, to an immunization dose of $4\times10^8$ SRBC, both of the control mice and Kp-treated mice showed almost the same level of strong humoral immune response. From these data it is clear that Kp effectively restores the humoral immune response of the turmor-bearing ICR mice.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.735-743
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• 2007

A grouting method is the way to effectively prevent pollutants from spreading into the ground during the digging process of groundwater. This study, based on the comparative study of grouting methods being generally accepted, suggests various construction methods which are suitable for geological structure as follows: In Jeju Island, it is very likely that rocks may fall in shuttered zones such as cracks, joints, scoria layers, and clinker layers. For this reason, it is recommended that materials be injected from the bottom toward the top, not from the top to the bottom. In the case where the amount of injected materials become too large in the areas of cracks or joints because of high level of permeability coefficient, grouting materials which smeared into surrounding areas may cause unwanted cut in the aquifer of the bottom level. To avoid this, the amount of water should be reduced from the typical water-cement ratio of 1:2, and grouting materials with larger grading should be used. If the deep excavation of ground is made in Jeju Island, it is likely to have lots of voids because of geological characteristics. Based on the results of this research, it is found that to construct interior casing, the centralizer should be attached to the casing to prevent the casing from being in contact with the counter fort. The grouting in Jeju Island should be thicker than usual. To avoid over-use of grouting materials, to prevent grouting in more than necessary zone, and to facilitate grouting of void areas, the flexible selection of materials is required. And, to exactly figure out the interior of dug well, an examination through CCTV should necessarily be performed when grouting work is in progress.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2000

Purpose : The rapid development and wide popularity of Digital EEG(DEEG) is due to its convenience, accuracy and applicability for quantitative analysis. These advantages of DEEG make one hesitate to use analog EEG(AEEG). To assess the advantage of DEEG system utilizing AEEG(DAEEG) over conventional AEEG and the clinical applicability, a DAEEG system was developed and applied to animal model Methods : Sprague-Dawley rat as status epilepticus model were used for collecting the EEG data. After four epidural electrodes were inserted and connected to 8-channel analog EEG(Nihon-Kohden, Japan), continous. EEG monitoring via computer screen was done from two rats simultaneously. EEG signals through analog amplifier and filters were digitized at digital signal processor and stored in Windows-based pentium personal computer. Digital data were sampled at a rate of 200 Hz and 12 bit of resolution. Acquisition software was able to carry out 'real-time view, sensitivity control and event marking' during continuous EEG monitoring. Digital data were stored on hard disk and hacked-up on CD-ROM for off-line review. Review system consisted of off-line review, saving and printing out interesting segment and annotation function. Results: This DAEEG system could utilize most major functions of DEEG sufficiently while making a use of an AEEG. It was easy to monitor continuously compared to Conventional AEEG and to control sensitivity during ictal period. Marking the event such as a clinical seizure or drug injection was less favorable than AEEG due to slowed processing speed of digital processor and central processing unit. Reviewing EEG data was convenient, but paging speed was slow. Storage and management of data was handy and economical. Conclusion : Relatively simple digital EEG system utilizing AEEG can be set-up at n laboratory level. It may be possible to make an application for clinical purposes.