• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal operating condition for the hydrogen production by biogas reforming using the plasmatron induced thermal plasma. The component ratio of biogas($CH_4/CO_2$) produced by anaerobic digestion reactor were 1.03, 1.28, 2.12, respectively. And the reforming experiment was performed. To improve hydrogen production and methane conversion rates, parametric screening studies were conducted, in which there are the variations of biogas flow ratio(biogas/TFR: total flow rate), vapor flow ratio($H_2O/TFR$: total flow rate) and input power. When the variations of biogas flow ratio, vapor flow ratio and input power were 0.32~0.37, 0.36~0.42, and 8 kW, respectively, the methance conversion reached its optimal operating condition, or 81.3~89.6%. Under the condition mentioned above, the wet basis concentrations of the synthetic gas were H2 27.11~40.23%, CO 14.31~18.61%. The hydrogen yield and the conversion rate of energy were 40.6~61%, 30.5~54.4%, respectively, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide($H_2/CO$) was 1.89~2.16.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the reaction of lipase-catalyst transesterification using animal fat recovered from fleshing scrap generated during leather making process. Transesterification reaction between fat and primary or secondary alcohol was carried out under the condition of immobilized enzyme catalyst. The conversion rate was the highest when 1.5 mole of methanol was injected by 4 times. As for lipase, Candida antarctica showed the highest conversion rate of 82.2% among the 4 different lipases. It was found that water contained in the fat causes lower conversion rate. The condition of 1.2wt. % of water in the fat decreased the conversion rate by 40%. It was considered that the resulted reactant, fatty acid ester could be used as raw material for biodiesel with the characteristics of not generating SOx and diminishing smoke.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.111.1-111.1
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• 2010

석탄가스화복합발전(IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)의 고온 고압 합성가스로부터 $CO_2$를 저비용으로 포집하기 위한 연소전 포집 기술 중 유동층 촉진수성가스전환(SEWGS) 공정이 제안되어 연구개발 중에 있다. 연소전 $CO_2$ 포집을 위한 SEWGS 공정은 동일한 2탑 순환 유동층 반응기에서 고온 고압의 합성가스($H_2$, CO)를 유동층 WGS 촉매를 사용하여 CO를 $CO_2$로 전환하는 동시에 전환반응으로 생성된 $CO_2$를 흡수제를 이용하여 포집하는 기술이다. 본 연구는 $CO_2$ 회수와 WGS 반응이 동시에 이루어지는 공정에 적용 가능한 건식 재생 흡수제 및 유동층 WGS 촉매 개발을 목표로 $CO_2$ 흡수제(P Series) 및 WGS 촉매(PC Series) 조성을 제안하고 분무건조기를 이용하여 6~8kg/batch로 성형 제조하였다. 제조된 $CO_2$ 흡수제 및 촉매의 특성 평가 결과 내마모도(Attrition resistance)를 포함한 물리적 특성이 유동층 공정의 요구조건을 만족하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 모사 석탄 합성가스를 이용하여 20bar, $200^{\circ}C$ 흡수/$400^{\circ}C$ 재생 조건에서 열중량 분석기(TGA) 및 가압 유동층(Fluidized-bed) 반응기를 통한 흡수제의 $CO_2$ 흡수능 평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과 내마모도(AI) 3% 이하로 기계적 강도가 우수하며, $CO_2$ 흡수능 17.6 wt%(TGA) 및 11wt%(가압 유동층)를 나타냈다. 유동층 WGS 특성 평가 결과 내마모도가 7~35%로 우수하였고, CO 전환율은 $200^{\circ}C$에서 80% 이상으로, 유동층 SEWGS 공정에 적용 가능한 특성을 확인하였다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.1129-1135
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• 1999

The reduction of $SO_2$ by CO over supported cobalt catalysts was investigated within the temperature range of $350{\sim}550^{\circ}C$, initial $SO_2$ concentration of 1000~10000 ppm, $CO/SO_2$ molar ratio of 1.0~3.0 and space velocity of $5000{\sim}15000h^{-1}$. Several types of supports such as ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$, $TiO_2$ were tested. The $SO_2$ conversion and selectivity to elemental sulfur were investigated using a differential fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. The catalyst prepared by wet impregration of 5 wt % cobalt on ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ showed $SO_2$ conversion higher than 90% and COS yield lower than 6% at temperature above $400^{\circ}C$. The optimum $CO/SO_2$ molar ratio was investigated as 2.0. At higher $CO/SO_2$ molar ratio, the $SO_2$ conversion became higher but the main product was COS. The effect of $SO_2$ concentration and space velocity over $SO_2$ conversion and COS yield was not appreciable in the experimental range. The activated cobalt phase was detected as $CoS_2$ and the $CoS_2$ phase unchanged even after reaction.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.776-783
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• 2010

Co and Ni catalysts supported on $Al_2O_3$ for partial oxidation of methane producing hydrogen were synthesized using impregnation to incipient wetness. The activities of these catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane was investigated at 1 atm and $CH_4/O_2=2.0$ in the temperature range of $450{\sim}650^{\circ}C$. The reaction activity of $Ni/Al_2O_3$ and $Co/Al_2O_3$ catalysts with different loading was investigated. And the beneficial effects of Ni addition to $Co/Al_2O_3$ and the promotional effects of Ce and La addition to $Ni/Al_2O_3$ and $Co/Al_2O_3$ were investigated. These catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDX. Comparing catalyst loadings, 10 wt% Co and 10 wt% Ni were found to be optimal at the experimental conditions. The 10 wt% $Ni/Al_2O_3$ and 10 wt% $Co/Al_2O_3$ catalysts in partial oxidation of methane showed $CH_4$ conversions and CO selectivity close to the thermodynamic equilibrium levels, but showed lower $H_2$ selectivity than equilibrium level. The addition of Ni to $Co/Al_2O_3$ exhibited higher $H_2$ selectivity but beneficial effect was not observed in the $CH_4$ conversion. Addition of Ce to $Co/Al_2O_3$ and addition of La to $Ni/Al_2O_3$ a improved the $CH_4$ conversion level and $H_2$ selectivity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.466-470
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to convert methane into hydrogen using a nanoporous catalyst in the $CO_2$ containing syngas generated from the gasified waste. For the purpose, $Ni/Al_2O_3$ catalyst was prepared with the one-pot method. According to analyses of the catalyst, three dimensionally linked sponge shaped particles were created and the prepared nanoporous catalysts had larger surface area and smaller particle size and more uniform pores compared to the sphere shaped commercial catalyst. The catalyst for reforming reaction gave the highest $CH_4$ conversion of 91%, and $CO_2$ conversion of 92% when impregnated with 16 wt% of Ni at the reaction temperature of $750^{\circ}C$. At that time, the prepared catalyst remarkably improved the $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ conversion up to 20% compared to the commercial one.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.230.1-230.1
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• 2010

조촉매(Promotor)인 Na은 수성가스전이(Water Gas Shift, WGS) 반응 시 생성된 포름산염의 C-H결합을 쉽게 분해하는 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 $Pt/CeO_2$ 촉매의 성능 향상을 위해 Na의 담지량을 변화시켜 촉매적 활성을 비교하여 보았다. 제조된 담체는 침전법(Precipitation)을 사용하여 제조하였으며 $500^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 소성하였다. Pt 담지량은 1wt%로 고정하였고 Na 담지량은 1 wt%~5 wt%로 변화를 주어 동시(공)-함침법(Co-incipient wetness method)으로 담지 시켰다. 반응 실험은 공간속도(Gas Hourly Space Velocity, GHSV) $45,385h^{-1}$에서 수행하였다. WGS 반응 결과 3 wt%의 Na이 담지된 $Pt/CeO_2$ 촉매의 경우를 제외하고 나머지 Na이 담지된 촉매들은 비교적 높은 CO의 전환율을 나타내었다. 특히 2 wt%의 Na이 담지된 $Pt/CeO_2$ 촉매는 가장 높은 CO의 전환율을 나타내었다. 따라서 Na 담지량의 변화가 포름산염의 C-H결합 분해에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.382-387
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• 2018

In this study, the reaction characteristics of combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CSCRM) reaction using Pd-Ni-YSZ catalyst were investigated according to types of catalysts and gas compositions. Catalysts were prepared in the form of powder and porous disk. The injected gases were supplied at different ratios of $CH_4/CO_2/H_2O$. As a result, the conversion of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ was improved as a result of using the porous disc type catalyst as compared with that of the powder type catalyst. When the $CH_4/CO_2/H_2O$ ratio of the feed gas was 1 : 0.5 : 0.5, the $H_2/CO$ ratio was adjusted close to 2. However, after 6 hours of the reaction, $CH_4$ conversion was partially reduced by the carbon deposition and the pressure drop increased from 0.1 to 0.8. This issue was then solved by optimizing the water content. As a result, it was confirmed that the durability was secured by preventing the carbon deposition when the gas was supplied at a $CH_4/CO_2/H_2O$ ratio of 1 : 0.5 : 1, and the conversion rate was maintained at a relatively high level.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.109-112
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• 2007

유동층 반응기를 이용한 프로판의 촉매 분해는 $CO_2$를 방출하지 않고 수소를 생성하는 새로운 방식이다. 카본블랙을 이용한 프로판 분해는 메탄보다 상대적으로 분해가 잘되며, 같은 온도에서 전환률이 높기 때문에 수소 생성량이 더 많다. 촉매로 사용된 카본블랙은 반응 중 생성되는 탄소의 침적에도 불구하고 8시간 이상 촉매의 활성이 유지되어 전환율이 일정하게 유지되었다. 프로판 촉매 분해 실험은 상압에서 600 ${\sim}$ $800^{\circ}C$ 온도 변화 실험을 수행하였고, 가스 유속 변화는 2.0 ${\sim}$ $4.0U_mf$에서 실험 조건 변화에 따른 실험을 하였다. 온도, 유속 변화에 따른 생성 가스의 몰분율과 프로판 전환율을 분석하였다. 프로판 분해에 의해 생성된 기체는 수소뿐만 아니라 메탄, 에틸렌, 에탄, 프로필렌과 분해되지 않은 프로판이 배출되었다. 수소를 제외한 여타 가스들은 고온에서 실험을 할수록 몰비가 줄어들었다. 고온에서 프로판의 전환율과 수소 수득률이 증가하였다. 프로판 분해 실험 전후의 카본블랙 표면의 변화는 FE-TEM으로 관측하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.871-877
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• 2018

Storing the surplus energy from renewable energy resource is one of the challenges related to intermittent and fluctuating nature of renewable energy electricity production. $CO_2$ methanation is well known reaction that as a renewable energy storage system. $CO_2$ methanation requires a catalyst to be active at relatively low temperatures ($250-500^{\circ}C$) and selectivity towards methane. In this study, the catalytic performance test was conducted using a pressurized bubbling fluidized bed reactor (Diameter: 0.025 m and Height: 0.35 m) with $Ni/{\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ (Ni70%, and ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$30%) catalyst. The range of the reaction conditions were $H_2/CO_2$ mole ratio range of 4.0-6.0, temperature of $300-420^{\circ}C$, pressure of 1-9 bar, and gas velocity ($U_0/U_{mf}$) of 1-5. As the $H_2/CO_2$ mole ratio, temperature and pressure increased, $CO_2$ conversion increases at the experimental temperature range. However, $CO_2$ conversion decreases with increasing gas velocity due to poor mixing characteristics in the fluidized bed. The maximum $CO_2$ conversion of 99.6% was obtained with the operating condition as follows; $H_2/CO_2$ ratio of 5, temperature of $400^{\circ}C$, pressure of 9 bar, and $U_0/U_{mf}$ of 1.4-3.