• 제목/요약/키워드: $COD_{cr}$

검색결과 332건 처리시간 0.023초

홀스타인 젖소 분뇨의 특성과 비료성분 및 오염물질 부하량 추정 (Characteristics of Manure and Estimation of Nutrient and Pollutant of Holstein Dairy Cattle)

  • 최동윤;최홍림;곽정훈;김재환;최희철;권두중;강희설;양창범;안희권
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제49권1호
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    • pp.137-146
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    • 2007
  • 2005년 말을 기준으로 우리나라의 농림업 생산액은 총 36.3조원으로 이중 축산업 생산액은 11.8조원으로 전체 생산액의 32.5%를 차지하여 가장 많은 비율을 점유하고 있으며(농림부, 2006), 유제품의 소비량도 꾸준히 증가하여 1인당 63.6kg의 우유․유제품을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다(농촌경제연구원, 2005). 이 같은 성장은 축산농가들이 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위해 그동안 보여준 각고의 노력과 꾸준한 투자의 결과로 평가되고 있으며, 이제는 축산물이 국민의 식생활에서 없어서는 안될 중요한 위치를 차지하게 되었다. 우리나라의 가축사육두수는 1970년대부터 해마다 계속 증가하여 2005년 말 현재 한우 1,819천두, 젖소 479천두, 돼지 8,962천두, 닭 109,628천수가 사육되고 있으며 사육농가의 전업화로 인하여 농가수는 점차 줄어들고 있는 반면에 농가당 사육두수는 증가하고 있는 실정이다(농림부, 2005). 농가당 평균 가축사육두수는 한우 8.8두, 젖소 51.7두, 돼지 671.4두, 닭 813.0수이며, 이중 부업이 아닌 전업농으로 볼 수 있는 한우 50두 이상의 사육농가가 전체 한우농가의 2.9%, 젖소 50두 이상 사육농가가 46.8%, 돼지 1,000두 이상의 농가가 21.6%, 닭 30,000수 이상의 농가가 1.0%를 차지하고 있어, 젖소가 다른 축종에 비해 전업농의 규모가 가장 많이 이루어졌다고 볼 수 있다(농림부, 2005). 따라서 매년 축산농가로부터 발생되는 분뇨의 양도 증가되고 있으며, 1990년초부터는 가축분뇨가 작물의 비료원으로 쓰이는 순기능보다는 환경오염의 한 요인으로 지목되면서 토양, 수질 및 대기오염이라는 역기능이 더 부각됨에 따라 도시근교의 낙농가, 초지나 사료작물포를 확보하지 못한 목장, 상수원 보호구역내에 위치한 목장에서는 분뇨처리에 고심을 하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 특히 체격이 크고 방목지 및 운동장 등의 야외에서 사육되는 경우가 많은 젖소는 다른 가축에 비해 분뇨배설량이 많을 뿐 아니라, 운동장 등 축사 외부에서 활동하는 시간이 많기 때문에 주변으로부터 환경을 오염시키는 주범으로 지목을 받아 왔다. 또한 조사료 생산기반인 동시에 생산된 분뇨를 환원해야 할 경지면적이 협소한 상황에서 이루어진 젖소의 규모확대는 가축분뇨의 토양에 대한 부하를 높이게 되었고, 하천의 수질을 오염시키는 환경오염의 주범으로 인식되어 왔다. 이와같은 대내외적인 요인으로 인해 낙농가들은 목장의 규모에 관계없이, 분뇨를 적절하게 처리하는 것이 목장관리에 필수적인 사항으로 인식하게 되었다. 가축분뇨는 2, 3차 산업에서 발생하는 폐기물과는 그 성격 자체가 판이하게 달라 제도적 접근 방식도 나라와 환경에 따라 현격하게 다르다. 미국과 EC의 경우는 가축분뇨 자체를 환경보전재(Natural Resource)로 규정하고 적정한 사용방법을 정립하여 계도(Guide) 하므로서 환경을 보전하는 적극적인 환경보전 제도를 채택하고 있으며, 일본의 경우는 방류수의 수질을 규제하는 소극적 환경보전 제도로 출발했으나 1993년부터는 환경보전형 농업(축산)으로 정책방향을 전환하여 실행해 오고 있다. 우리나라도 이미 1981년부터 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지제도(법)가 시행되어 왔으나 법의 시행으로부터 25년이 경과한 현재까지도 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염은 사회로부터 계속 지탄을 받고 있는 상태이다. 가축분뇨의 처리방식은 축종이나 농가 경영여건별로 크게 다르나, 궁극적으로는 경작지에 퇴비․액비 형태로 살포하여 이용하거나 또는 정화하여 방류하는 방법으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 젖소분뇨 또는 슬러리 처리에 필요한 시설 또는 활용계획을 세우기 위해서는 젖소로부터 배출되는 분뇨의 특성뿐만 아니라 오염물질 및 비료성분 배출량 추정이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 젖소분뇨를 효율적이고 적절하게 처리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고 국가단위 관리방안을 제시하기 위하여 수행하였다.

토지이용 특성을 고려한 소규모 농촌유역의 비점오염물질 유출특성 해석 (Characterization of Runoff Properties of Non-point Pollutant at a Small Rural Area considering Landuse Types)

  • 배상호;김원재;윤영한;임현만;김은주;박재로
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.654-663
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    • 2010
  • Attention has increasingly focused on the pollutant load discharged from rural area since the enforcement of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) in korea. As one of the methods to control the inflow of pollutant load during wet weather events, local governments are attempting to apply non-point source control facility. To design those facilities appropriately, it is essential to understand the runoff characteristics of pollutants such as TSS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Cr}$, TP and TN. In the paper, the quantitative analyses for pollutant runoff characteristics were examined in a small rural watershed with the area of about 53 hectares. For a dry weather day and wet weather events, variation patterns of dry weather flow and runoff characteristics of wet weather flows were monitored and investigated. The runoff model using XP-SWMM reflecting the landuse types of the watershed in detail was simulated to perform the sensitivity analyses for several factors influencing on their hydrograph and pollutographs. As a result, for the case of medium and small rainfall events (i. e. total rainfall of 35.8 and 17.5 mm), the impervious area including green house, roof and road which covers relatively low portion of total area (i. e. 16%) caused substantial first flush and the majority of total runoff load. Therefore, it has been concluded that the runoff characteristics of each pollutant and distribution of impervious area should be considered for the establishment of the control strategy of non-point pollutant runoff at a rural area.

미생물연료전지에서 공급기질에 따른 전기발생량 및 미생물 군집구조 비교 (Comparison of Electricity Generation and Microbial Community Structure in MFCs Fed with Different Substrates)

  • 유재철;조해인;조순자;이태호
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.608-613
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    • 2010
  • Electricity generation of microbial fuel cells (MFC) is greatly affected by the kind of feed substrates because substrates would change microbial community of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) able to transfer electrons to electrode. The effect of different substrates on electricity generation and microbial community of MFC was investigated. Two-chamber MFCs fed with acetate (A-MFC), butyrate (B-MFC), propionate (P-MFC), glucose (G-MFC) and a mixture (M-MFC) of the 4 substrates (acetate : butyrate : propionate : glucose = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 as $COD_{Cr}$ base) were operated under continuous mode. The maximum power density was found from the M-MFC ($190W/m^3$) which showed the lowest internal resistance ($89{\Omega}$). The maximum power densities of the pure substrates feed MFCs were in order of A-MFC ($25W/m^3$), P-MFC ($21W/m^3$), B-MFC ($20W/m^3$) and G-MFC ($9W/m^3$). In DGGE analysis, the microbial community structure in suspension was quite different from each others depending on feed substrates, while the community structure in the biofilm was relatively similar regardless of the substrates. This result suggests that the feed substrates would affect the microbial community of suspended growth bacteria than attached growth bacteria resulting in difference of electricity generation in MFCs.

제주도 서귀포시지역의 용도지역별 하수발생량 특성에 관한 연구 (A study on the characteristics of wastewater flowrate in land-use of Sogwipo-city in Cheju)

  • 정광옥;류성필
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.251-262
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    • 2004
  • To identify the characteristics of wastewater flow generated in treatment basins of Seogwipo-city, we selected 3 stations representing the basin and performed 7 times of field survey including 5 times in dry periods and 2 times in wet periods from Feb. 25 to May 27, 2002 for the selected stations. From the analysis of flow data measured for more than 60 days in the interval of 5 minutes and concentration data obtained from laboratory analysis, we can draw several conclusions. First, in the analysis of diurnal variation of wastewater flow for land-use types, we could find the following results: in the residential area, it is observed that wastewater flow rates rise early in the morning for the office-going hour and fall gradually and rise again after the office-leaving hour, showing typical residential wastewater flow pattern, while for the residential and commercial area flow rates rise early in the morning at the office-going hour and move up and down repeatedly within wide range and last till the office-leaving hour, which can be resulted from wastewater that is generated by tourists activated after early in the afternoon, while for the touristy area flow rates rise early in the morning and fall gradually and rise again within wide range. Second, in the analysis of temporal variation of wastewater flow for monthly, it can be observed that in the residential area, in the residential and commercial areas the flow rate of May is higher than that of Feb., March, while for the touristy area flow rate is without monthly because it reflects the movement of population, Third, in wet periods concentration of water-quality item such as SS, BOD, and COD_{cr}$ is high in the beginning of rainfall by first flush, and falls down gradually to reach the steady state, which is the level of wastewater in dry periods after the cease of storm water due to diluting effect resulting from additional runoff water through storm sewers.

가변형 간벽을 이용한 SBR 공정의 실증 Pilot 연구 (Positive Pilot Research of SBR Process with Flexible Vertical)

  • 김만수;박종운;박철휘
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제27권4호
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    • pp.438-444
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구에서는 가변형 간벽을 설치하고 이 가변형 간벽의 열고 닫음에 따라 하나의 SBR 반응조를 시간적으로 뿐만 아니라 공간적으로도 분리시킴으로써 aerobic, anaerobic 또는 anoxic 상태의 구분을 명확히 하여 탈질 및 탈인 효율을 증대시켰다. 본 연구 결과 $COD_{Cr}$/N ratio 10($BOD_5$/N ratio 5) 정도의 실 플랜트 조건에서 T-N 및 T-P 제거효율은 90.9%와 75%를 나타내었다. 또한 잉여슬러지내 인 함유량 조사결과 기존 처리장에서 발생된 잉여슬러지의 인 함량비율을 100%라 할 때 pilot plant에서 발생된 잉여슬러지의 인 함유율은 생 슬러지의 경우 133.6%, 건조 슬러지의 경우 124.3%로서 기존 처리장의 슬러지내 인 함유율보다 $25{\sim}30%$ 정도 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 SBR반응조 내에 가변형 간벽을 설치함으로서 명확한 탈질 탈인을 위한 반응조건을 제시해 줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

미생물 호흡률 측정에 의한 관거시스템 유형별 하수의 기질 분율 평가 (Assessment of the Organic and Nitrogen Fractions in the Sewage of the Different Sewer Network Types by Respirometric Method)

  • 박종부;허형우;강호;장성언
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제31권8호
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    • pp.649-654
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    • 2009
  • 산소소비속도 측정에 의한 미생물 호흡률 분석방법에 의해 하수의 유기물질과 미생물 분율을 평가하였다. 하수의 유기물과 미생물 분율은 생물학적 공정의 모델링을 위한 중요한 기초자료이다. 본 연구에서 하수의 유기물 분율을 측정한 결과, 미생물에 의해 분해가 빠른 유기물, 분해가 느린 유기물, 분해되지 않는 용존성 유기물, 분해되지 않는 고형 유기물과 종속영양미생물의 분율은 각각 26.6%, 41.5%, 8.5%, 14.7% 및 8.7%였다. 또한, 질소 분율을 측정한 결과, 질산성 질소, 암모니아성 질소, 용존성 비분해 유기성 질소, 용존성 분해 유기성 질소 및 분해가 느린 유기성 질소의 분율은 각각 약 3.7%, 64.9%, 4.7%, 9.4% 및 17.4%였다.

Efficient aerobic denitrification in the treatment of leather industry wastewater containing high nitrogen concentration

  • Kang, Kyeong Hwan;Lee, Geon;Kim, Joong Kyun
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.79-87
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    • 2015
  • To treat leather industry wastewater (LIW) containing high nitrogen concentration, eight aerobic denitrifiers were isolated from sludge existing in an LIW-treatment aeration tank. Among them, one strain named as KH8 had showed the great ability in denitrification under an aerobic condition, and it was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa R12. The aerobic denitrification ability of the strain KH8 was almost comparable to its anaerobic denitrification ability. In lab-scale aerobic denitrifications performed in 1-L five-neck flasks for 48 hr, denitrification efficiency was found to be much improved as the strain KH8 held a great majority in the seeded cells. From the nitrogen balance at the cell-combination ratio of 10:1 (the strain KH8 to the other seven isolates) within the seeded cells, the percentage of nitrogen loss during the aerobic denitrification process was estimated to be 58.4, which was presumed to be converted to $N_2$ gas. When these seeded cells with lactose were applied to plant-scale aeration tank for 56 day to treat high-strength nitrogen in LIW, the removal efficiencies of $COD_{Cr}$ and TN were achieved to be 97.0% and 89.8%, respectively. Under this treatment, the final water quality of the effluent leaving the treatment plant was good enough to meet the water-quality standards. Consequently, the isolated aerobic denitrifiers could be suitable for the additional requirement of nitrogen removal in a limited aeration-tank capacity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of aerobic denitrifiers applied to plant-scale LIW treatment.

발효된 1차 침전슬러지를 공급하여 간헐폭기조를 이용한 도시하수의 영양염류 처리 (Removal of Nutrients from Domestic Wastewater Using Intermittently Aerated Activated Sludge Systems Supplemented with Fermented Settled Sludge)

  • 원성연;이상일
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.18-23
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    • 2004
  • In this research, a 2-stage intermittently aerated activated sludge system(IA) and intermittently aerated dynamic flow activated sludge system(DF) were investigated for the removal of nutrients in domestic wastewater. Wastewater was characterized by low C/N( organics/nitrogen) ratio. $COD_{cr}$, $BOD_s$, TKN and TP concentrations of domestic wastewater were 235, 47, 32 and 5.4 mg/L, respectively. Three sets of IA and one set of DF were operated. Three of four systems were added with fermented settled sludge taken from primary settling tank as an external electron donor and the other(IA) for control reactor was operated without addition of electron donor. All systems were operated at same sludge retention time of 20 days and hydraulic retention time of 12hrs. The supplemental electron donor was supplied into the anoxic mode. A higher denitrification rate was observed from the reactors with fermented settled sludge as an electron donor for denitrification compared to that of without addition of organic source. The result of this study indicates that the settled primary sludge, if the fermented at the acid stage, was an excellent electron donor for denitrification. 81 % of TN and 80% of TP were removed from the systems with the supplemental organic source added. However, the control reactor without addition of electron donor showed only 39% of TN and 43% of TP.

호기성 그래뉼 슬러지를 이용한 연속 회분식 공정의 도시하수처리에 대한 적용 (Applicability of the SBR Process Using Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment)

  • 예재빈;류재훈;홍성완;김현구;안대희
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제27권4호
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    • pp.233-240
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to confirm the applicability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in the advanced sewage treatment process. Simulated influent was used in the operation of a laboratory scale reactor. The operation time of one cycle was 4 h and the reactor was operated for six cycles per day. The volume exchange ratio was 50%. The influent was injected in divisions of 25% to increase the removal efficiency of nitrogen in every cycle. As a result, the removal efficiencies of $COD_{Cr}$ and TN in this reactor were 98.2% and 76.7% respectively. During the operation period, the AGS/MLVSS concentration ratio increased from 70.0% to 86.7%, and the average $SVI_{30}$ was 67 mL/g. The SNR and SDNR were 0.073-0.161 kg $NH_4{^+}$-N/kg MLVSS/day and 0.071-0.196 kg $NO_3{^-}$-N/kg MLVSS/day respectively. These values were higher or similar to those reported in other studies. The operation time of the process using AGS is shorter than that of the conventional activated sludge process. Hence, this process can replace the activated sludge process.

외부탄소원 주입시 영양염류의 생물학적 제거를 위한 자동제어 SBR 공정에 관한 연구 (A Study on Autocontrolled SBR for Biological Nutrient Removal with External Carbon Sources)

  • 이병헌;강성재;임성일;유평종
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.371-377
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    • 2002
  • The purpose of this study is to develop effective operating process in order to achieve more suitable conditions of Anoxic-Oxic-Anoxic-Stripper(AOAS) SBR through real-time control. To improve the removal efficiency, glucose, methanol and synthetic food waste acid fermentant were added as an external carbon source, In the case of glucose and synthetic food waste acid fermentant, TN, TP were removed to average 86.9%, 73.0% respectively. Methanol was removed to average 64.6%, 55.4% respectively. The synthetic food waste acid fermentant proved to be the most efficient and allowed for the substitution of an external carbon source. The removal rate of $COD_{Cr}$, was approximately 90% at all cases. The results of the study that a correlation between ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential), pH and DO and nitrification or denitrification when an external carbon source is added and when it isn't was showed that ${\Delta}ORP$ is suitable parameter. ORP reacted properly to denitrification (${\Delta}ORP<-10$) and nitrification (${\Delta}ORP<0$). The use of real-time control saved anywhere between 61 and 67 minutes at the anoxic(1) stage and 26 to 52 minutes at the oxic(1) stage. When the time saved from the anoxic(1) and oxic(1) was added to the anoxic(2) stage for the removal efficiency of TN and TP increased from 0.7 to 13.9% and 12 to 35 % respectively.