• Title/Summary/Keyword: $CH_4$ emission

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Establishment of Baseline Emission Factor of Methane in Korean Rice Paddy Soil (국내 벼 논에서 메탄 기본배출계수 개발)

  • Kim, Gun-Yeob;Jeong, Hyun-Cheol;Ju, Ok-Jung;Kim, Hee-Kwon;Park, Jun-Hong;Gwon, Hyo-Suk;Kim, Pil-Joo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.359-365
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    • 2013
  • BACKGROUND: Methane ($CH_4$) emission is calculated using the default $CH_4$ emission factor as recommended by the International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC guidelines). However, the default emission factor has been derived using including the data from other countries having different soil and environmental conditions and may not reflect the real $CH_4$ emission rates in Korea. The objective of this study was to estimate the baseline emission factor of $CH_4$ in Korean paddy soils during rice cultivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Methane emission patterns were characterized in four different paddy soils across country for a consecutive 3 years during the rice cultivation period. Rice plants were cultivated under continuous flooding and fertilized using the recommended chemical fertilization in Korea ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=90-45-57kg/ha). The mean $CH_4$ emission rate was 2.32 kg $CH_4$/ha/day and the uncertainty of the investigated data was 21.7%, with a valuable error range at 1.82-2.82 kg $CH_4$/ha/day with a 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSION(S): Conclusively, the Korean paddy soils' baseline emission factor of $CH_4$ is approximately 2.32 kg $CH_4$/ha/day and can be used to estimate the $CH_4$ emissions more exactly.

Estimate of $CH_4$ Emission Factors in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (하수와 소화슬러지의 $CH_4$가스 배출원단위 산정에 관한 연구)

  • Yang, Hyung-Jae;Park, Jung-Min
    • Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.39-46
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    • 2008
  • In order to study the estimate of $CH_4$ emission factors in the municipal wastewater treatment plants, the active sludge process, 5-stage process, Denipho process, and SBR process were investigated. When active sludge process, 5-stage process, and Denipho process were used in wastewater treatment plant, the $CH_4$ emission factors were 2.88, 1.61, and 0.57 g-$CH_4/kg$-BOD, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of SBR process, it was 4.14 g-$CH_4/kg$-BOD. These results indicate that SBR process was effective for $CH_4$ emission in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Using the above processes, the methane emission factor and amount of waste water sludge were $4.78m^3/t$ and $12,204,506m^3/yr$, respectively. The remove of BOD was a range of $93.91{\sim}98.63%$.

Emission Characteristics of Greenhouse Gases (CH4, N2O) in Mechanically Ventilated Swine Farm during Winter Season (겨울철 강제환기식 돈사 내 온실가스 (CH4, N2O) 배출 특성 연구)

  • Park, Junyong;Jung, Minwoong;Jo, Gwanggon;Jang, Yu-Na
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.63 no.4
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    • pp.33-41
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    • 2021
  • The emission characteristics and emission factors were determined by measuring the concentration of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), the amount of ventilation, etc. in the two fattening rooms which have the same environment in winter. As a result of monitoring, the average concentration of CH4 and N2O was 20.7-26.7 ppm and 1.4-1.6 ppm. The average temperature inside the room was measured at 20.0-21.4℃, and the average ventilation was 1345.4-1567.3 m3/h. The daily emission of CH4 for the first 30 days showed a constant emission of 3.6-8.2 g/d/m2/pig, but thereafter, the emission increased rapidly. The daily emission of N2O was 0.7-1.3 g/d/m2/pig, showing stable emission during the test period, and relatively insignificant emission compared to the emission of CH4. After repeated test, it was confirmed that there was no significant difference between the two rooms. As a result, the CH4 6. 21 g/d/m2/pig and N2O 1.02 g/d/m2/pig average emission for each room was derived.

Changes in Crop Yield and $CH_4$ Emission from Rice Paddy Soils Applied with Biochar and Slow-release Fertilizer (논토양에서 바이오차르 투입 및 완효성비료 시용에 따른 메탄발생량과 작물생산량 변화)

  • Kim, Daegyun;Cho, Kwangrae;Won, Taejin;Bak, In-Tae;Yoo, Gayoung
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.327-334
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    • 2014
  • Emission reduction of $CH_4$ (methane gas) from rice paddy soil is a very important measure for climate change mitigation in agricultural sector. In this study, we investigated the changes in crop yield and $CH_4$ emissions in response to application of biochar and fertilizers. The experimental site is located in Hwasung, Kyunggido and experimental design is the split-plot method with three replicates. Treatments included rice straw (RS) and biochar (BC) amendments nested with the conventional NPK fertilizer (NPK) and slow release fertilizer (SRF). Control was also prepared with the soil with the conventional NPK fertilization with no amendment. Measurement of $CH_4$ emission was conducted during the growing season of 2014 using a dynamic chamber method. The results showed that application of rice straw increased daily $CH_4$ emission rate by 15%, while application of biochar reduced daily $CH_4$ emission rate by 38%. When we combined biochar application with slow release fertilizer, $CH_4$ emission was reduced by 45%. Further, the crop yield was also increased in all treatments compared with the control except for the treatment of rice straw application with slow release fertilizer. Overall results imply that biochar amendment to agricultural soil can be an effective strategy to decrease annual $CH_4$ emission with no reduction in crop yield.

Analysis of research trends in methane emissions from rice paddies in Korea

  • Choi, Eun-Jung;Lee, Jae-Han;Jeong, Hyun-Cheol;Kim, Su-Hun;Lim, Ji-Sun;Lee, Dong-Kyu;Oh, Taek-Keun
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.463-476
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    • 2017
  • Climate change is considered as the greatest threat to our future and descendants. The Korean government has set a target for 2030 to reduce emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 37% from the business-as-usual levels which are projected to reach 851 million metric tons of $CO_2eq$ (Carbon dioxide equivalent). In Korea, GHGs emission from agriculture account for almost 3.1% of the total of anthropogenic GHGs. The GHGs emitted from agricultural land are largely classified into three types: carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), methane ($CH_4$), and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$). In Korea, rice paddies are one of the largest agricultural $CH_4$ sources. In order to analyze domestic research trends related to $CH_4$ emission from rice paddies, 93 academic publications including peer reviewed journals, books, working papers, reports, etc., published from 1995 to September 2017, were critically reviewed. The results were classified according to the research purposes. $CH_4$ characteristics and assessment were found to account for approximately 65.9% of the research trends, development of $CH_4$ emission factors for 9.5%, $CH_4$ emission reduction technology for 14.8%, and $CH_4$ emission modeling for 6.3%, etc. A number of research related to $CH_4$ emission characteristics and assessment have been studied in recent years, whereas further study on $CH_4$ emission factors are required to determine an accurate country-specific GHG emission from rice paddies. Future research should be directed toward both studies for reducing the release of $CH_4$ from rice paddies to the atmosphere and the understanding of the major controlling factors affecting $CH_4$ emission.

NOx Emission Characteristics in Parametrically Varied Methane-Air Coflow Flames (메탄 분류 화염에서의 연소 조건에 따른 NOx 배출 특성)

  • Lee, Sang-Han;Oh, Chang-Bo;Lee, Chang-Eon
    • 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2000.05a
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2000
  • It was numerically studied that NOx emission characteristics of confined $CH_{4}$ jet flames with the variation of the diameter of inner fuel nozzle, the flow rate of $CH_{4}$ and equivalence ratio. Parabolic type equations were adopted in the calculation and GRI-2.1I mechanism was used for the chemical reaction. NOx emission index (EINOx) was introduced to evaluate NOx emission quantitatively in parametrically varied flames and the contribution of Thermal and Prompt NO mechanism was discussed. The results showed that Total EINOx varied sensitively with the variation of the flow rate of$CH_{4}$ but it was not sensitive to the variation of the diameter of inner fuel nozzle. Thermal EINOx showed the similar tendency to total EINOx and Prompt EINOx showed insensitivity to the variation of the diameter of inner fuel nozzle and the flow rate of $CH_{4}$.

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Seasonal Change of Rice-mediated Methane Emission from a Rice Paddy under Different Water Management and Organic Amendments (물 관리와 유기물 시용이 다른 논에서 벼 식물체를 통한 메탄 배출의 계절변화)

  • Shin, Yong-Kwang;Lee, Yang-Soo;Ahn, Jong-Woong;Koh, Mun-Hwan;Eom, Ki-Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.41-49
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    • 2003
  • Methane emission was measured in a rice paddy under different water management and organic amendments. Methane emission from planted chambers and unplanted chambers was monitored to evaluate the rice-mediated methane emission. In flooding methane emission from planted chambers with NPK, NPK(+P), was $0.174g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ while that from unplanted chambers with NPK, NPK(-P), was $0.046g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw compost amendment, RSC(+P), was $0.214g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chambers with rice straw compost amendment, RSC(-P), was $0.076g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw amendment in Fehruary, RS2(+P), was $0.328g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chambers with rice straw amendment in February, RS2(-P), was $0.1g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw amendment in May, RS5(+P), was $0.414g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chamhers with rice straw amendment in May, RS5(-P), was $0.187g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. In intermittent irrigation methane emission from NPK(+P) was $0.115g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from NPK(-P) was $0.041g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RSC(+P) was $0.137g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RSC(-P) was $0.06g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RS2(+P) was $0.204g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RS2(-P) was $0.09g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RS5(+P) was $0.273g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RS5(-P) was $0.13g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane transport via rice plant under flooding for NPK plot, RSC plot, RS2 plot and RS5 plot was 73.6%, 64.5%, 69.5% and 54.8%, respectively, and mean was 65.6%. Methane transport via rice plants under intermittent irrigation for NPK plot, RSC plot, RS2 plot and RS5 plot was 64.3%, 59.2%, 55.9% and 52.4%, respectively, and mean was 58.0%.

N2O and CH4 Emission from Upland Forest Soils using Chamber Methods (플럭스챔버에 의한 N2O와 CH4의 산림에서의 토양배출량 측정연구)

  • Kim, Deug-Soo;Kim, Soyoung
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.789-800
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    • 2013
  • $N_2O$ and $CH_4$, Greenhouse gas emission, Forest soil, Closed chamber technique, Soil uptake $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ are important greenhouse gases (GHG) along with $CO_2$ influencing greatly on climate change. Their soil emission rates are highly affected by bio-geo-chemical processes in C and N through the land-atmosphere interface. The forest ecosystems are generally considered to be net emission for $N_2O$; however, net sinks for $CH_4$ by soil uptake. Soil $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions were measured at Mt. Taewha in Gwangju, Kyeonggi, Korea. Closed chamber technique was used for surface gas emissions from forest soil during period from May to October 2012. Gas emission measurement was conducted mostly on daytime (from 09:00 to 18:00 LST) during field experiment period (total 25 days). The gas samples collected from chamber for $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ were analyzed by gas chromatography. Soil parameters were also measured at the sampling plot. GHG averages emissions during the experimental period were $3.11{\pm}16.26{\mu}g m^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $N_2O$, $-1.36{\pm}11.3{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $CH_4$, respectively. The results indicated that forest soil acted as a source of $N_2O$, while it acted like a sink of $CH_4$ on average. On monthly base, means of $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ flux during May (spring) were $8.38{\pm}48.7{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$, and $-3.21{\pm}31.39{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$, respectively. During August (summer) both GHG emissions were found to be positive (averages of $2.45{\pm}20.11{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $N_2O$ and $1.36{\pm}9.09{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $CH_4$); which they were generally released from soil. During September (fall) $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ soil uptakes were observed and their means were $-1.35{\pm}12.78{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ and $-2.56{\pm}11.73{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$, respectively. $N_2O$ emission was relatively higher in spring rather than other seasons. This could be due to dry soil condition during spring experimental period. It seems that soil moisture and temperature mostly influence gas production and consumption, and then emission rate in subsoil environment. Other soil parameters like soil pH and chemical composition were also discussed with respect to GHG emissions.

Methane Emission among Rice Ecotypes in Korean Paddy Soil (논 토양에서 벼 기상생태형별 $CH_4$ 배출양상 및 배출량 추정)

  • Lee, Kyeong-Bo;Lee, Deog-Bae;Lee, Sang-Bok;Kim, Jong-Gu;Kim, Yong-Woong
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.1-5
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    • 1999
  • This study was conducted to investigate methane emission among rice ecotypes in paddy soil (Jeonbug series). The varieties of rice involved early maturing short-grain variety, Samcheonbyeo, middle maturing variety, Hawsungbyeo and late maturing variety, Dongjinbyeo. The seasonal change of methane flux was high from ear formation stage to heading stage. It was found that the methane flux was tended to be lower in early maturing variety than in the mid-to-late maturing variety. The plots without rice straw reduced methane emission as much as 46% relative to rice straw application. The methane emission rate through rice stem was highly correlated with temperature fluctuation. Methane emission on ecotypes by rice straw application was 0.394 g $m^{-2}day^{-1}$ in early maturing variety (Samcheonbyeo), 0.407 g $m^{-2}day^{-1}$ in mid maturing variety(Hawsungbyeo), 0.411 g $m^{-2}day^{-1}$ in late maturing variety(Dongjinbyeo).

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Verification and Estimation of the Contributed Concentration of CH4 Emissions Using the WRF-CMAQ Model in Korea (WRF-CMAQ 모델을 이용한 한반도 CH4 배출의 기여농도 추정 및 검증)

  • Moon, Yun-Seob;Lim, Yun-Kyu;Hong, Sungwook;Chang, Eunmi
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.209-223
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study was to estimate the contributed concentration of each emission source to $CH_4$ by verifying the simulated concentration of $CH_4$ in the Korean peninsula, and then to compare the $CH_4$ emission used to the $CH_4$ simulation with that of a box model. We simulated the Weather Research Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model to estimate the mean concentration of $CH_4$ during the period of April 1 to 22 August 2010 in the Korean peninsula. The $CH_4$ emissions within the model were adopted by the anthropogenic emission inventory of both the EDGAR of the global emissions and the GHG-CAPSS of the green house gases in Korea, and by the global biogenic emission inventory of the MEGAN. These $CH_4$ emission data were validated by comparing the $CH_4$ modeling data with the concentration data measured at two different location, Ulnungdo and Anmyeondo in Korea. The contributed concentration of $CH_4$ estimated from the domestic emission sources in verification of the $CH_4$ modeling at Ulnungdo was represented in about 20%, which originated from $CH_4$ sources such as stock farm products (8%), energy contribution and industrial processes (6%), wastes (5%), and biogenesis and landuse (1%) in the Korean peninsula. In addition, one that transported from China was about 9%, and the background concentration of $CH_4$ was shown in about 70%. Furthermore, the $CH_4$ emission estimated from a box model was similar to that of the WRF-CMAQ model.