• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.429-433
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• 2016

Adsorption and precipitation of cadmium (Cd) could be dependent on rate of P addition and Cd level in soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine how addition rate of P affect mechanisms of Cd immobilization such as adsorption and precipitation in different levels of Cd in soil. Arable soils were spiked with inorganic Cd ($CdCl_2$) to give a total Cd concentration of 10, 100, and $1,000mg\;Cd\;kg^{-1}$. Monopotassium phosphate ($KH_2PO_4$, MPP) was selected as phosphate material and mixed with the pretreated arable soil at the rates of 0, 800, 1,600 and $3,200mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$. The mixture soils were incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks in dark condition. Soil pH decreased with increasing MPP addition rate in all levels of Cd but negative charge of soil increased, thereby reducing 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd. Soil solutions were undersaturated with respect to $CdCO_3$ and $Cd_3(PO_4)_2$ with all P addition rate in soil with low Cd level (${\leq}100mg\;Cd\;kg^{-1}$) but supersaturated in soil with high Cd level ($1,000mg\;Cd\;kg^{-1}$). From the above results, Cd solubility was controlled by precipitation of Cd minerals such as $CdCO_3$ and $Cd_3(PO_4)_2$ in soil with high Cd level but by Cd adsorption induced by increase in negative charge of soil with low level of Cd.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.160-169
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• 2009

$\gamma$-PGA는 우리 전통 콩 발효식품인 청국장의 끈적끈적한 점액성의 성분으로, 매우 다양한 기능을 가지고 있는 천연 소재이다. 이러한 $\gamma$-PGA가 아토피발진 억제 가능성을 알아보기 위해 NC/Nga 생쥐를 사용하여 in vitro 실험을 실시하였다. $\gamma$-PGA(PGA-HM, 분자량 300 kDa)를 초음파처리로 저분자화시킨 30 kDa 이하의 저분자 PGA-LM를 만들고, 고분자 PGA-HM과 PGA-LM을 사용하여 실험하였는데 동일한 결과를 얻어 PGA-LM 실험결과 중심으로 보고한 것이다. 아토피 피부발진 NC/Nga 생쥐의 비장에서 B 세포와 T세포를 순수 분리하여 항알레르기 작용에 대한 in vitro 실험을 실시하였다. PGA-LM은 hFCs에 대한 세포독성 실험에서 모든 농도에서 세포독성을 나타내지 않았다. PGA-LM이 B 세포 분화 및 활성화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여, NC/Nga 생쥐의 비장에서 순수 분리한 B 세포에 anti-CD40/rmIL-4로 자극한 결과, 대조군은 전사인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성화로 IL-$1\beta$, IL-6, 그리고 TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA의 발현이 증가되었다. 그러나 PGA-LM과 양성대조군인 rmIL-10 투여군은 염증사이토카인 IL-$1\beta$, IL-6 그리고 TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA 유전자 발현이 감소하였고, IL-10 mRNA 유전자 발현은 증가하였으나 TGF-$\beta$ mRNA의 유전자 발현은 대조군과 큰 차이가 나타나질 않았다. 또한 CD4+ T 세포에 PGA-LM $100\;{\mu}g/ml$를 처리한 후 4일간 동시 배양하여 CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+와 CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Treg 세포를 세포내 염색으로 분석한 결과에서는 CD4+IFN-$\gamma$+인 Th1 세포의 증가와 CD4+CD25+foxp3+ Treg 세포를 증가시켜 알레르기반응에서 우위한 Th2 세포에서 Th1 세포로 전환시키는 면역조절 역할을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 NC/Nga 생쥐에서 PGA-LM은 염증유전자 발현을 억제시키고 IFN-$\gamma$+의 증가 및 조절 T 세포의 유도로 아토피피부염의 피부발진을 치료하는 면역조절제로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.490-503
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• 2010

This study was carried out to know the effects of Gwanjul9-bang (hereinafter reffered to GJ9) on the inhibition of arthritis induced by collagen on DBA/1J mouse. For this purpose, GJ9 was orally administered to mouse with arthritis induced by collagen II. Cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, arthritis index, value of immunocyte in draining lymph node and paw joint, rheumatoid factor (IgG, IgM) in serum were measured in vivo. The cytotoxicity against hFCs was not measured in any concentration. The hepatotoxicity was low in GJ9 treated group compared with MTX group. The arthritis index was decreased significantly. In total cell counts of DLN and paw joint, the cells in DLN increased significantly while there was significantly decrease in paw joint. In lymph nodes, $CD19^+$, $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD4^+CD25^+$, $CD3^+CD49b^+$, $CD4^+CD44^+$, $CD3^+CD8^+$ cells increased significantly, $B220^+CD23^+$cells decreased significantly. In joints, $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD4^+CD25^+$, $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly. The levels of IgG and IgM was significantly decreased compared with control. Anti-collagen II in serum was significantly decreased compared with control. The degree of arthritis induced damage of joint of GJ9 group is slight compared with control group in histopathologic observation (Hematoxylin & Eosin, Masson's Trichrome). Comparison of the results for this study showed that GJ9 had immunomodulatory effects. So we expect that GJ9 should be used as a effective drugs for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune disease. Therefore we have to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2001

4원 화합물 반도체인 $Ag_2CdSnSe_4$ 및 $Ag_2CdSnSe_4$:$CO^{2+}$ 단결정을 화학수송법으로 성장시켜 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. 성장된 결정들은 wurtzite 결정구조로서 격자상수는 각각 a = 4.357 $\AA$, c = 7.380 $\AA$($Ag_2CdSnSe_4$:$CO^{2+}$)이었다. 298k에서의 광 흡수 측정으로부터 구한 에너지 띠 간격은 순수한 $Ag_2$CdSnSe의 경우 1.21eV, cobalt 불순물로 첨가한 $Ag_2CdSnSe_4$의 경우 1.02ev이었으며, cobalt를 불순물로 첨가함에 따라 190meV의 에너지 띠 간격의 감소를 보였다. $Ag_2CdSnSe_4$ 결정의 광 흡수 스펙트럼에서 4개의 흡수 피크들을 관측하였으며, 이들 피크 들은 $T_d$결정장내에서 스핀 - 궤도결합효과에 의한 $Co^{2+}$ 이온의 분리된 준위사이의 전자전이에 의한 것으로 설명되었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권2호통권70호
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• pp.126-136
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• 2007

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of Kuwonsimsin-hwan (KSS) was tested in methotrexate (MTX)-induced immunosuppressed SD rats. Methods : Methotrexate was fed to white rats once a day for 4 days. After the immune responses of the rats deteriorated, dried extracts of Kuwonsimsin-hwan mixed in water was fed to the rats once a day for 14 days. We then measured the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the percentage of B-cells, T-cells, CD3+CD4+T-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells and IL-2 productivity sampled from spleen and peripheral region. Results : (1) The number of lymphocytes and the percentage of T-cells and CD3+CD4+ T-cellsin peripheral blood increased significantly in the KSS group as compared with the control group. (2) The percentage of B-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood were not different statistically. (3) The percentage of T-cells in spleen and IL-2 productivity of spleen cells increased significantly in the KSS group as compared with the control group. (4) The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cells in spleen increased in KSS the group as compared with the control group but without statistical significance. (5) The percentage of B-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in spleen were not different statistically. Conclusion : It is concluded that Kuwonsimsin-hwan has immunostimulating effect on MTX-induced immunosuppressed SD rats.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.486-490
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• 1993

Cd4SnSea6 & Cd4SnSe6 : Co2+ single crystals were grown by the chemical transport reaction (CTR) method. The grown single crystlas crrystallize in the monoclinic structrue and have the direct band gaps. The energy gaps of them are 1.68eV for Cd4SnSea6 & Cd4SnSe6 : Co2+ at 293K. The impurity opticla absorption peaks due to cobalt dped with impurity appear at 4879cm-1, 5392cm-1 and 6247 com-1, and are attributed to the electron transitions between the split energy levels of Co2+ ion sited at Td symmetry of Cd4SnSe6 single crystal.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 $CD4^+$ T 세포를 일회성으로 감염시킬 수 있고 $CD4^+$ T 세포에 HIV-1 envelope 유전자를 전달할 수 있는 바이러스 입자를 생산하는 HIV-1 complementation system을 개발하였고 이 system을 이용하여 $CD4^+$ T 세포에 선택적으로 HIV-1 envelope 당단백질을 발현시켰다. 이 system은 Gag/Gag-Pol expressor와 Env expressor로 구성되어있다. Gag/Gag-Pol expressor는 바이러스 입자 생산에 필요한 구조단백질과 기능단백질을 발현시키지만 packaging signal이 결핍되어 바이러스 입자로 유전자가 들어가지 못하도록 제조되었다. Env expressor는 Tat, Rev와 envelope 당단백질을 발현시키고 packaging signal을 갖고 있어 바이러스 입자로 envelope 유전자가 들어가도록 제조되었다. Gag/Gag-Pol expressor로부터 Gag와 Gag-Pol의 발현은 Rev 단백질을 요구하였고 Env expressor로부터 Rev 단백질 이 제공될 때 Gag와 Gag-Pol 단백질은 효율적으로 발현되었다. Gag/Gag-Pol과 Env expressor로 cotransfection된 COS-1 세포에서 $CD4^+$ T 세포를 일회성으로 감염시킬 수 있는 바이러스 입자가 생산되었다. 생산된 바이러스 입자는 $CD4^+$ T 세포에 HIV-1 envelope 유전자를 전달하여 envelope 당단백질을 발현시켰고 복제 가능한 자손 바이러스의 생성을 유도하지 못하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 방법은 $CD4^+$ T 세포에서 envelope 당단백질의 기능을 분석하고 관심 있는 유전자를 $CD4^+$ T 세포에 전달하는 바이러스 입자의 생산에 이용할 수 있다.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제49권7호
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• pp.382-387
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• 2000

The $CdAl_2S_4 and CdAl_2S_4 : Co^{2+}$ single crystals were grown by the chemical transport reaction method using iodine as a transport agent. The $CdAl_2S_4 and CdAl_2S_4 : Co^{2+}$single crystals were crystallized into a defect chalcopyrite structure. The optical energy gap of the $CdAl_2S_4 and CdAl_2S_4 : Co^{2+}$ single crystals was found to be 3.377 eV and 2.924 eV, respectively, at 300 K. Blue emission with peaks in 456nm~466nm at 280K was observed in the $CdAl_2S_4$ single crystal. Optical absorption and emission peaks due to impurities in the $CdAl_2S_4 Co^{2+}$ single crystal were observed and described as originating from the electron transition between energy levels of the $Co^{2+} ion sited at the Td symmetry point.

• 센서학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2003

수평 전기로에서 $CdIn_2Te_4$ 다결정을 합성하여 Bridgeman 법으로 3단 수직 전기로에서 $CdIn_2Te_4$ 단결정을 성장하였다. 성장된 결정의 특성은 x선 회절과 광발광 측정으로 조사하였다. $CdIn_2Te_4$ 단결정 시료는 Laue에 배면 반사법에 의해서 (001)면으로 성장되었음을 확인하였다. Hall 효과는 van der Pauw 방법에 의해 측정되었으며, 온도에 의존하는 운반자 농도와 이동도는 293K에서 각각 $8.61{\times}10^{16}/cm^3$, $242\;cm^2/V{\codt}s$였다. $CdIn_2Te_4$ 단결정의 광흡수와 광전류 spectra를 293K에서 10K까지 측정하였다. 광흡수 스펙트럼으로부터 band gap $E_g(T)$는 Varshni공식에 따라 계산한 결과 1.4750eV - $(7.69{\times}10^{-3}\;eV/K)T^2$/(T+2147 K)임을 확인하였다. 막 성장된(as-grown) $CdIn_2Te_4$ 단결정 시료를 Cd-, In-, Te 분위기에서 열처리하여 10K에서 Photoluminescence(PL) spectra를 측정하여 점 결함의 기원을 알아보았다. $CdIn_2Te_4$ 단결정내에서 내재된 결함들의 기원을 10 K에서 광발광을 측정하여 연구되었다. PL 측정으로 부터 얻어진 $V_{Te}$, $Cd_{int}$, $V_{Cd}$, 그리고 $Te_{int}$는 주개와 받개로 분류되어졌다. $CdIn_2Te_4$ 단결정 시료를 Cd 분위기에서 열처리하면 n형으로 변환됨을 악 수 있었고, In 분위기에서 열처리하면 열처리 이전의 PL spectra를 보이고 있어서 $I_2$, $I_1$ 및 S.A emission에 의한 PL peak에는 영향을 주지 않는다고 보았다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2007

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease involving multiple joint. In order to access the suppressive effects of JTT on rheumatoid arthritis and it's effects on immune system we investigated whether JTT could suppress the disease progression of collagen-induced arthritis. DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. After a second collagen immunization, mice were treated with DW, JTT (200 or 400 mg/kg) or methotrexate (MTX, 30 mg/kg) as a positive control. Oral administration of JTT significantly suppressed the progression of CIA, which extend is comparable to that of MTX. Histological examination reveled that JTT inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells into affected paw joint and bone erosion and cartilage destruction were greatly reduced compared with control. Total cell number of spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood were significantly reduced. The absolute number of CD19$^+$, CD3$^+$/CD69$^+$, CD4$^+$/CD25$^+$ cell in spleen from JTT treated mice were significantly decreased. The absolute number of CD19$^+$, CD3$^+$, CD3$^+$/CD69$^+$, CD4$^+$, CD4$^+$/CD25$^+$ CD8$^+$, CD49b, CD3/CD49b cells in draining lymph node were significantly increased compared with control. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells of JTT treated mice, the absolute number of CD4$^+$, CD4$^+$/CD25$^+$, CD3$^+$/CD69$^+$ cells were significantly decreased compared with control, while that of CD49b$^+$ was slightly increased. Infiltration of CD3$^+$ cells and CD11b$^+$/Gr-1$^+$ cells into paw joint was significantly reduced in JTT treated mice. The levels of pathologic cytokines including TNF-a and IL-6 in serum were significantly decreased by oral treatment with JTT The levels of IFN-g in the culture supernatant of splenocyte stimulated with CD3$^+$/CD28$^+$ or collagen were dramatically decreased, while the levels of IL-4 was increased under CD3$^+$/CD28$^+$ or collagen stimulation. Rheumatoid factors including IgG, IgM and collagen specific antibody were present much lower in the serum of JTT treated mice than control. Taken together, JTT has suppressive effects on rheumatoid arthritis by modulating immune system, and has potential to use anti-rheumatic arthritic agent in human.