• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2003

The two experiments in this study compared litter nitrogen (N) contents after broiler chicks were raised for 42 days. Experiment I compared litter treated with aluminum sulfate (alum) [Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ㆍ14$H_2O$] (T$_1$) with nontreated litter (T$_2$) when the broiler chicks were fed the same levels of dietary protein (23% for 0∼3 weeks, 21% for 4∼6 weeks) Experiment 2 compared the alum treated litters of broiler chicks fed high protein diets (T$_3$) having 20.4% protein for 0∼3 weeks and 19.3% for 4∼6 weeks, with lower protein diets (T$_4$) having protein levels of 18.0% for 0∼3 weeks and 17.0% for 4 6 weeks. Each treatment had four replicate cages. As shown in Table 1, T$_1$ had a significantly (P<0.0l) lower pH and significantly (P<0.05) higher total N (TN), NH$_4$-N and inorganic N (IN) than T$_2$. T$_1$ and T$_2$ had similar moisture, organic carbon (OC), NO$_3$-N and organic N (ON). Alum treatment increased available N (AN) significantly (P<0.05) from 13.75$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 14.90$\pm$0.01 mg/g and predicted available N (PAN) significantly (P<0.05) from 15.00$\pm$0.0l to 16.50$\pm$0.02. The C : N ratios were 18.84$\pm$0.40 (T$_1$) and 19.46$\pm$0.10 (T$_2$) while the C : ON ratios were 28.49$\pm$1.15 (T$_1$) and 28.34$\pm$0.20 (T$_2$) although C : N ratios or C : ON ratios did not show any difference between T$_1$ and T$_2$. In Table 2, T$_3$ had significantly (P<0.05) higher moisture, TN, NH$_4$-N, ON and IN than T$_4$, while the pH, OC and NO$_3$-N were similar in both groups. The AN of T$_3$ increased significantly (P<0.05) from 10.99$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 12.98$\pm$0.03 mg/g, while the PAN increased significantly (P<0.05) from 12.39$\pm$0.10 mg/g (T$_4$) to 14.68$\pm$ 0.30 mg/g (T$_3$). The C : N ratios increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 20.07$\pm$0.20 (T$_3$) to 24.40$\pm$0.10 (T$_3$). The C : ON ratios also increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 28.99$\pm$1.15 (T$_3$) to 35.51$\pm$0.20 (T$_4$). These current research results show increased AN contents and PAN contents in alum treated litter or with increased CP levels regardless of alum treatment. However, none of the litters in this study could initially increase mineralization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2014

수중방전을 환경분야에 적용하기 위한 플라즈마 부상법이 개발되었다. 플라즈마 부상법은 물 속에서 발생시킨 플라즈마가 가지고 있는 주요특성 중 물리적 특징인 쇼크웨이브, UV조사, 버블생성 등과 화학적 특징인 OH라디칼 및 염소산화물 생성 등을 이용하여 물 속에 존재하는 용존성 및 입자성 물질을 부상분리 기법으로 제거하는 공법이다. 유기물을 제거하는 기작으로는 침전, 여과, 분해 등이 있고, 이를 구현하기 위한 공정으로 중력침강법, 부상분리법, 멤브레인법, 미생물법 등이 있다. 이 중에서 가압공기부상법은 침강법에 비해 부지면적을 적게 소모하고 처리시간이 50% 이상 감소되는 특징이 있다. 가압공기부상법은 물 속에 공기를 과포화시킨 후 노즐을 통해 재분사할 때 발생하는 압력차에 의해 미세기포가 발생함을 이용하여 유기물을 분리하는 공법이다. 그러나, 가압용 장비 및 반송수가 필요하고, 미생물분리는 불가능한 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 미생물살균과 유기물 분리가 동시에 일어나는 플라즈마를 이용한 부상분리기법을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서는 난분해성 용존유기물인 휴믹산 100 mg/L의 플라즈마 공기부상법에 의한 제거능을 확인하였다. 용존성 휴믹산을 입자성 물질로 전환하여 플록을 형성시키고자 알루미늄설페이트(Al2(SO4) $3{\cdot}18H2O$)를 100 mg/L 주입하였고, 침출수와 같이 염도가 높은 물을 모사하고자 35 g/L의 염화나트륨을 첨가한 상태에서 방전을 실시하였다. 방전에 사용된 전원은 EESYS사에서 제작한 펄스형 고전압 전원장치를 사용하였고 최대 15 kW의 출력 중 6 kW의 전력을 인가하였다. 전극 한 개는 2 mm 텅스텐봉을 세라믹튜브로 감싼 구조로 총 사용전극은 28개이다. 전극 한 개당 대략 200 Watt의 전력이 소모되며 이 때 최대의 버블이 생성됨을 확인하였다. 전극 1개에서 생성되는 버블의 부피는 14 mL/min 로 측정되었다. 버블의 크기는 평균 70 um이고 가압공기부상법에서 최적공기크기로 제시하고 있는 40~80 um 의 버블은 약 80% 가량 생성된다. 본 연구에서 사용된 반응시스템에서의 물의 높이는 약 500 mm 이고 전체 40 L의 수조가 3개의 벽으로 분리되어 4개의 수조로 분리되었다. 각 수조는 하부에 7개의 전극을 포함하고 있다. 플라즈마 발생시 생성되는 기포는 약 1분 방전 후에 포화농도에 도달하며 방전종료 후 약 4분간 수체 내에 남아있게 된다. 이를 공정에 적용하여 1분 방전 및 4분 휴지의 순서로 플라즈마를 인가하였다. 휴믹산 용액의 유량을 2 lpm 으로 운전하였을 때 최종 처리율은 94% 이고 이때의 대장균 살균능은 99%이다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.35-43
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• 2004

Radioprotective effects of ginseng extracts on liver damage induced by high energy x-ray were studied. To one group of ICR male mice were given white(50 mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) and fermenta ginseng extracts(500 mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) before irrdiation. To another group were irradiated by 5 Gy dose of high energy x-ray. Contrast group were given with saline(0.1 ml). This study also investigated the radioprotective effect between SOD, CAT, hydrogen peroxide and ginseng extracts on hepatic damage. This study measured the level of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) in liver tissue. Administrating orally white (50 mg/kg/day for 7days, orally) and fermenta ginseng extracts(500 mg/kg/day), the activity of SOD, CAT were generally increased and the hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) was decreased. After irradiation, the activity of SOD, CAT were generally decreased and the hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) was increased. Therefore, ginseng extracts increased antioxidative enzyme activity. And We know that the antioxidatant effect of extracts from white and fermenta ginseng protect radiation damage by direct antioxidant effect involving SOD, CAT. It was included that ginseng can protect against radiation damage through its antioxidatant properties.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.111-118
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• 1968

A pot experiment with $P^{32}$ was carried out to investigate the soil phosphorus availability to four leguminous forage crops and three graminaceous, of black volcanic ash soil and red one. Soil phosphorus was extracted with 6 different extractants and also fractionated in Fe, Al and Ca phosphorus. The results were: 1) Soil phosphorus availability was in decreasing order of Italian rye grass${\gg}$ soybean> cassia> corn> weeping love grass${\gg}$ Korean lespedeza> Red clover and they might be grouped into three levels by A-value, over 1000, 200-500 and below 40 $p_{2}O_{5}\;kg/ha$. 2) The amount of various available phosphorus and phosoborus fraction in the black soil was higher than that in the red soil. No difference in phosphorus availabiliy to forage crops was shown between two soils. Therefore an extractant able to draw out similar amount of phosphorus from two soil will be suitable for determining the phosphorus availability index. 3) Two extractants, one extracting 20 ppm as maximum and the other extracting 100 ppm as minimum will be recommendable for determining the availability of phosphorus; the former for red clover and Lespedeza and the latter for others. Truog method may be good for the former but no appropriate method for the latter was found in the methods used. 4) T/R ratios of legumes were negatively correlated at 5% level with % phosphorus from fertilizer (% pdF). Legumes showed below 50 of % pdF over 5 of T/R ratio and over 80 of % pdF below 5 of T/R.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.637-644
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• 1996

Interstitial pneumonitis associated with interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C was first describe6 in 1994 by Kazoo et al In Japan. The mechanism of interstitial pneumonitis developed by interferon alpha was still unknown but immunologic, allergic of direct lung toxicity were suggested. We experienced a case of interstitial pneumonitis developed during interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C in a 52-year-old male patient. He was treated with 6 million units of interferon alpha intramuscularly 3 times per week for 4 weeks and noted progressive dyspnea and cough. These symptoms were subsided after 6 weeks' discontinuation of interferon alpha therapy. And so, he was retreated with 3 million units of interferon alpha 3 times per week for 8 weeks and felt dyspnea again. He was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of progressive dyspnea. Arterial blood gas(ABG) values were $PaO_2$ 90.7 mmHg and $PaCO_2$ 31.9 mmHg, and antinuclear antibody(ANA) was negative. A chest X-ray film revealed diffuse reticulo-nodular shadows in bilateral lung fields, suggesting a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis. A marked increase in lymphocyte count and suppressor T cell were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid. Lymphocyte stimulation test with interferon alpha was positive. Interstitial pneumonitis was confirmed by transbronchial lung biopsy. After discontinuation of interferon alpha, we gave oral steroid in the condition that clinical symptoms were being improved gradually.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.368-372
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• 2008

Composting is a good strategy for management of livestock manure. However, it leads to large ammonia emissions and has a potential phosphorus runoff due to high content of soluble phosphorus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of alum on reducing ammonia emissions and stabilizing phosphorus during composting of pig manure. For this study, alum was applied at rates of 0 (No-Alum), 1.0 (Alum-L), and 3.0 (Alum-H) g Al $kg^{-1}$ pig manure and sawdust mixture (fresh matter basis). The thermophilic stage was quickly achieved in Alum-L and No-alum treatment, but it was delayed to 5 days in Alum-H treatment. The thermophilic stage was maintained for 2 weeks in all treatment. The pH of compost treated with alum remained below 8.0 for the 35 d but it was above 8.0 in No-Alum treatment. For the first 15 days of composting process, 93, 87, and 58% of total ammonia emissions were occurred in No-Alum-L and Alum-H, respectively. The Alum-H and Alum-L treatments reduced $NH_3$ volatilization by 31 and 78% compared with No-Alum treatment. Alum treatments shifted manure P form $H_2O$ and $NaHCO_3$ extractable P into NaOH extractable P which is very stable under acid and alkaline condition. Therefore, alum is a good chemical amendment for reducing ammonia emission during composting and potential losses of P following compost applications.

• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2023

Hydrogen has been gaining a lot of attention as a possible clean energy source that can aid in reaching carbon neutrality. Currently, hydrogen production has relied on the steam reforming of fossil fuels. However, due to the carbon dioxide emissions caused by this process, hydrogen production based on the steam reforming of bio-oil derived from biomass has been proposed as an alternative approach. In order to use this alternative approach efficiently, one of the key issues that must be overcome is that the complexity of bio-oil, which has a large molecular weight and diverse functional groups of hydrocarbons, promotes the catalytic deactivation of nickel-based catalysts. In this review, research efforts to improve nickel-based catalysts for the steam reforming of bio-oil have been discussed in terms of the active phase, support, and promoters. The active phases are involved in activating C-C and C-H bonds of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, and noble and transition metals can be utilized. In terms of the support and promoters, the catalytic deactivation of Ni-based catalysts can be inhibited by utilizing reactive lattice oxygen for support or by suppressing the acidity. The development of active and stable Ni-based reforming catalysts plays a critical role in clean hydrogen production based on bio-oils.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.448-468
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• 1996

To maintain its functional integrity, bone is continuously remodelled by a process involving resorption by osteoeclasts and formation by osteoblasts, In order to respond to changes in the physical environment or to trauma with the relevant action, this process is strictly regulated by locally synthesized or systemic fators, Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2$) is perhaps one of the best studied factors, having been known to affect bone cell function for several decades.$PGE_2$ has both anabolic and catabolic activities. Excess of $PGE_2$ has been implicated in a number of pathological states associated with bone loss in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. $PGE_2$ and other arachidonic acid metabolites have been shown to be potent stimulators of osteoclastic bone resorption in organ culture. The anabolic effects of $PGE_2$ were first noticed when an increase in periosteal woven bone formation was seen after the infusion of $PGE_2$ into infants in order to prevent closure of the ductus arteriosus. The cellular basis for the catabolic actions of $PGE_2$ has been well characterized. $PGE_2$increases osteoclast recruitment in bone marrow cell cultures. Also $PGE_2$ has a direct action on osteoclast serving to inhibit activity and can also indirectly activate osteoclast via other cells in the vicinity, presumably osteoblast. The cellular mechanisms for the anabolic actions of $PGE_2$ are not nearly so well understood. The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of $PGE_2$ and dibutyl(DB)cAMP on osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells and on the generation of osteoclasts from their precursor cells. The effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on the induction of alkaline phoaphatase(AlP) was investigated in osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells cultured in medium containing 0.4% fetal bovine serum. $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP stimulated ALP activity and MTT assay in the cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of lO-SOOng/ml. Cycloheximide, protein synthesis inhibitor, inhibited the stimulative effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on ALP activity in the cells. $PGE_2$also increased the intracellular cAMP content in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximal effect at 500ng/ml. The effect of $PGE_2$ on the generation of osteoclasts was investigated in a coculture system of mouse bone marrow cells with primary osteoblastic cells cultured in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum.After cultures, staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)-marker enzyme of osteoclast was performed. The TRAP(+) multinucleated cells(MNCs), which have 3 or more nuclei, were counted. More TRAP(+) MNCs were formed in coculture system than in control group. $PGE_2(10^{-5}10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in culture. $PGE_2(10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in coculture of osteoblastic clone MC3T3E1 cells This results suggest that $PGE_2$ stimulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and generation of osteoclast, and are involved in bone formation, as well as in bone resorption.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2019

총인처리시설에서는 응집제를 주입하여 인이나 오염물질을 침전시켜 처리하고 있으며 PAC(poly aluminum chloride)나 $FeCl_3$, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 등 다양한 종류의 응집제가 사용되어지고 있다. 하지만 기존에 사용되어 지고 있는 알루미늄계열의 응집제는 처리수에 잔류이온이 존재하게 되어 인체에 축적돼 알츠하이머 병 등 신체질환을 유발할 수 있는 단점이 있다. 따라서 이러한 단점을 사전에 예방하기 위해 $TiCl_4$와 같은 티타늄계열 응집제에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. $TiCl_4$ 응집제는 인 제거에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있으며 수중에 잔류이온을 유발하지 않으며 Ti이온은 치과임플란트나 의료장비로 사용될 만큼 인체에 무해하다고 알려져 있다. 응집제 사용에 따라 생성된 응집슬러지의 처리방안에 있어서 기존 응집제의 경우 생성된 슬러지의 대부분은 하수슬러지 위탁처리업체를 통해 소각 및 매립, 재활용 되고 있으나, $TiCl_4$를 응집제로 사용할 경우 생성된 슬러지를 인발하여 건조 및 소성을 통해 이산화티타늄으로 재활용할 수 있어 슬러지를 친환경적으로 처리가 가능해 기존 슬러지 처리방안의 경제적, 환경적 부담을 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 $TiCl_4$를 하수처리장 방류수에 주입하여 수중의 총인(T-P)을 처리한 후 생성된 슬러지를 인발하여 건조와 소성과정을 거쳐 이산화티타늄을 제조하였다. 방류수를 취수해 2.5mg/L의 초기 총인 농도를 가진 원수를 제조하였으며 제조된 원수에 $TiCl_4$를 0.6mL 주입하였을 때 99.93%의 총인제거효율을 얻을 수 있었다. 응집 실험 후 생성된 슬러지를 인발하여 건조 후 $300{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$의 각각 다른 온도조건에서 소성하여 이산화티타늄을 제조하였으며, SEM과 XRD를 통해 제조된 이산화티타늄의 표면특성과 결정성 분석을 실시하였다. 제조된 이산화티타늄은 $500{\sim}800^{\circ}C$에서는 아나타제, $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$에서는 루타일 결정구조가 나타났다. 또한, $TiCl_4$ 주입량에 따른 이산화티타늄의 최종 생산량과 제조 시 사용되는 건조로 및 소성로의 경제적 비용 등을 고려하여 이산화티타늄 1Ton을 제조하기 위해 필요한 단가를 산출하였다. 본 연구에서 제조된 이산화티타늄 1kg의 생산단가는 약 5,400원으로 나타났으며, 가장 많이 사용되는 P-25 광촉매 보다 저렴한 가격으로 제조 및 판매를 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 하수처리장에 적용 시 기존 응집제 보다 비싼 $TiCl_4$ 비용을 보완하고 친환경적인 슬러지 처리로 제조된 이산화티타늄의 유통 및 현장적용을 통해 경제적, 환경적으로 우수하다고 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 1981

The changes in chemical compositions of chestnuts were tested during processing in order to elucidate the effects of heat treatments such as boiling, steaming and roasting on the flesh compositions. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The chemical compositions of raw chestnuts were: moisture, 59-61%; total sugar, 24-27%; crude fat, 0.3%; crude fiber, 0.6-0.9%; ash, 1.0%; amino nitrogen, 0.3%; vitamin C, 20-22 mg%; and tannin, 40-48%. 2. The moisture contents were increased to 63.8% by the boiling and to 70.27% by the peeling and boiling from 59.41% of raw ones respectively, whereas decreased to 54.11% by the roasting. 3. Contents of crude protein were decreased to 8.04% by the peeling and boiling procedure from 8.72% of raw ones, and those of amino nitrogen also revealed a decreasing tendency by the heat treatments. However, no significant change was observed in crude fat content. 4. Total sugar contents were decreased by the peeling and boiling procedure approximately 3.0%, whereas reducing sugars were increased 2 to 3 times in the all treatments. 5. Vitamin C contents were decreased 72.0 to 78.0 % by the boiling procedure, 64.2% by the steaming, 51. 6% by the roasting as compared with the raw ones. Tannin contents were increased 11.0% by the boiling, and 46.0% by the roasting respectively, whereas decreased 22.0% by the peeling and boiling procedure. 6. The color was changed to brown with different degree, during the boiling, steaming and roasting procedure. The 0.1% solution of alum appeared to be effective in reducing the browning reaction during the heat treatments.