• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2010

$\beta$-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor activities by potentiating host immunity by an unknown mechanism. The C-type lectin dectin-1, a $\beta$-glucan receptor, is found on the macrophage and can recognize various $\beta$-glucans. Previously, we demonstrated the presence of $\beta$-glucan receptor, dectin-1, on the Raw 264.7 cells as well as on murine mucosal organs, such as the thymus, the lung, and the spleen. In order to investigate immunopotentiation of innate immunity by $\beta$-glucan, we stimulated a murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cell line with $\beta$-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Laminaria digitata. Then, we analyzed cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-6 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition we analyzed gene expression patterns in $\beta$-glucan-treated Raw 264.7 cells by applying total mRNA to cDNA microarray to investigate the expression of 7,000 known genes. When stimulated with $\beta$-glucans, the macrophage cells increased TNF-$\alpha$ expression. When co-stimulation of the cells with $\beta$-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a synergy effect was observed by increased TNF-$\alpha$ expression. In IL-6 expression, any of the $\beta$-glucans tested could not induce IL-6 expression by itself. However, when co-stimulation occurred with $\beta$-glucan and LPS, the cells showed strong synergistic effects by increased IL-6 expression. Chip analysis showed that $\beta$-glucan of P. ostreatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating gene families such as kinases, lectin associated genes and TNF-related genes in the macrophage cell line. Induction of TNF receptor expression by FACS analysis was synergized only when co-stimulated with $\beta$-glucan and LPS, not with $\beta$-glucan alone. From these data, $\beta$-glucan increased expressions of immunomodulating genes and showed synergistic effect with LPS.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2002

$\beta$-Immunan, a proteoglycan, was isolated from the mycelium of Canoderma lucidum which belongs to a medicinal mushroom. The effects of $\beta$-Immunan on cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions mediated by carbohydrate-recognition and the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of experimental metastasis of Bl6-F10 and B16/BL6 murine melanoma were studied. The results showed that $\beta$-Immunan inhibited Bl6-Fl melanoma cell's adhesion to laminin and asialofetuin-induced homotypic aggregation and reduced invasion against Bl6-F10 murine melanoma cells through matrigel in vivo assay. When $\beta$-Immunan was intraperitoneally administrated to C57B/6 mice bearing B16/BL6 murine melanoma cells, it was decreased the number of pulmonary metastatic colony by the dose dependent manner ranging from 20 to 100 mg/kg/day. The results indirectly indicate that clinical treatment with $\beta$-Immunan might be expected to exhibit anti-metastatic effect. In the pulmonary metastasis, the number of pulmonary metastatic colony of melanoma when $\beta$-Immunan was intraperitoneally administrated to C57BL/6 mice bearing B16/BL6 murine melanoma cells by intravenous injection were decreased by the dose dependent manner ranging from 20 to 100 mg/kg/day.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.428-432
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• 1994

The crystals of ${\beta}-and\;{\beta}'-(ET)_2ICl_2$ have a modified structure of organic superconductor ${\beta}(ET)_2I_3$. These salts possess strictly different physical properties : the ${\beta}$ phase is a metal but the ${\beta}'$ phase is a semiconductor. Our band electronic structure calculations show that the ${\beta}$ phase is somewhat anisotropic 2D metal and the ${\beta}'$ phase with the 1D character in electronic structure is magnetic insulating, in good agreement with experimental indications.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 2001

7'-Aldehyde-nucleosides analogue (2a, 2c) were synthesized from 6-N-benzoyl-2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine and uridine. The condensation of 2 with ethoxycarbonylmethylene Wittig reagent produced the adenosine and uridine analogues containing extended conjugated diene and ethoxycarbonyl group, ethyl-1',5',6',7',8'-pentadeoxy-1'-(adenin-9-yl)-$\beta$-D-ribo-nona-5'(E),7'(E)-dienofuranuronate (4b) and ethyl-1'. 5',6',7',8'-pentadeoxy-1'-(uracil-1-yl)-$\beta$-D-ribo-nona-5'(E),7'-(E)-dienofuranuronate (4c). 9-[8',8'-dibromo-5',6',7',8' -tetradeoxy-$\beta$-D-ribo-octa-5'(E),7'(E)-diene]nucleosides (6b, 6c) were also prepared from 2 with similar method.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2014

A bacterial strain was isolated from homemade doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste) as a producer of the extracellular ${\beta}$-galactosidase, capable of hydrolyzing lactose to liberate galactose and glucose residues. The isolate YB-1414 has been identified as Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence, morphology and biochemical properties. The production of ${\beta}$-galactosidase by B. licheniformis YB-1414 reached maximum levels of 6.2 U/ml in culture medium containing wheat bran (1%) and yeast extract (2.5%) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Particularly, the insoluble fraction was more effective for ${\beta}$-galactosidase production than the soluble extract of wheat bran. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity for hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-${\beta}Gal$) under reaction conditions of pH 6.0 and $55-60^{\circ}C$. Its hydrolyzing activity for pNP-${\beta}Gal$ was drastically decreased by the addition of low concentrations of galactose, but only slightly decreased by glucose, with 85% of maximal activity in the presence of 400 mM glucose.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.135-144
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• 2007

The dried barks of Maackia amurensis were ground, extracted with 95% EtOH, concentrated, and fractionated with a series of light petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water on a separatory funnel. Each fraction was concentrated, then a portion of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate soluble was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel 60 column using a various solvent system as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by cellulose TLC, $^1H-$, $^{13}C-NMR$, COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC, FAB and EI-MS. The structures were determined as: 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-$\beta$-glucopyranosyl(1'''->6'')-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1''''->6''')-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1'''->6'')-$\beta$-D-glucopyransoyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4', 6-dimethoxyisoflavone. The Free radical scavenging activity using DPPH of the isolated compounds were similar with that of BHT but lower than of $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 1995

Four steroids have been isolated from the subterranean parts of Smilax nipponica Miquel (Liliaceae). The structures of these compounds were characterized on the basis of chemical and speectral data. They were $\beta$-sitosterol, $\beta$-sitosterol-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside, neotigogenin-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside and a new steroidal saponin designated as smilanippin A which was elucidated as neotigogenin-3-O-$\beta$-D-fucopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranos ide.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.292-295
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• 2008

Three kinds of oligosaccharides were obtained from the hydrolysate of brown copra meal galactomannan by a purified extracellular ${\beta}$-mannanase from Trichoderma sp. These oligosaccharides were identified as Man-Man, ${Gal^2}{Man_3}(6^2 mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannotriose)$, and ${Gal^2}{Man_6}(6^2-mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannohexaose)$, where Gal- and Man-represent ${\alpha}$-1,6-D-galactosidic and ${\beta}$-1,4-mannosidic linkages, respectively. The mode of action of ${\beta}$-mannanase on brown copra meal galactomannan is described on the basis of the structure of these oligosaccharides.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2017

${\beta}$-sitosterol, one of phytosterols, exhibited numerous pharmacological effect including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immune-modulating properties. This study attempted to determine the pharmacological effects of ${\beta}$-sitosterol on atopic dermatitis (AD). We investigated to ascertain the pharmacological effects of ${\beta}$-sitosterol on 2, 4-dinitrochlrobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD symptom and histamine-induced scratching behaviors in mice. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of ${\beta}$-sitosterol on the interleukin (IL)-6 levels in HaCaT cells and skin tissue of AD. The findings of this study demonstrated that ${\beta}$-sitosterol reduced AD clinical symptoms such as eczematous, erythema and dryness and serum histamine and IgE levels in DNCB-induced AD model and histamine-induced scratching behaviors in mice. Additionally, ${\beta}$-sitosterol inhibited the IL-6 expression in AD-like skin lesion and HaCaT cells. Collectively, these findings provide that ${\beta}$-sitosterol could be a therapeutic agent for skin inflammation including AD.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1996

Three new withanolides, designated as withatatulins B, C, and D, were isolated from the fresh flowers of Datura tatula Linn. Detailed spectral analysis of these compounds permitted advancement of their structures respectively, as $5{\beta},6{\beta}-epoxy-12{\beta}$,21-dihydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2,24-dienolide (2), $6{\beta},12{\beta},21-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha$ 2, 4,24-trienolide (3) and $5{\beta},6{\beta},12{\beta}$,21-tetrahydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2,24-dienolide (4a). Withanolides with oxygen functions both at 12 and 21-positions are rare and first reported from Datura species.