• 비교문화연구
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• 제47권
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• pp.261-289
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• 2017

이 글은 "계몽주의 시대의 '철학자/작가'의 시기별 개념 변화와 그 의미 - 1. 용어의 사전적 의미와 18세기 문학장의 기원"의 후속 논문이다. 우리는 이 글에서 출판시장이 확대된 이후 17세기 말엽의 문학장의 변화를 고찰했다. 특히 현대철학자들과 교수직을 가진 전통 철학자들 간에 철학자로서의 정체성을 두고 벌어진 다툼의 양상이 이 글의 핵심내용이다. 이를 통해 새로운 독자층의 형성으로 인해 전통 철학자들도 독자들의 기대지평에 민감했다는 사실을 확인했다. 몇몇 전기 작품도 이 글의 관심사항이었다. 17세기 말 갑자기 예전과 달리 철학자나 작가가 전기 작품의 대상이 되었기 때문이다. 우리는 이에 대한 연구를 통해 독자들은 새로운 시대를 선도할 새로운 영웅, 즉 위대한 철학자 또는 위대한 작가의 도래를 희구했고, 이러한 희망이 전기 작품의 출판으로 이어졌음을 밝혔다. 이 과정에서 저자, 작가, 철학자 등에 대한 개념변화가 자연스럽게 드러났다. 다음 글에서 우리는 철학자/작가에 대한 보다 진전된 논의를 이어갈 것이다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2011

In the 18th century, Xu Lingtai (徐靈胎) and Yoshimasu Todo (吉益東洞) were medical revolutionaries. They emphasized researches about synthesis of formulae, efficacy of medication and observation and then classification of clinical phenomena, so they assumed a modern scientific character. But, there were clear differences between their academic thoughts. In this paper, we examine the causes of difference in three fields, i.e. traditional culture, viewpoints of talented people and academic personality. The first, difference was due to traditional culture. Chinese medicine has a long history and heavy traditional culture. Yin-Yang (陰陽) theory, Five Phase(五行) theory, Viscera and Bowels (臟腑) theory and Meridian and Collateral (經絡) theory stemmed from everyday practice, and Chinese people learn these theories from experience and observation. From the standpoint of Chinese people, particularly scholarly doctors [儒醫] such as Xu Lingtai, it was easy to debate medical theories. In contrast, Japanese traditional culture didn't have as long a history as China. Thus as a necessity, it was harder to disseminate traditional Chinese medicine theories in Japan. Yoshimasu Todo simplified it by cutting out the superfluous traditional Chinese medicine theory, so at that time it must have been shocking to the Japanese medical world's trends. The second, difference was due to viewpoints of talented experts. From the standpoint of Xu Lingtai, above all, medicine is just a learning, only a kind of technique, even more not a means of living. Xu Lingtai was concerned with the appearance of very talented experts such as 'great man' (偉人), and 'exceptional man' (奇士) who carried out medical research. Instead of cultivating a few talented people, Yoshimasu Todo tried to produce a large number of clinicians quickly who could treat ordinary people. The third was due to personality difference. As Xu Lingtai threw away Confucianism and studied medicine in his youth, although he had a critical attitude, he was always mild-mannered. Yoshimasu Todo always had a clearly critical and rebellious nature. Personality influenced their literary spirit and learning style, so although both advocated reactionism, the academic thought of Xu Lingtai was reformative and mild, while that of Yoshimasu Todo was revolutionary and fierce. Xu Lingtai and Yoshimasu Todo had considerably similar research domains and academic thought, so it is proper for them both to serve as examples for making a comparative study of medical history in China and Japan in 18th century.