• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.291-300
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to elucidate the effect of progesterone, estradiol 17 beta and cholesterol in follicular fluid on sperm chemotaxis for fertilization. By inducing swim-up migration through sucrose layer into bMSS containing progesterone, estradiol 17 beta and/or cholesterol, their effects on sperm migration and sperm movement were examined. And the results obtained were as follows; 1. Progesterone inhibited sperm migration and movement, but significantly attracted capacitated-sperm at the level of 50 $\mu$g/ml. 2. Estradiol 17 beta inhibited sperm migration and movement, but didn＇t significantly inhibit migration of capacitated-sperm at the level of 10$\mu$g/ml. 3. Cholesterol significantly stimulated sperm migration and movement at the level of 50$\mu$g/ml, but didn＇t attact capacitated-sperm. 4. Progesterone and estradiol 17 beta reduced the effect of cholesterol stimulating sperm migration and movement. But estradiol 17 beta and cholesterol didn＇t reduce the effect of progesterone attracting capacitated-sperm. In conclusion, progesterone of 50$\mu$g/ml in bMSS attracted the capacitated-sperm, cholesterol of 50$\mu$g/ml stimulated sperm migration and movement, but estradiol 17 beta of 10$\mu$g/ml didn＇t affect sperm swim-up separation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 1991

This stduy was conducted to find out the changes of estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone levels in the plasma of Cheju mares during gestatation period and before and after parturition with 12 heads of Cheju ponies. The results are as follows : 1. The estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone levels on the 1~4 months showed 61.6~134.2pg/ml and 7.74~9.20ng/ml respectively, but the estradiol-17$\beta$ levels rapidly increased to 426.4~1772.9pg/ml, and the progesterone levels decreased to 1.42~5.43ng/ml on the 5~10 months of gestation period. 2. The progesterone levels of the pregnant and the non-pregnant mares showed 4.80ng/ml and 0.04ng/ml in winter, respectively, but both of the two appeared 1,211.5pg/ml and 99.4pg/ml of estradiol-17$\beta$, respectively. Therefore the diagnosis of pregnancy might be more accurate with the levels of estrdiol-17$\beta$ in autumn. 3. The progesterone levels showed 3.20ng/ml the day before parturition and less than 1ng/ml on 2 days after parturition. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels, showing the rising trend, and 90.1~162.4pg/ml up to 10 days.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 2011

Acyl-CoA synthetase 4(ACSL4) is an arachidonate-preferring enzyme abundant in steroidogenic tissues and postulated to modulate eicosanoid production. The human and mouse ACSL4 gene are mapped on chromosome X. The female mice heterozygous for ACSL4 deficiency became pregnant less frequent1y and produced small litters, with 40% of embryos surviving gestation. In this study, we examined the regulation of ACS4 by estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone (P4) in the human endometrial cancer cell line HTB-1B. ACSL4 mRNA was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Also, expression of ACSL4 gene was up-regulated in a time-dependent manner in HTB-1B cells. However, combined treatment with progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ modestly decreased the levels of ACS4L mRNA as compared with the estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone respectively. Overall, these results suggest that the ACSL4 gene is regulated by progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ in the HTB-1B cells.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2005

To investigate the influence of relaxin and insulin on the ovarian steroid secretion of porcine granulosa cells, we used porcine granulosa cells partially luteinized in a primary culture and examined the production of progesterone and $17{\beta}-estradiol$. Porcine granulosa cells were cultured in the presence of serum for 48 h after attachment and subsequently in the absence of serum fur 24 h. To confirm the dose dependency of relaxin or insulin, various concentrations (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of relaxin or insulin were added in the medium for the last 24 h, respectively. To investigate the combinational effect of relaxin and insulin, 100 ng/ml relaxin and/or 100 ng/ml insulin were added in the medium for the last 24 h in the presence or absence of luteinizing hormone (100 ng/ml). The medium was collected and used for radioimmunoassay to measure the production of progesterone and $17{\beta}-estradiol$. Relaxin or insulin increased the production of progesterone by dose dependency, respectively while they had no effect of the production of $17{\beta}-estradiol$. Relaxin (100 ng/ml) and/or insulin (100 ng/ml) significantly increased the production of progesterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone while they had no effect of the production of $17{\beta}-estradiol$. In conclusion, relaxin and/or insulin increased the progesterone secretion of porcine granulosa-lutein cells in vitro while had no effect on the production of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ and had no synergism on the effects. The effects of relaxin and/or insulin on the production of progesterone were augmented by the presence of luteinizing hormone.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 1988

These studies were undertaken to examine the interaction of tamoxifen with sex steroid hormones in rat uterine activity. The uterine wet weights of the immature Tat uterus were examined after the administration of estradiol-l7$\beta$(1$\mu$g), tamoxifen(50$\mu$g), progesterone(lmg). The uterotropic activity in immature ovariectomized rats was observed under various treatment conditions following pretreatment with above drugs. The results obtained were as follows:1) Tamoxifen produced significant increase (p <0.01) in uterine wet weight compared with control group, although the increase was not as great as that seen with estradiol-17$\beta$. Administration of estradiol-17$\beta$ together with tamoxifen inhibited significantly the increase of uterine wet weight by estradiol-17$\beta$ (p < 0.01). Coadministration of progresterone with tamoxifen partly blocked the increase of tamoxifen-induced uterine wet weights by progesterone. 2) Estradiol-17$\beta$after the estradiol-17$\beta$ pretreatment discontinued the declining uterine wet weights due to the absence of estrogen support, but uteri continued to increase in weight if daily estradiol-17 $\beta$ was maintained. Administration of tamoxifen on the fourth day of estradiol-17$\beta$ treatment reduced uterine wet weights within 24 hours, and the weights continued to decline with additional tamoxifen. 3) The modest growth of the uterus induced by three daily injections of 5Opg tamoxifen remained stable for five days, with or without additional tamoxifen treatment. Coadministration of tamoxifen with estradiol17$\beta$ increased slightly the increase of uterine wet weight by tamoxifen. Coadministration of tamoxifen with progesterone inhibited the increase of uterine wet weight by tamoxifen. 4) The modest growth of the uterus induced by three daily injections of lmg progesterone reduced uterine wet weight to the control level for five days. Commencement of tamoxifen or estadiol-17 $\beta$ injections on the fourth day of progesterone treatment rapidly elevated uterine wet weight.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2008

For estimating the ovulation time in Miniature Schnauzer dogs during the estrous cycle, radioimmunoassay of plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentrations was conducted on blood samples in 21 pregnant and 13 non pregnant dogs. When Day 0 was that plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml, on Day 64, parturition day, progesterone declined below 1.0 ng/ml with $0.92\;{\pm}\;0.29\;ng/ml$ and when Day 0 was that plasma progesterone concentrations declined below 1.0 ng/ml, on Day -64, progesterone increased above 4.0 ng/ml with $4.56\;{\pm}\;0.87\;ng/ml$. Gestational length was $63.71\;{\pm}\;1.35$ (Mean${\pm}$S.D.) days from plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml and was $66.29\;{\pm}\;1.98$ days from first male acceptance. The plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations reached maximum value with $28.20\;{\pm}\;2.86\;pg/ml$ on Day .2, and plasma progesterone concentrations reached $5.90\;{\pm}\;0.36 ng/ml, 5.18\;{\pm}\;0.32 ng/ml on Day 0, and the maximum of 61.58\;{\pm}\;10.47 ng/ml on Day 19 and 56.05\;{\pm}\;8.86\;ng/ml$ on Day 16 in pregnant and non pregnant dogs, respectively. Afterward, plasma progesterone concentrations declined below 1.0 ng/ml on Day 64 with $0.92\;{\pm}\;0.29\;ng/ml$ in pregnant cycles and on Day 58 with $0.95\;{\pm}\;0.63\;ng/ml$ in non pregnant dogs. No difference were found pregnant and non pregnant dogs in plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentrations (p<0.01). Based on first male acceptance (Day 0), the maximum of plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations ($29.31\;{\pm}\;3.61\;pg/ml$) occurred on Day -1 and plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml on Day 2 in pregnant ($5.37\;{\pm}\;0.76\;ng/ml$) and non pregnant ($4.25\;{\pm}\;0.80\;ng/ml$) dogs. These results suggest that in Miniature Schnauzers, the ovulation occurred when plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml, 3 days after plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak and 2 days after first male acceptance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.293-299
• /
• 1998

This study was undertaken to measure the concentrations of estradiol-$17{\beta}$, progesterone and testosterone, and to study their relationship with each other and with follicular size in individual buffalo ovarian follicles categorized as small (4 to 5 mm diameter), medium (6 to 9 mm diameter) and large (${\geq}10mm$ diameter). Steroid hormone concentrations varied markedly within follicles of each size category. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations (pmol/ml) were positively related to follicular diameter (R = 0.34, n = 308, p < 0.001) and were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in large (1$118.46{\pm}30.25$), compared to those in medium follicles ($50.32{\pm}8.29$) which, in turn were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in small follicles ($19.70{\pm}$5.57). Progesterone and testosterone concentrations (pmol/ml) were not related to follicular diameter and were not different among small ($330.99{\pm}27.32$ and $17.68{\pm}2.44$ respectively), medium ($384.84{\pm}26.20$ and $36.47{\pm}4.55$, respectively) and large follicles ($253.25{\pm}32.23$ and $22.57{\pm}4.48$, respectively). Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentrations were positively related (R = 0.39, n = 47, p < 0.01) in small, unrelated in medium and negatively related in large follicles (R = -0.59, n = 23, p < 0.01). There was no relationship between estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and testosterone concentrations in follicles of all the three size categories. Progesterone and testosterone concentrations were positively related in large follicles (R = 0.57, n = 18, p < 0.02). There was no relationship between the two hormones in small and medium sized follicles. When the follicles with estradiol-$17{\beta}$/progesterone molar ratios of > 1.00 were considered non-atretic, and the rest at different stages of atresia, 197/208(95%) follicles were found to be atretic.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.217-221
• /
• 2003

To clarify the roles of gonadal steroids on pancreatic exocrine secretion, effects of progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ on spontaneous and secretagogue-induced exocrine response of isolated perfused rat pancreas were investigated. Intra-arterial infusion of progesterone resulted in significant increase of the spontaneous pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion dose-dependently. However, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ did not exert any influence on spontaneous pancreatic exocrine secretion. Exogenous secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and acetylcholine markedly stimulated pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion. Progesterone initially enhanced secretin-induced amylase secretion, but this stimulatory response declined thereafter to basal value. Moreover, secretin-induced fluid secretion was not affected by infusion of progesterone. Therefore, initial increase of secretion-induced amylase secretion by progesterone seems to be a non-specific action by washout effect of secretin. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ failed to change the secretin-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Both progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ did not exert any influence on CCK-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Acetylcholine-induced exocrine secretion of isolated perfused pancreas also was not affected by intra-arterial infusion of progesterone or estradiol-$17{\beta}$. It is concluded from the above results that progesterone could enhance the spontaneous pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion of isolated perfused rat pancreas through non-genomic shortterm action, and that these effects could be masked by more potent stimulants such as secretin, CCK, and acetylcholine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.1589-1593
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of testosterone, 17$\beta$-estradiol, and progesterone on the differentiation of bovine intramuscular adipocytes (BIA). Stromal-vascular (SV) cells were obtained from M. longissimus dorsi of 20 months old Korean (Hanwoo) steers, and were cultured in DMEM containing 5% FBS. The proliferated BIA were induced to differentiate with 0.25 $\mu$M dexamethasone, 0.5 mM 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-xanthine and 10 $\mu$g/ml insulin. During differentiation, the cells were treated with testosterone, 17$\beta$-estradiol, and progesterone at concentrations of $10^{-10}$, $10^{-9}$, and $10^{-8}$ M, respectively, for 12 days. Regardless of its concentration, testosterone remarkably reduced lipid droplets in the cytosol of BIA. On the other hand, 17$\beta$-estradiol and progesterone increased the accumulation of lipid droplets in BIA. Testosterone significantly (p<0.05) decreased GPDH activities with a dose-dependent pattern. 17$\beta$-Estradiol treatment onto BIA during differentiation, however, increased GPDH activity showing the highest activity (11.3 nmol/mg protein/min) at $10^{-10}$ M. Treatment of BIA with progesterone also increased (p<0.05) GPDH activity with the highest activity (13.8 nmol/mg protein/min) at $10^{-9}$ M. In conclusion, the results in the current study suggest that testosterone inhibits differentiation of BIA by suppressing GPDH activity while 17$\beta$-estradiol and progesterone have adverse effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 1994

To elucidate the relationship between steroidogenesis and sex differentiation in the duck, plasma, testicular and ovarian testosterone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentration in male and female embryo of day 11 to 27 (just before hatching) of incubation and in 1- to 7-day-old male and female duckling were investigated by radioimmunoassays. Plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration in female embryos declined from very high at days 11 and 15 of incubation and remained at low levels after hatching. Male plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration were always lower than those of the female throughout this period. Plasma testosterone and progesterone concentrations in both sexes were low during the embryonic stage, but then increased to peaks 3 days and 1 day after hatching, respectively. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ contents were much higher in the left ovary than the right ovary or testes throughout the experimental period. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ content of the left ovary was very high at day 15 of incubation, and decreased gradually thereafter. Both in right ovary and testes, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ contents were always low. Testosterone and progesterone contents in the left ovary were low from day 11 to 23 of incubation, and reached a peak 1 day after hatching. Progesterone content in the right ovary and testes were low levels over time period examined. Testosterone and progesterone contents were much higher in the left ovary than the right ovary and testes. The present results clearly demonstrate that the capacity of the embryonic left ovary of duck to synthesize estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and testosterone is much higher than that of the embryonic testis. It is suggested that estrogen secreted from the embryonic ovary earlier than day 15 of incubation has an important role in female sexual differentiation in the duck, and the sex of the avian species is basically male with homozygous sex chromosome (ZZ).