• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 2005

Estrogen metabolites are carcinogenic. The comparative mitogenic activities of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) and four metabolites, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), $16{\alpha}$-hydroxyestrone ($16{\alpha}$-OHE1) and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), were determined in estrogen receptor(ER)-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Each of the E2 metabolites caused proliferation of the MCF-7 cells, but only E2 and $16{\alpha}$-OHE1 induced a greater than 20-fold increases in transcripts of the progesterone receptor (PR) gene, a classical ER-mediated gene. This suggests that the mitogenic action of E2 and $16{\alpha}$-OHE1 could result from their effects on gene expression via the ER. E2 metabolites altered the expression of E2-regulated proteins including heat shock proteins (Hsps). $16{\alpha}$-OHE1 and 2-ME as well as E2 increased levels of Hsp56, Hsp60, $Hsp90{\alpha}$ and Hsp110 transcripts, and the patterns of these inductions resembled that of PR. Hsp56 and Hsp60 protein levels were increased by all the E2 metabolites. Levels of the transcripts of 3 E2-upregulated proteins (XTP3-transactivated protein A, protein disulfide isomerase-associated 4 protein and stathmin 1) and an E2-downregulated protein (aminoacylase 1) were also affected by the E2 metabolites. These results suggest that the altered expression of Hsps (especially Hsp56 and Hsp60) by E2 metabolites such as E2, $16{\alpha}$-OHE1 and 2-ME could be closely linked to their mitogenic action.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2008

Endocrine disrupting chemiclas (EDCs) such as bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) have estrogenic activity and can alter reproduction in fish. In the present study, the effects of BPA and NP on in vitro steroid production from oocytes of maturation stage (oocyte diameter$\fallingdotseq$1.88 mm) from the greenling (Hexagrammos agrammus) were evaluated. Oocytes were incubated with different concentrations of BPA and NP (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 ng/$m{\ell}$) in the presence or absence of 50 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) for 48 hours. After incubation, levels of $17{\alpha},\;20{\beta}$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one ($17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$), estradiol-$17{\beta}(E_2)$ and testosterone (T) from incubated media were quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In BPA treatment, 100 ng/$m{\ell}$ of BPA stimulated $E_2$ production regardless HCG supplement. Every concentration of BPA inhibited T production without HCG although 0.1 ng/$m{\ell}$ of BPA stimulated T production with HCG. In NP treatment, 10 ng/$m{\ell}$ of NP stimulated $17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$ and T production without HCG. 1 ng/$m{\ell}$ of NP inhibited $E_2$ production. Taken toghther, these results suggest that BPA might have weak estrogen-agonistic effect and NP has estrogenantagonistic effect at final oocyte maturation stage of H. agrammus.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2001

내분비계장애물질에 대한 검색기법의 하나로 수컷 어류의 교배행위 및 생식력에 대한 in vivo 연구를 시도하였다. 수컷 송사리(Oryzias latipes)에 대표적 에스트로젠인 17$\beta$-estradiol를 2 및 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L의 농도로 각 노출군당 5마리씩 14일간 노출시킨 후 각 군당 임의로 2마리씩 선택하여 Prostaglandin F2$\alpha$를 주사한 3마리의 정상 암컷 송사리와의 교배행위를 비디오 카메라를 이용하여 1시간 동안 녹화하여 분석하였다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1998

Jugular plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol-17\ulcorner and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2봬(PGFM) were meausred prepartum during the last 12 days of pregnancy, at parturition, then 1 day after parturition in 16 goats. Plasma samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol-17\ulcorner(E2), prolactin(PRL) and prostagladin F2봬(PGF2봬) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. 1. The concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone in Korean native goats remained fairly constant(0.20 0.02\ulcorner0.38 0.04 mlu/ml) from 12 days prepartum to 1 postpartum but the concentrations of plasma prolactin rose slightly from 1 day prepartum. 2. The estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations increased rapidly after day 1 before partum, reaching a peak at parturition(74.8 77.5 pg/ml), and falling to 63.8 2.8 pg/ml at day 1 postpartum. 3. Starting at 323.2 69.6 twelve days before parturition, the concentrations of plasma prostaglandin F2봬 rose during the 1 day preceeding parturition(650.7봬57.8 pg/ml) and peaked at 1081.4 164.9 on the day of parturition. At day 1 postpartum, the concentrations of PGF2봬 decreased to 425.3 60.4 pg/ml. Finally, these results show that changes in prostaglandin F2봬 concentrations before parturition were closely related to changes in estradiol-17\ulcorner concnetrations, but after parturition they remained elevated whereas estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations fell abruptly.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.181-186
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to examine the $PGF{2{\alpha}}$-induced changes in concentrations of ovarian and pituitary hormones of Korean native goats. Each goats received two injections of $PGF{2{\alpha}}$ (5mg each ; 3 hours apart) on day 10 of the estrous cycle. Jugular venous blood samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours postinjection for quantification of LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$. The results were summarized as follows ; The blood serum concentration of progesterone was decreased from pretreatment level of $4.15{\pm}1.8ng/ml$ to $2.52{\pm}1.2ng/ml$ (about 60%) within 3 hours and to $0.81{\pm}0.3ng/ml$ at 12 hours of the $PGF{2{\alpha}}$ injection. After 12 hours, the concentrations of progesterone were less than 1.02ng/ml by 72 hours postinjection. The concentrations of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ following treatment increased (p < 0.05) over the 72 hours. Initial concentration of LH was $3.0{\pm}0.3{\mu}IU/ml$. After treatment with $PGF{2{\alpha}}$, concentrations of LH increased within 12 hours but declined 12 and 72 hours from $4.1{\mu}IU/ml$ to $2.5{\mu}IU/ml$. Prior to administration of $PGF{2{\alpha}}$, mean concentration of FSH was $3.5{\pm}0.5{\mu}IU/ml$. Concentrations of FSH declined over time in goats treated with $PGF{2{\alpha}}$ on day 10 postestrus. The mean prolactin concentrations in the blood serum after $PGF{2{\alpha}}$ treatment were not significantly different from those of the pretreatment. It is concluded that the initial increase in LH is dependent on a decrease in serum progesterone and differences in patterns of secretion of gonadotropins might be caused by differences in progesterone or progesterone-estradiol ratio when luteal regression is induced on day 10 of the estrous cycle.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the peptide to carrier ratio on the immune and biological functions to inhibin immunization in Hanwoo. A peptide sequence kom the alpha -subunit (19~32 peptide) of porcine inhibin was synthesized for antigen and conjugated to human serum albumin(HSA) for carrier protein. Anti-inhibin sera(AI) were produced 52 day later from rabbit after injection of inhibin-$\alpha$ -subunit peptide conjugator for antigen with the interval of 2 weeks. Immune-blotting analysis using antibody specific fur inhibin-$\alpha$ subunits revealed that the inhibin was detected at 1.0 cm bovine follicular fluid(bFF). However, each stage of corpus lutea and 0.1 cm of follicular fluid were not detected. The maximal contents of estradiol-17 $\beta$ in Hanwoo ovarian follicular fluid were detected at 2.0 cm of follicular size(diameter), but the mean total contents of these hormone decreased significantly with decreasing diameter of follicles. However, progesterone contents of follicular fluid were high at 1.0 cm of follicle. Progesterone secretion by Hanwoo granulosa cell cultured for 48 hr in vitro was significantly (p＜0.05) inhibited in 5% bFF and 5% bFF + 5% AI addition group compared with control group. Estradiol-17 $\beta$ secretion by Hanwoo granulosa cell cultured for 48 hr in vitro was significantly (p＜0.05) increased in 5% AI and 5% AI + 5% bFF addtion group compared with control group. However, the groups added 5% AI were not changed compared to control groups in progesterone and estradiol-17 $\beta$. Taken together, we suggested that inhibin in the mature FF plays a pivotal role on the biosynthesis of steroid hormone of follicular cells during follicular development.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 1997

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of steroids and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on in vitro maturation and ovulation of oocyte in Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Oocytes were incubated in the media Leibovitz L15 supplemented with the various concentration of $17\alpha,\;20\beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one(17\alpha20{\beta}OHP),\;17\alpha-hydroxyprogesterone(17{\alpha}OHP),\;progesterone(P_4),\;estradiol-17\beta(E_2)and\;HCG$. After 60 hours incubation, the maturation ability of oocyte was assessed by the appearance of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). GVBD was significantly enhanced by the addition of $17\alpha20{\beta}OHP,\;17{\alpha}OHP,\;P_4\;and\;HCD(P<0.05)$. The highest CVBD was observed when $17\alpha20{\beta}OHP$ and HCG were supplemented to media. When oocytes were cultured for 16 hours in media containing $10\~1,000\;ng/ml\;17\alpha20{\beta}OHP,\;17{\alpha}OHP\;and\;P_4$, the rate of GVBD in oocytes cultured in the medium supplemented with 100 ng/ml $17\alpha20{\beta}OHP(65\%)$ was significantly higher than that with $17{\alpha}OHP\;(40\%)\;and\;P_4(35\%)$. The efforts of $17\alpha20{\beta}OHP$ and HCG on GVBD were assessed by various concentration of these hormones. When oocytes were cultured for 60 hours in various media containing $1\~1,000\;ng/ml\;17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP\;or\;5\~1,000\;IU/ml$ HCG, the GVBD of oocytes was significantly increased in the medium with $10\~100\;ng/ml\;17\alpha20{\beta}OHP$ and 500 IU/ml HCT. When oocytes were cultured in the various media supplemented with $1\~1,000\;ng/ml\;17\alpha20{\beta}OHP\;or\;5\~1,000\;IU/ml$ HCG for 60 hours, the media with $1\~100\;ng/ml\;17\alpha20{\beta}OHP\;or\;50\~1,000IU/ml$ HCG significantly increased in the rate of ovulation. However supplementation with $1,000\;ng/ml\;17\alpha20{\beta}OHP$or 5 IU/ml HCG did not improve the rate of ovulation compared to controls. This results indicate that supplementation of steroid and HCG except $E_2$ can improve the in vitro maturation and ovulation of oocyte in P. fulvidrac; HCG and $17\alpha20{\beta}OHP$ may be more effective than other steroids on oocyte maturation and ovulation in P. fulvidraco.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.12-26
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Sagunjatang-Gami(SGJT) on uterine and ovarian function in the ovariectomized rat postmenopause model. Methods: SGJT was administered in ovariectomized Wister albino female rats for three month. After that, uterine weight, uterine index, serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels and phosphorylation of ERK or AKT, and histological analysis of uterus were measured to assess the impact on uterine and ovarian function in ovariectomized rats. In addition, phosphorylation of $ER{\alpha}$, ERK, AKT by SGJT in MDA-MB-231 cells were measured. To identify safety of SGJT, the cell cytoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells and serum GOT, GPT levels were measured in ovariectomized rats. Results: The results were as follows. 1. SGJT decreased the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. 2. The level of serum GOT, GPT in SGJT-treated group showed significant decrease in comparison with control group. 3. Phosphorylation of $ER{\alpha}$, ERK, AKT by SGJT in MDA-MB-231 cells were increased. 4. Uterus index in SGJT-treated group showed significant increase in comparison with control group. The level of serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ in SGJT-treated group showed significant increase in comparison with control group. Phosphorylation of ERK or AKT by SGJT in the uterus of ovariectomized rats was increased significantly. 5. Uterus index and the level of serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ in SGJT-treated group increased at higher rates in comparison with estrogen-treated group. Conclusions: Taken together, we suggest that SGJT has been shown to be effective in preventing postmenopausal uterine and ovarian degeneration and curing postmenopausal low estrogen related symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.624-628
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• 1999

Annual plasma levels of vitellogenin and sex steroids were investigated in relation to the gonadal development for understanding the endocrine control of reproduction in spotted flounder, Verasper variegatus. The plasma vitellogenin level was highest, 6.36 mg/ml, in November when vitellogenesis was most active. The level, thereafter, decreased to 3.81 mg/ml in December with the initiation of spawning. On the other hand, estradiol-17 $\beta$ was highest, 2.7 ng/ml, in December, and rapidly decreased in January when spawning occurred. The decreased level of estradiol-17$\beta$, around 0.2 ng/ml, remained unchanged until May. The profiles of plasma testosterone were similar to those of estradiol-17$\beta$ in the fish, The plasma 17 $\alpha$-hydroxyprogesterone level was relatively low throughout the spawning period, but increased slightly with the initiation of ovarian development, In males, the plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were highest in December when spermiation actively proceeded, but rapidly decreased during the spawning period (January).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the administration of exogenous PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ on hormone concentrations and follicular development in early postpartum(pp) Korean native goats. 1. Plasma PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated goals showed a gradual increase from a low on day 2 (GR-1 : 10 day-treatment group: 6.35$\pm$0.5 and GR-2; 4 day-treatment group: 0.22$\pm$0.2 pg/$m\ell$, respectively) to reach a peak of 21.18$\pm$1.6 or 4.21 $\pm$0.4 pg/$m\ell$ on day 4 after treatment of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$. 2. Plasma PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations in GR-1 goats averaged 9.08 $\pm$1.2 pg/$m\ell$ compared with 5.44$\pm$ 1.8 pg/$m\ell$ in GR-2 goats the day before treatment of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$. Mean PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations thereafter remained low during the treatment period but PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations did not differ between the two group. 3. Plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 $\beta$ (E,) in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ - treated group were decreased gradually until 2 days after PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment but mean $E_2$ concentrations began to increase on 3 days and were Inaximal on the 4 days after treatment. 4. Plasma lulenizing hormone (LH) concentrations in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ - treated goats were slightly higher than in controls but mean LH concentrations did not differ between the two treatment groups. 5. Plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations were suppressed in both GR-1(10 day-treatment group) and GR-2(4 day-treatment group) goats compared to saline controls but mean PRL concentrations remained lower in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated animals during post-treatment period. 6. The mean number of small and medium follicles present when PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ was administrated was similar in all does but the increase in number of large follicles($\geq$4mm) tended to be higher in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated group than controls. These results suggest that concentrations of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ and estradiol-17$\beta$ were positively correlared with follicular diameter. We conclude that PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment stimulates follicular development similarly in both GR-1 and GR-2 group.