• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2017

Beta-glucan is a polymerized polysaccharide on beta-1,3 chemical bonds. It has the main pharmacological action of various anticancer mushrooms and is colorless and odorless. In addition, it enhances phagocytosis of macrophages against mycobacterium tuberculosism and increases resistance of host against food poisoning bacteria. Owing to these advantages, beta-glucan was used in various health supplement foods such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. Our study was aimed to investigate the effective components of beta-glucan, which was optimized via the contents of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. First, the mixture ratio condition of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran were respectively 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10. The raw materials were fabricated using hot water extraction method. Distilled water of 100 mL was added to the raw material and extracted. After the extraction processed, the content of effective components was analyzed. The absorbance of beta-glucan was measured using a beta-glucan kit (Megazyme, (1-3) (1-4) BETA-D-GLUCAN ASSAY KIT). The absorbance analysis was repeated three times for accurate analysis. After the extracts were lyophilized, the yields of extracted raw materials according to the mixture ratio conditions of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) were respectively 33.1%, 34.5%, 35.3%, 30.7%, and 24.3%. The absorbance was 1.52, 1.47, 1.50, 1.79, and 1.56, respectively. As a result, the optimum ratio of beta-glucan is 3:7 at Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. This study suggested that the optimal amount of beta-glucan could be used as a health supplement foods and food additive such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. However, the new condition (temperature, time) of hot water extraction to maximize the content of beta-glucan could be considered, could be necessary to compare with the existing extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2000

In oreder to predict the productions of major crops such as rice, barely, soybean and potato in Kyongsang Puk Do as early as possible, an attempt has been made to develop some prediction model of crop yields, using the data from the Statistical Yearbooks of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from 1966 through 1999. Among the various models considered, $y=\exp({\beta}_{0}+{\beta}_{1}t+{\epsilon})$ was best fit to the planted area of the crops and $y=\exp({\beta}_{0}+{\beta}_{1}t^{1/2}+{\beta}_{2}t+{\sum}^{p}_{i=1}{\beta}_{i}+_2x_i+{\epsilon})$ to the yields. The $R^{2}$ values for the planted areas were $0.9180{\sim}0.9505$, implying good prediction, while that for rice was 0.7234 and those for barley, soybean and potato were $0.8855{\sim}0.9098$, Predictions have also been made for the planted areas upto the year 2005 and yield for the year 2000.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2004

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Coptis japonica Makino(CJM) on the Alzheimer's disease. The effects of CJM extract on $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, amyloid precursor proteins (APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ and AChE activity of PC-12 cell lysate treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ and behavior of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine and mice glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine were investigated, respectively. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. CJM extract suppressed $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 mRNA in PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ 2. CJM extract suppressed APP, AChE, GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ 3. CJM extract suppressed AChE activity in cell lysate of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ 4. CJM extract group showed significantly inhibitory effect on the memory deficit of mice induced by scopolamine in the experiment of Morris water maze. 5. CJM extract increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine. According to the above results, it is suggested that CJM extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficit symptom.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.79-79
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• 1995

Although synthetic antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been used to dissect gene function in vitro, technical difficulties of targeted delivery prevented the use of this approach for investigating the effect of gene products in vivo. Here we report the use of local delivery of antisense transforming growth factor-${\beta}$l (TGF-${\beta}$1) oligonucleotides to decrease the fibrosis in the skin wound. Adult wounds heal with scar-tissue formation, whereas fetal wounds heal without scarring and with a lesser inflammatory and cytokine response. We reasoned that strategy emptying antisense TGF-${\beta}$1 ODNs complementary to TGF-${\beta}$1 mRNA might decrease the scarring in dermal wound of mouse. To evaluate this concept, we tested the effects of antisense ODNs targeted to TGF-${\beta}$1 mRNA by topical application of the chemical on the skin wound. Phosphorothioate antisense ODNs was employed to retard their degradation. When antisense TGF-${\beta}$1 ODNs were applied into the wound site, there was a maked reduction of scar compared with control wound site, These effects of antisense TGF-${\beta}$1 ODNs on the scar formation were associated with decreased expression of TGF-${\beta}$1 gene. However sense TGF-${\beta}$l ODNs had no effect on expression of TGF-${\beta}$1 gene. Also, control wounds healed with excessive fibrosis, whereas the antisense treated wounds healed with less fibrosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that antisense TGF-${\beta}$1 ODNs could be used for amelioating scar formation during wound healing.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.428-431
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• 1999

Seven known oleanolic acid glycosides (1-7) were isolated form the MeOH extract of Tiarella polyphylla. The structures were identified to be 3-O-($\beta$-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid (1), 3-O-[$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 3)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid (2), 3-O-D-[$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 2)-$\beta$-D-glycopyranosyl] oleanolic acid (3), 3-O-[$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 3)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid 28-O-$\beta$D-glucopyranosyl ester (4), 3-O-[$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid 28-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl ester (5), 3-O-[a-L-rahmnopyranosyl-(1 3)-$\beta$-D-glucururonopyranosyl] oleanolic acid (6), and 3-O-[$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 3)-$\alpha$-D-glucuronopyranosyl] oleanolic acid 28-O-$\alpha$-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7) on the basis of physicochemical and spectral data. These triterpene glycosides were tested for the anti-complement activity and hemolytic activity. Bisdesmosidic saponins, 4, 5, and 7, showed anti-complement activity; in contrast, monodesmosidic saponins, 1-3, and 6, showed direct hemolytic activity. Methyl esterified monodesmosidic saponins showed anti-complement activity at a low concentration and hemolytic activity at a high concentration.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 2019

Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus is a species of the widespread geminiviruses. The infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) causes a reduction in photosynthetic activity, which is part of the viral symptoms. ${\beta}C1$ is a viral factor encoded by the betasatellite DNA ($DNA{\beta}$) accompanying TYLCCNV. It is a major viral pathogenicity factor of TYLCCNV. To elucidate the effect of ${\beta}C1$ on plants' photosynthesis, we measured the relative chlorophyll (Chl) content and Chl fluorescence in TY-LCCNV-infected and ${\beta}C1$ transgenic N. benthamiana plants. The results showed that Chl content is reduced in TYLCCNV A-infected, TYLCCNV A plus $DNA{\beta}$ (TYLCCNV A + ${\beta}$)-infected and ${\beta}C1$ transgenic plants. Further, changes in Chl fluorescence parameters, such as electron transport rate, $F_v/F_m$, NPQ, and qP, revealed that photosynthetic efficiency is compromised in the aforementioned N. benthamiana plants. The presense of ${\beta}C1$ aggravated the decrease of Chl content and photosynthetic efficiency during viral infection. Additionally, the real-time quantitative PCR analysis of oxygen evolving complex genes in photosystem II, such as PsbO, PsbP, PsbQ, and PsbR, showed a significant reduction of the relative expression of these genes at the late stage of TYLCCNV A + ${\beta}$ infection and at the vegetative stage of ${\beta}C1$ transgenic N. benthamiana plants. In summary, this study revealed the pathogenicity of TYLCCNV in photosynthesis and disclosed the effect of ${\beta}C1$ in exacerbating the damage in photosynthesis efficiency by TYLCCNV infection.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.402-408
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• 1989

$\beta$-Sialon powder was synthesized by the simultaneous reduction and nitridation of the mixed powder of Hadong kaolin and Kimcheon quartzite, using graphite as a reducing agent. The synthesized $\beta$-Sialon powder (Z=1) was hot-pressed at 175$0^{\circ}C$, for 90min under 30MPa in N2 atmosphere, after Yttria and YAG composition material were added as sintering agents. The effects of grain-boundary crystallization on high-temperature mechanical properties of $\beta$-Sialon ceramics were investigated. Strength degradation was observed at above 1,00$0^{\circ}C$ for the $\beta$-Sialon (Z=1)-8wt% Y2O3 composition, but it was not observed up to 1,20$0^{\circ}C$ for the $\beta$-Sialon-8wt% YAG composition which was annealed at 1,40$0^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours in N2 atmosphere. After the $\beta$-Sialon-8wt% YAG composition was annealed, the decrease of fracture toughness was observed.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

Beta-lapachone (${\beta}$-Lap; 3,4-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1, 2-b]pyran-5,6-dione) is a novel anti-cancer drug under phase I/II clinical trials. ${\beta}$-Lap has been demonstrated to cause apoptotic and necrotic death in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms underlying the ${\beta}$-Lap toxicity against cancer cells has been controversial. The most recent view is that ${\beta}$-Lap, which is a quinone compound, undergoes two-electron reduction to hydroquinone form utilizing NAD(P)H or NADH as electron source. This two-electron reduction of ${\beta}$-Lap is mediated by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which is known to mediate the reduction of many quinone compounds. The hydroquinone forms of ${\beta}$-Lap then spontaneously oxidizes back to the original oxidized ${\beta}$-Lap, creating futile cycling between the oxidized and reduced forms of ${\beta}$-Lap. It is proposed that the futile recycling between oxidized and reduced forms of ${\beta}$-Lap leads to two distinct cell death pathways. First one is that the two-electron reduced ${\beta}$-Lap is converted first to one-electron reduced ${\beta}$-Lap, i.e., semiquinone ${\beta}$-Lap $(SQ)^{{\cdot}-}$ causing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which then causes apoptotic cell death. The second mechanism is that severe depletion of NAD(P)H and NADH as a result of futile cycling between the quinone and hydroquinone forms of ${\beta}$-Lap causes severe disturbance in cellular metabolism leading to apoptosis and necrosis. The relative importance of the aforementioned two mechanisms, i.e., generation of ROS or depletion of NAD(P)H/NADH, may vary depending on cell type and environment. Importantly, the NQO1 level in cancer cells has been found to be higher than that in normal cells indicating that ${\beta}$-Lap may be preferentially toxic to cancer cells relative to non-cancer cells. The cellular level of NQO1 has been found to be significantly increased by divergent physical and chemical stresses including ionizing radiation. Recent reports clearly demonstrated that ${\beta}$-Lap and ionizing radiation kill cancer cells in a synergistic manner. Indications are that irradiation of cancer cells causes long-lasting elevation of NQO1, thereby sensitizing the cells to ${\beta}$-Lap. In addition, ${\beta}$-Lap has been shown to inhibit the repair of sublethal radiation damage. Treating experimental tumors growing in the legs of mice with irradiation and intraperitoneal injection of ${\beta}$-Lap suppressed the growth of the tumors in a manner more than additive. Collectively, ${\beta}$-Lap is a potentially useful anti-cancer drug, particularly in combination with radiotherapy.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2003

A bacteria strain producing extracellular $\beta$-mannanase was isolated from soil and was identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16S rRNA sequence comparison and biochemical determinations. The optimum pH and temperature for the $\beta$-mannanase activity were 5.0 and 5.5$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The zymogram technique revealed a single protein band exhibiting $\beta$-mannanase activity from the culture supernatant. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated at approximately 130 kDa. The addition of 0.5% lactose or 0.5% locust bean gum to the LB medium caused to Increase significantly the $\beta$-mannanase productivity from Bacillus subtilis JS-1. The cells grown on LB medium supplemented with lactose produced maximal enzyme activity at the stationary phase. In contrast to this, the $\beta$-mannanase was induced at the logarithmic phase from the cells grown on LB medium supplemented with locust bean gum. The discrepancy in induction times suggests that $\beta$-mannanase was induced by different induction mechanisms depending on the carbon sources in Bacillus subtilis JS-1 .

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.459-465
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• 2002

$\beta$-l, 3-glucans are well known to enhance the immune reactions, resulting in antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulatory and wound healing activities. $\beta$-1, 3-glucans have various activities depending on molecular weight, degree of branching, conformation, water-solubility and intermolecular association. However, the $\beta$-1, 3-glucans linked backbone structure is essential and $\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl units are required for immunopotentiating activities. In this study, we tested the immunophamacological activities of insoluble $\beta$-1, 3-glucan from Agrobacterium sp. R259 KCTC 10197BP and confirmed the following activities: (1) IFN-${\gamma}$ production in PBMCs in the presence or in the absence of PHA, LPS, IL-18, and IL-12; (2) the induction of various cytokines in the spleen and thymus; (3) the adjuvant effect on the antibody production; (4) the cytotoxic and antitumor effects on cell lines and ICR mice. These results strongly suggest that $\beta$-1, 3-glucan from Agrobacterium sp. R259 KCTC 10197BP possesses various immunopharmacologica1 activities.