• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.673-679
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• 2003

Glutamine and urea, abundant in body fluids or plasma, yield net ammonium ions upon hydrolysis by ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transpeptidase (${\gamma}-GTP$) and urease, respectively, and these two enzymes are largely produced from Helicobacter pylori. To investigate bacterial potential of ammonium production, we first quantified those in whole-cell systems and found that the relative ratio of their amounts varied greatly, especially with pH values and the cell's aging. During the H. pylori cultivation, the ratio appeared to be inversely proportional to each other, showing a progressive increase of the ${\gamma}-GTP$ with decreasing of the urease. Under the urease-defective conditions due to low pH or coccoids, the bacterial cells still possessed a considerable amount of ${\gamma}-GTP$, which was found exclusively in the external compartment, therefore, the cell's ammonium production was found to be solely dependent upon glutamine, and the external ammonium concentration was constant without any contribution of urea concentration. Such ammonium constancy would definitely have an adverse effect on the host, because of its absolute requirement for vacuolar degeneration by H. pylori VacA, maximized at approximately 10 mM $NH_4Cl$. It was also found that, by using the metal-saturated membrane vesicles, ammonium ions were likely to be involved in the pH-dependent cation-flux across the H. pylori membrane, where the role of ${\gamma}-GTP$ in ammonium homeostasis around cells was suggested, especially under the hostile conditions against H. pylori.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.199-202
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• 1988

The present study was carried out to investigate the serum enzyme activities of racehorses. The enzymes investigated were aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (GOT, GPT), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase(${\gamma}$-GTP), Lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine phosphokinase(CPK), and alkaline phosphatase(ALP). Animals used were 30 healthy racehorses(♀17, ♂13) average weighing 435kg and were from 2 to 8 years of age. LDH activity was progressively decreased with age and next in the order of GOT and CPK activities. GOT and ${\gamma}$-GPT activities were not changed with age but ALP activity tended to be decreased wish age. Activities of GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP and ALP were higher in female than in male. There was no difference in CPK activity by sex, and no difference was found out among breeds.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2004

The levels of arylsulfatases A and B, $\alpha$-amylase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase were investigated during the infection of mice with schistosoma mansoni. This infection caused a significant (p<0.001) increase in the activity of hepatic arylsulfatase B (ASB), aspartate transcarbamylases and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase. A non-significant difference occurred for $\alpha$-amylase (p<0.3) and arylsulfatase A (p>0.5) when compared to the control. The specific activity of hepatic ASB was progressively increased with the progression of the Schistosoma-infection. Moreover, the kinetic studies of hepatic ASB in Schistosoma-infection showed that a slight decrease in the value of $K_m$ and about a 40% increase in $V_{max}$ when compared to the control. In addition, the pH optimum of hepatic ASB was altered from 6 to 7 as a result of schistosomiasis. These observations suggest that there are schistosomiasis-associated changes of the catalytic and kinetic properties of hepatic ASB.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.712-722
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the residual properties of tebuconazole-treated pigs. Twenty pigs were treated with different concentrations (0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg bw/d) of tebuconazole for 28 d. Blood biochemistry, histology, and residual levels were analyzed using the VetTest analyzer, Masson's trichrome staining kit, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The final body weights were not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. Alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were significantly different from those of the control after exposure for 14 d. However, alanine aminotransferase levels showed changes only after exposure to pesticides for 28 d. The biochemical parameters were separated during the experimental period (14 d versus 28 d) by principal component analysis. Based on variable importance plots, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase are candidate biomarkers for tebuconazole exposure. The residual levels were observed at T4 (12.5 mg/kg bw/d) and T5 (25 mg/kg bw/d) in the liver and fat tissues, respectively. Fibrosis increased in the liver, kidney, and fat tissues, depending on the tebuconazole concentration. In conclusion, the residue limits of tebuconazole and the physiological changes caused by dietary tebuconazole in pigs provide important information for establishing maximum residue limits of pork and pork products.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1996

The renal toxicity of the extract of Polygalae Radix was investigated in rats. Rats were treated with 3.5 mg/Kg of the extract, i.p., for 7 days. Changes in consumatory behavior, 24 hour-urine and the activities of urinary enzymes were determined during the administration of the extract. Significant decrease in body weight and food consumption and increase in 24 hour-urine volume were observed during the administration. However, the quantity of total creatinine in urine was decreased significantly. Those indicate that subacute treatment with the extract might induce diuresis and the ditiresis might be due to the decrease in water reabsorption. In the activities of urinary enzymes, the activities of alanine aminopejotidase (AAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were increased 4.3 and 3.5 times and then returned to the control. The activity of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was increased 7.2 times and then decreased slowly. But, it was significantly higher than that of the control evea after the last administration. The activity of factate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased continuozlsly during the treatment. It showed 32 times higher than the control. These results suggested that the extract of Polygalae Radix had toxic effect on kidney. Furthermore, the result suggested that the subacute administration of the extract induced resistance against the toxicity of Polygalae Radix.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.441-448
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• 2023

Penicillium spp. are frequently found in meju, a Korean traditional fermented soybean brick. We isolated and identified 96 Penicillium spp. from 22 traditional meju, and their β-tubulin genes were sequenced for the genetic and taxonomic study. Penicillium Section Viridicata was the most commonly isolated group. Notably, we also isolated and identified Penicillium roqueforti, a crucial industrial strain employed in the fermentation of blue cheese. Additionally, certain strains exhibited relatively high protease and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities, suggesting that they might contribute to the development of kokumi flavor during meju fermentation. Interestingly, all eight Penicillium spp., including P. roqueforti, were found to possess both types of MAT1 genes. This intriguing finding suggests the feasibility of strain improvement through mating, thereby offering opportunities for industrial applications. Therefore, these studies pave the way for a deeper exploration of Penicillium's role in meju fermentation, potentially leading to the development of starters for producing plant-based cheese-flavored condiments.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.282-291
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• 2024

Purpose: Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are at a high risk of developing severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study examined the dietary intakes and compared the risks of NAFLD-related complications in Korean patients with T2DM and obesity. Methods: Data from the Korean National Diabetes Program cohort were used to study patients with T2DM. Two hundred and sixty-five obese patients with T2DM (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m²) were classified into NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups. The nutrient intake was analyzed using a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical data were also obtained. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the significant differences between the 2 groups. Results: The serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels in obese patients with T2DM and NAFLD were significantly higher than in obese T2DM patients without NAFLD (p < 0.05). The serum glucose and lipid profiles showed no significant differences between the NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups. The carbohydrate, protein, and fat levels also did not differ significantly. The results showed that the fiber intake of the NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups was 14.11 ± 3.86 g/100 kcal and 15.70 ± 4.56 g/1,000 kcal, respectively, showing that the dietary fiber intake of the non-NAFLD group was significantly higher (p < 0.05). A correlation was observed between total fiber intake and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in either patient group. In addition, the odds ratio of developing NAFLD was 0.29× lower when the fiber was consumed at 125% of adequate intake. Conclusions: A higher dietary fiber intake may reduce the risk of NAFLD in obese patients with T2DM. The dietary intake of Korean obese patients with T2DM should include and be enriched in dietary fiber to aid in preventing and treating NAFLD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1342-1347
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• 2008

The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective effect of silkworm excrement powder (SEP) on alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Semisynthetic diet supplemented with SEP (3%, w/w) given to alcohol-feeding rats for 30 days, then blood and tissues were collected, processed and used for alcohol concentration mensuration, various biochemical estimations and histopathological examination. Chronic alcohol administration resulted in significantly increase in the activities of the clinically important liver marker enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase ($\gamma$-GTP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, a highly significant increase in the blood alcohol level by alcohol treatment was observed. But alcohol-induced elevation of ALT and LDH levels markedly prevented and the level of blood alcohol decreased in SEP treated rats as compared to alcohol-administered control rats. SEP supplementation showed highly decreased the concentrations of total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol in serum, as compared with alcohol treated control rats. Alcohol treatment induced the marked accumulation of large lipid droplets, hepatocytes necrosis and inflammation in the liver, but SEP administration attenuated to alcohol-induced accumulation of lipid droplets and hepatocyte necrosis. The results indicated that SEP may exert a protective effect against alcoholic hepatotoxicity through decreasing the activity of hepatic marker enzymes.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2007

1. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether use of Yeoldahanso-tang(熱多寒少湯) may injure the liver function. We clinically studied the change of liver function rest in patients who were admitted in Dongseo Oriental Medical Hospital. 2. Methods We analyzed rhe serum alkaline phosphatase(AIP), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase(${\gamma}$-GT), total bilirubin of 25 patients from 1st. July. 2004 to 15th. October. 2007 admitted in Dongseo Oriental Medical Hospital. Liver function test were done on admission and before discharge. 3. Results For most patients, the values of AIP, AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GT and total bilirubin were within normal range or decreased. 4. Conclusions This study suggests that Yeoldahanso-tang(熱多寒少湯) does not injure liver function of human.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 1995

Glutathione(GSH) has a very important role in detoxification of cells and is closely related to antitumor drug-resistance of cancer cells. In order to evaluate the importance of glutathione metabolism in the drug-resistant cancer cells, the concentration of celluar GSH and activities of ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase(GCS), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and glutathione S-transferases(GST) in the adriamycin, vincristine, or cisplatin resistant L1210 (L1210AdR, L1210VcR, or L1210Cis) sublines were measured. Expression and amplification of GCS, GGT, and GST-${\pi}$ genes were also observed in the parent Ll210 and the drug-resistant Ll210 sublines. The concentration of GSH was increased 5.34 fold in L1210Cis, 2.83 fold in L1210VcR, and 1.78 fold in L1210AdR, compared to L1210. The activities of GCS and GGT were increased in drug-resistant L1210 sublines. The GST activity was increased in L1210VcR and L1210Cis but decreased in L1210AdR compared to Ll210. Expression of GCS, GGT, and GST-${\pi}$ genes were increased in the resistant L1210 sublines compare to the parent L1210 in northern blot analyses. Overexpression of GCS, GGT, and GST-${\pi}$ were observed in the resistant sublines, and the increases of the concentration of glutathione and the activities of GCS and GGT in the resistant sublines may be involved in a part of the drug-resistance in the resistant sublines.