• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.183-191
• /
• 2001

Comparisons between the Korean native pig(KNP: 75kg of slaughter weight and 240 days of age) versus Landrace(110kg of slaughter and 180 days of age) in dressing and lean meat percentages, compositions of fatty acids and amino acids and sensory evaluations on longissimus muscle are as below. Compared with Landrace, KNP had smaller percentages in dressing and lean meat percentages and a smaller backfat thickness. In retail cuts, KNP had greater percentages in shoulder butt, belly and picnic shoulder and smaller percentages in spareribs, ham and loin muscle. The KNP had greater percentages in crude fat, palmitic(C16:0) and linolenic(C18:3) acids and smaller percentages in oleic(C18:1) and linoleic(C18:2) acids, but total cholesterol content and ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids did not differ between the two breeds. In amino acid composition, KNP had a greater percentage in lysine, but smaller percentages in most other amino acids. The KNP had a greater a*(redness) value in longissimus muscle(LM) color and a greater L*(whiteness) value in attached backfat color. Moreover, sensory evaluations on cooked LM showed that KNP had greater flavor, tenderness and springiness, which resulted in a greater overall acceptability. In summary, KNP, compared with Landrace, had smaller dressing and lean meat percentages, a smaller backfat thickness, greater percentages in popular retail cuts, greater percentages in intramuscular fat and an $\omega$-3 component linolenic acid, with no difference in cholesterol content, which, altogether, is considered to be more beneficial for human health.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권10호
• /
• pp.1413-1421
• /
• 2013

The marine microalga Isochrysis sphaerica is rich in the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, $C20:5{\omega}-3$) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, $C22:6{\omega}-3$) that are important to human health. Here, we report a functional characterization of a ${\Delta}4$-fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD4) from I. sphaerica. IsFAD4 contains a 1,284 bp open reading frame encoding a 427 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced amino sequence comprises three conserved histidine motifs and a cytochrome b5 domain at its N-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IsFad4 formed a unique Isochrysis clade distinct from the counterparts of other eukaryotes. Heterologous expression of IsFAD4 in Pichia pastoris showed that IsFad4 was able to desaturate docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) to form DHA, and the rate of converting DPA to DHA was 79.8%. These results throw light on the potential industrial production of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids through IsFAD4 transgenic yeast or oil crops.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제32권10호
• /
• pp.784-791
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 노니와 해죽순을 혼합 급여하였을 때 흰점박이꽃무지유충(꽃벵이)에 미치는 물리화학적 변화를 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 노니와 해죽순을 복합 급여 시 꽃벵이 절식 동안에 사멸율, 수율 등을 개선하는 것으로 나타났다. 건조굼벵이 분말의 처리구에서 pH는 소량 증가하였으며, 명도가 증가되는 반면에, 적색도는 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 일반성분 분석에서 지방이 약간 증가되었지만, 단백질 및 탄수화물은 유사한 것으로 관찰되었다. 처리구에 미네랄 함량은 전반적으로 상승되었으며, 특히 칼륨이 매우 높게 관찰되었다. 처리구에서 총구조아미노산은 감소된 반면에, 총유리아미노산은 증가되어 상반되는 결과를 보였다. 처리구에 구조아미노산들은 전반적으로 감소되는 경향성을 보였다. 그러나 유리아미노산은 특이적인 경향성을 보이지 않았고, 각 성분별 다른 결과를 보였다. 유리아미노산 중 트립토판, 포스포-세린, 메틸-히스티딘은 높게 증가한 반면에, 트레오닌, 메티오닌, 아스파라긴 등은 높은 감소를 보였다. 처리구에서 총포화지방산은 증가되었지만, 일가 및 다가불포화지방산은 감소되었다. 포화지방산 중에서 Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)가 특이적으로 증가했다. 다른 한편으로 다가불포화지방산 중에서 오메가-3계열인 cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3)가 약간 상승되는 경향성을 보였지만, 오메가-6계열은 감소되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 미네랄, 총유리아미노산, 오메가-3 계열 지방산 등이 증가되었기 때문에, 노니와 해죽순 복합급여 사료는 기능성 증진 물질 생산을 위한 먹이원으로써 활용가능성이 있는 것으로 제의된다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 1995

To evaluate the nutritive values of outdoor mass cultivated Spirulina platensis both chemical analysis and bioassay were carried out using adult cockerels. Blue-green algae, Spirulina platensis contained about 71g /l00g DM of crude protein with balanced amino acid profiles although methionine is liable to he limiting to animals. Compared to fish meal, calcium content and calcium : phosphorus ratio of the Spirulina were not suitable in terms of animal requirements. Reasonable amount of y-linolenic acid(C18: 3 $\omega$6) in Spirulina platensis draws a clinical attention due to its historically recognized pharmacotheraputic functions. Metabolizable energy contents of Spirulina were 3.67 and 3.11 mcal /kg DM for TMEn and AMFn, respectively, which therefore, can he a reliable energy source for poultry. True amino acid availabilities of essential amino acids of Spirulina platensis were higher than 90% for poultry, which is better than comparative ingredient like fish meal. Overall data from both chemical analysis and bioassay demonstrated that the Spirulina platensis could he a favorable protein feedstuffs for poultry.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.403-416
• /
• 2018

In this study, the dietary effects of probiotics with a liquid application system on meat quality and physicochemical characteristics of pigs were evaluated. A total of 80 Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc (LYD) 3-way crossbred pigs (average age $175{\pm}5d$) were assigned to a conventional farm and a probiotics farm equipped with a liquid probiotics application system (40 pigs in each farm). The two treatments were: CON (diet without probiotics) and PRO (diet with probiotics). Dietary probiotics decreased shear force in the longissimus muscle compared to the control group (p<0.05). The treatment diet did not affect backfat thickness, carcass weight, meat color, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), and drip loss. Dietary probiotics significantly reduced ash, salinity, and pH (at 5 and 15 d) (p<0.05). There was no significant effect on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega fatty acids (${\omega}3$ and ${\omega}6$) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the PRO group, whereas monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was decreased. The free amino acid composition, serine, lysine, histidine, and arginine levels were significantly lower in the PRO than in the control group. The treatment group exhibited higher nucleotide compounds (hypoxanthine, inosine, GMP, IMP) than the controls. Also, levels of ascorbic acid and thiamin were significantly different (p<0.05), while minerals were not significantly different between the groups. In conclusion, feeding of probiotics had effects on shear force, ash, salinity, pH, PUFA, and some amino acids which related to taste and flavor without any negative effects on the pigs' carcass traits.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.63.1-63.9
• /
• 2023

Background: New alternative types of pet foods such as raw and cooked homemadestyle diets containing human food ingredients have been introduced due to a trend of pet humanization and diversification of consumer needs. Objectives: To evaluate nutritional adequacy of new alternative types of dog foods containing human food ingredients as maintenance diets for dogs. Methods: Eleven homemade-style foods for adult dogs were purchased from online channel in Korea and analyzed to evaluate nutritional adequacy for adult dogs. Nutrients analyzed included crude protein, amino acids, crude fat, fatty acids, and minerals. Results: Crude protein and amino acids in all products satisfied Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) requirements. Crude fat in one of 11 products did not meet AAFCO requirements. The most deficient minerals were selenium (10 of 11, 90.9%), copper (five of 11, 45.5%), zinc (five of 11, 45.5%), potassium (three of 11, 27.3%), calcium (three of 11, 27.3%), iron (two of 11, 18.2%), and magnesium (one of 11, 9.1%). Six products were not in the range of the recommended Ca:P ratio in AAFCO dog food maintenance nutrient profiles. Conclusions: This study performed nutritional evaluation of raw and cooked homemadestyle foods as maintenance diets for adult dogs. Some nutritional inadequacies were observed including some minerals, Ca:P ratio, and omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio, although three products (26.2%) satisfied the AAFCO standard except selenium. Overall, the data suggest a need for accurate nutritional adequacy statement for consumers based on proper methods to validate the formula.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.6-11
• /
• 2001

An ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase gene which is involved in de novo synthesis of -Iinolenate was isolated from cDNA library of Perilla frutescens. A cDNA library was constructed with mRNA extracted from perilla seeds of 12 DAF. The cDNA clone consisting of 1317-bp open reading frame encoding 438 amino acids with a relative MW of 50kDa, was isolated and showed 65-83% similarities to other known genes. This cDNA is deduced to encode a plastidal ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase based on the fact that it has higher homology to plastidal ones than to microsomal ones and its N-terminal sequence shares several characteristics of transit peptides of chloroplast proteins. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that more than one gene or alleles for ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase are present in the genome of perilla. Northern blot analysis showed that the ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase gene is mainly revealed in early developing seeds and has different expression patterns depending on tissue types compared to the microsomal ones.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.729-734
• /
• 2002

Radiorespirometric analysis revealed that Pseudomonas sp. strain KKI isolated from a soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons was able to catabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene and naphthalene. The rate and extent of phenanthrene mineralization was markedly enhanced when the cells were pregrown on either naphthalene or phenanthrene, compared to the cells grown on universal carbon sources (i.e., TSA medium). Deduced amino acid sequence of the Rieske-type iron-sulfur center of a putative phenanthrene dioxygenase (PhnAl) obtained from the strain KKI shared significant homology with DxnAl (dioxin dioxygenase) from Spingomonas sp. RW1, BphA1b (biphenyl dioxygenase) from Spingomonas aromaticivorans F199, and PhnAc (phenanthrene diokygenase) from Burkholderia sp. RP007 or Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2. Northern hybridization using the dioxygenase gene fragment cloned from KKI showed that the expression of the putative phn dioxygenase gene reached the highest level in cells grown in the minimal medium containing phenanthrene and $KNO_3$, and the expression of the phn gene was repressed in cells grown with glucose. In addition to the metabolic change, phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA) analysis revealed that the total cellular fatty acid composition of KKI was significantly changed in response to phenanthrene. Fatty acids such as 14:0, 16:0 3OH, 17:0 cyclo, 18:1$\omega$7c, 19:0 cyclo increased in phenanthrene-exposed cells, while fatty acids such as 10:0 3OH, 12:0, 12:0 2OH, 12:0 3OH, 16:1$\omega$7c, 15:0 iso 2OH, 16:0, 18:1$\omega$6c, 18:0 decreased.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.633-641
• /
• 2020

Microbial rhodopsins are a superfamily of photoactive membrane proteins with the covalently bound retinal cofactor. Isomerization of the retinal chromophore upon absorption of a photon triggers conformational changes of the protein to function as ion pumps or sensors. After the discovery of proteorhodopsin in an uncultivated γ-proteobacterium, light-activated proton pumps have been widely detected among marine bacteria and, together with chlorophyll-based photosynthesis, are considered as an important axis responsible for primary production in the biosphere. Rhodopsins and related proteins show a high level of phylogenetic diversity; we focus on a specific class of bacterial rhodopsins containing the '3 omega motif.' This motif forms a stack of three non-consecutive aromatic amino acids that correlates with the B-C loop orientation and is shared among the phylogenetically close ion pumps such as the NDQ motif-containing sodium-pumping rhodopsin, the NTQ motif-containing chloride-pumping rhodopsin, and some proton-pumping rhodopsins including xanthorhodopsin. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress on these 'omega rhodopsins,' and speculated on their evolutionary origin of functional diversity.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.1763-1769
• /
• 2011

한국산 청삼종자를 식품산업 분야에서 응용하기 위해서 청삼종자의 영양화학적 분석을 실시하였다. 청삼종자는 약 30.52%의 지방과 30.02%의 단백질로 구성되어 있었다. 청삼종자 지방은 약 88%의 불포화지방산으로 구성되어 있었으며, 오메가-6와 오메가-3 지방산 함량의 비율이 약 3:1이었다. 또한 청삼종자는 높은 필수 아미노산 함량을 나타내었다. 뿐만 아니라 산-염기 침전법으로 추출한 청삼종자 단백질은 자유라디칼 소거활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들은 청삼 헴프단백질이 우수한 단백질 공급원으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다.