• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2002

It is considered that herbal medicine may also have hepatotoxicity and Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata is thought to be the most poisonous. We investigated the changes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase{\;}({\gamma}-GT$)$ in 6 cases administrated herbal medicine containing Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata and tried to evaluate its influence on liver enzymes. Before administration, the mean values of AST and ALT were $30.5{\pm}12.4${\;}U/L{\;}and{\;}30.7{\pm}22.5{\;}U/L$. After administration, those of AST, ALT and ${\gamma}-GT{\;}were{\;}25.7{\pm}8.7 {\;}U/L,{\;}28{\pm}14.8{\;}U/L{\;}and{\;}34.3{\pm}19.4{\;}U/L$ respectively. Therefore, it is indirectly assured that herbal medicine containing Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata didn't influence liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, ${\gamma}-GT$.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2004년도 International Conference Global Environmental Problems and their Health Consequences
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• pp.178-181
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• 2004

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is used extensively in the plastic industry and has been known as an environmental hormone (endocrine disruptor). Present study was undertaken to examine whether DBP can induce oxidative stress in mice. In this study, oxidative stress was measured in terms of the modification of lipid peroxidation and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (${\gamma}-GT$) activity. The activity of ${\gamma}-GT$, the level of lipid peroxidation and serum toxicity index were measured in male ICR mice after treatment with DBP (5 g/kg, po). Administration of DBP was found to significantly increase the level of lipid peroxidation approximately 2 fold in liver. The activity of ${\gamma}-GT$ in the liver of DBP-exposed animals was also increased approximately 2.5 fold. However, DBP did not alter the parameters for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine. These results indicate that DBP can induce oxidative stress in mice. The ${\gamma}-GT$ activity is considered to be increased as one of the adaptive defense mechanisms to oxidative stress induced by DBP.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of safety on liver functions when Korean herbal medicine was taken internally. Method: 101 inpatients who took Korean herbal medicine were enrolled and liver function test (aspartic aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase) was performed on admission and 1 month later. Results: In 101 patients, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltranspeptidase decreased significantly compared with the value taken on admission (p<0.05) but aspartic aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase were not significantly changed (p>0.05). In the patients who took Scutellaria baicalensis (n=34), alkaline phosphatase decreased and albumin increased significantly (p<0.05). Among the patients who took Atractylodes macrocephala (n=29), alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly (p<0.05). In the patients who took Glycyrrhiza uralensis or Paeonia lactiflora, liver function parameters were not significantly changed (p>0.05). On admission 11 patients had abnormal liver function and 2 patients had liver injury while 7 patients had abnormal liver function and 2 patients showed liver injury 1 month later. Conclusions: This study suggests that prescribed Korean herbal medicine does not injure liver function.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.218-223
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• 2003

Effect of taurine treatment on metabolism of glutathione (GSH) was studied in adult male ICR mice. An acute injection of taurine (250 mg/kg, ip) resulted in a significant decline of hepatic GSH level at t = 6 hr, but plasma GSH level was not altered. The activity of GSH-related enzyme in liver, such as GSH peroxidase, GSSG reductase, GSH S-transferases, ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase or ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase, was not affected by taurine at t = 2.5 or 6 hr. Plasma cysteine and cystine levels were elevated rapidly following taurine treatment. Hepatic cysteine level was decreased by taurine, reaching a level approximately 70％ of control at t = 4 and 6 hr. In conclusion, the results indicate that an acute dose of taurine decreases hepatic GSH level by reducing the availability of cysteine, an essential substrate for synthesis of this tripeptide in liver. It is also suggested that taurine may decrease the cysteine uptake by competing with this S-amino acid for a non-specific amino acid transporter.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.314-322
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• 2018

Bacillus subtilis 8 is highly efficient at degrading feather keratin. We observed integrated feather degradation over the course of 48 h in basic culture medium while studying the entire process with scanning electron microscopy. Large amounts of ammonia, sulfite, and $\text\tiny{L}$-cysteic acid were detected in the fermented liquid. In addition, four enzymes (gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, peptidase T, serine protease, and cystathionine gamma-synthase) were identified that play an important role in this degradation pathway, all of which were verified with molecular cloning and prokaryotic expression. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to demonstrate that cystathionine gamma-synthase secreted by B. subtilis 8 is involved in the decomposition of feather keratin. This study provides new data characterizing the molecular mechanism of feather degradation by bacteria, as well as potential guidance for future industrial utilization of waste keratin.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.365-370
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• 1998

To evaluate the renal toxicity of the antitumor agent, p-{N,N,-Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino}-4-phenyl acetyl-amino-2,6-piperidinedione(CK-15), rats were treated with CK-15 (acute: 50mg/kg. i.p., single and subacute: 5mg/kg, i.p., daily for 7 days). The changes in the body weight, water consumption, kidney weights and urine volume after and during the treatment were observed. The concentrations of urinary creatinine and portein, the activities of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in 24hr urine were also determined. The body weight, water consumption, and urine volume were decreased after the acute and subacute administration. However the weights of kidney were not changed after the treatments. The excretion of creatinine was significantly decreased 1 day after acute administration but, returned to the control value. In subactute administration, the excretion of creatinine was gradually decreased. However, the protein excretion did not changed in both treatment. Those indicate that CK-15 might decrease the metabolic rate of muscle. THe urinary activities of NAG, AAP, ${\gamma}$-GT, and LDH were significantly affected bythe drug treatment. The urinary activities of NAG, AAP and ${\gamma}$-GT were significantly increased 1 day after the acute administration and then returned to the control value. However, the urinary activities of LDH were not changed in acute treatment. In subacute treatment, although the urinary activities of NAG were not changed, those of AAP and ${\gamma}$-GT were significantly increased 2.3 times at 3 days during the subacute administration. Also the urinary activities of LDH were significantly increased at 7 day after the administration. These results indicate that the high and subacute administration might induce a damage in the kidney cells. Furthermore the present results suggest that the toxic effects of CK-15 might be due to the accumulation of the metabolites.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2012

High-intensive endurance exercises induce cell changes in body, changes in structures and functions of the heart, the muscles, the cartilages, and the liver, as well as increase of inflammatory cytokine. The purpose of this study was to estimate the biochemical changes in the liver and muscles during ultra-marathon race (100 km) by sections. The blood of the subjects was collected before the marathon as a control in order to analyze serum creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), asprtate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total(T)-bilirubin, direct(D)-bilirubin, total protein, albumin, uric acid, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations. The CK, LDH, D-bilirubin, AST and ALT concentrations at 50 km and 100 km were significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). The markers at 100 km were higher than those at 50 km (P<0.05). The T-bilirubin and hs-CRP concentrations showed no difference among the groups, whereas the markers at 100 km were higher than those of the control and at 50 km (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that the ultra-marathon race (100 km) may induce the damage of the skeletal muscle, liver and kidney, intravascular hemolysis and inflammatory responses.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.516-525
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• 1999

Hedera rhombea (HR) has been used for treatments of hemorrage, chronic catarrh, jaundice, lithisis and convulsion. This study was done to isolate active compounds that have protective effect on liver damage. BuOH and EtOAc fractions of HR recovered serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase$ (${\gamma}-GTP$) activities in CCl4 treated rats. We isolated 7 phenolic compounds from BuOH and EtOAc fractions, which were identified as 3-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, caffeic acid, methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid by chemical and spectral analysis. These compounds reduced significantly serum GOT and GPT elevated by CCl4 treatment in rats, and 3-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and caffeic acid also showed mild inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1991

Clinical signs, serum chemical values and histological findings of hepatic tissue after partial and complete obstruction of common bile duct in Korean goats were investigated. Abnormal clinical signs were not observed in partial obstruction of common bile duct, but in complete obstruction clinical signs such as jaundice, urine color change, were observed. Serum total bilirubin, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, and total protein values increased on the 1-4th day and then gradually decreased to normal level in partial obstruction. However, they tend to increase persistently by the 24th day in complete obstruction of common bileduct. Histologic features of hepatic tissue in partial obstruction were not changed as compared with normal hepatic tissue. On the other hand, in complete obstruction of common bite duct there were moderate bile duct proliferation in a portal area, rupture of bile canaliculi, phagocytosis of bile pigment by Kupffer cells, periportal fibrosis, intrahepatic bile stasis and hepatic cell necrosis.

• 생약학회지
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• 제34권2호통권133호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2003

This study was done to investigate the protective effect of Alnus japonica Steude on hepatotoxicity in carbon let-rachloride $(CCl_4)$ intoxicated rats. Alnus japonica Steud was extracted with methanol and fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water. Rats were treated with those orally once a day for 6 days. The activities of aminotransferase and ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase$ and contents of cholesterol, TG and hepatic lipid peroxide in butanol fraction pretreated rats were significantly decreased compared to the only $CCl_4$ treated rats but the content of glutathione was significantly increased compared to the only $CCl_4$ treated rats. Also activities of hepatic superoside dismutase, catalase, glutathione perpxidase in butanol fraction pretreated rats were signigicantly decreased compared to the only $CCl_4$ treated rats. These result indicated that butanol fraction of Alnus japonica Steude showed hepatoprotective effect in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats.