• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.877-883
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• 1997

Ar 및 Ar과 $N_{2}$ 분위기하에서 rf 마그네트론 스퍼터링방법으로 Ta-AI과 Ta-AI-N합금막을 제조하였다. Ta-7.9at.% AI계열, Ta-26.7 at% AI게열과 Ta-45.4at.%AI계열에 Ar에 대한 질서유량비로 26%까지 질소를 첨가하여 Ta-AI-N박막을 증착한후, 300-$600^{\circ}C$온도 구산에서 열처리 전후의 구조 및 전기적 특성과 열적안정성을 통하여 레지스터의 적용가능성을 조사하였다. 구조 및 조성 분석은 X-선 회절과 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry(RBS)로 관찰하였고 열적안정성은 4단자법(four point probe method)을 이용한 저항변화를 통하여 측정하였다. 순수 Ta에 AI을 첨가하면 확장된 $\beta$($\beta$-Ta)N 합금박막에서 가장 열적안정성이 우수하게 나타났던 질소첨가 범위는 Ta $N_{hcp}$또는 TaN/ sub fcc/또는 Ta $N_{fcc}$와 비정질과의 혼합상순으로 상천이를 나타내었다. Ta-AI-N 합금박막에서 가장 열적안정성이 우수하게 나타났던 질서첨가 범위는 Ta-26.7at. % AI계열의 경우 19-36at.% $N_{2}$구간이었고, Ta-45.5at.% AI계열의 경우는 30-45at.%구간이었다. Ta-AI합금박막은 질소가 첨가되지 않아도 열처리 온도 및 시간에 따라 약 10% 이내의 비교적 작은 저항변화를 보여 열적안정성이 우수하지만 질소를 첨가하여 Ta-AI-N합금박막을 형성시킬경우, 증착된 상태에서 이미 큰 비저항을 나타내었고 열처리 동안 3%이내의 매우 작은 저항변화를 나타내었기 때문에 레지스터용 재료로써 열적안정성에 대한 잠재력이 크다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4949-4954
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• 2015

The present study was planned to investigate the role of sex hormone receptor gene expression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adult male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Group (1) was negative control. Groups (2), (5), (6), and (7) were orally administered with N-nitrosodiethylamine for the induction of HCC, then group (2) was left untreated, group (5) was orally treated with curcumin, group (6) was orally treated with carvacrol, and group (7) was intraperitoneally injected with doxorubicin, whereas groups (3) and (4) were orally administered only curcumin and carvacrol, respectively. The HCC group showed significant upregulation in the androgen receptor (AR) and the estrogen receptor-alpha ($ER{\alpha}$) gene expression levels in the liver tissue. On the contrary, HCC groups treated with either curcumin or carvacrol showed significant downregulation in AR and $ER{\alpha}$ gene expression levels in the liver tissue. In conclusion, the obtained data highlight that both AR and $ER{\alpha}$ but not estrogen receptor-beta ($ER{\beta}$) gene expression may contribute to the male prevalence of HCC induced in male rats. Interestingly, both curcumin and carvacrol were found to have a promising potency in alleviating the male predominating HCC.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.30-46
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Gambi-bang 4 (GBB4) on obesity-induced mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with Reductil, high fat diet with GBB4 extract) and fed for 8 weeks. We observed body weight change, the weight change of the adipocytes in body, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, serum leptin level, expression of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue, and histological changes of adipose tissue and liver cells. Results: 1. Compared with the control group, the GBB4 group was significantly lower in body weight, weight of adipocytes, and amount of glucose. 2. The GBB4 group was significantly lower in the amount of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol compared with the control. 3. Compared with the control group, the GBB4 group was significantly lower in the amount of serum leptin. 4. The GBB4 group was significantly higher in the revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary adipose cells compared with the control. 5. Compared with the control group, the GBB4 group was smaller in the size of adipocytes in adipose tissue and the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue were decreased. Conclusions: These results suggested that GBB4 has inhibitory effects on obesity. GBB4 might be applied in treatment of obesity, so further studies analyzing its effects are needed.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.177-181
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• 2005

Yellowish uranium compounds were enriched at the interface between a Ca-bentonite block and a waste glass, containing about $20\%$ uranium oxide, in contact with the block due to the dissolution of uranium by a synthetic granitic groundwater in Ar atmosphere. The uranium compound formed for 6 years leach time was identified as a beta-uranophane $[Ca(UO_2)_2(SiO_{3}OH)_{2}5H_{2}O]$ using XRD, IR and mass spectrometer. The solubility of the beta-uranophane was measured to be about $10^{-6}\;mole/L$ in de-mineralized water at $80^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2006

The nucleotide sequence of the cloned cellulolytic xylanase gene (bglBC2) from B. circulans ATCC21367 was determined. bglBC2 consists of an 1,224 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a polypeptide of 407 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 45 kDa. The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence (5'-AAAGGAG-3') was found 9 bp upstream of the initiation codon, ATG. A promoter region corresponding closely to the B. subtilis consensus sequence (-35: TTGACA,-10: TATAAT) was detected, the putative -35 and -10 sequences of which were TTTACA and TATACT, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cellulolytic xylanase showed 97% homology with that of the alkaline $endo-\beta-1,4-glucanase$ from B. circulans KSM-N257, 75% homology with that of the $endo-\beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase$ from B. circulans WL-12, and 45% homology with that of the $endo-\beta-1,4-glucanase$ (cellulase) from Bacillus sp. KSM-330. The bglBC2 sequence was deposited in Gen-Bank under the accession number AY269256.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2010

This study is to analyze effects of the growth of Chunhyang Young Radish (CYR) and Altari Radish (AR) according to the exposure for 31 days at low dose ${\beta}$-rays. This test has one contrast sample and eleven test samples each as to AR and CYR. The seeds from contrast and test sample were planted in the culture soil after 8 seeds were chosen from each with identical condition. The accumulated dose of test samples has been measured at consistent time on a daily basis for 31 days. The growing process and germination have been measured twice at consistent time in each week. The number of leaves, length of first leave and weight have been acquired average value by measuring for 20 and 25 days, respectively after being planted. The result of test sample in case of 25 days shows that 5% increase in length and 36% increase in weight for AR each at accumulated dose 0.01 Gy compared to the contrast sample. And the length of CYR has increased by 13~17% and 1% at accumulated dose 0.01~0.08 Gy and 0.3 Gy compared to the contrast sample. For the weight at accumulated dose 0.05 Gy and 0.23 Gy has increased by 36% and 2% compared to contrast sample. As to the number of leaves, AR has increased by 0~50% at accumulated dose 0.01-0.32 Gy compared to contrast sample. It also shows that the CYR has increased to 0~67% at accumulated dose 0.01-0.62 Gy compared to contrast sample. As a result of this study, it indicates that both AR and CYR has generally increased in their length, weight, and the number of leaves at low level accumulated dose part 0.01~0.2 Gy. The size of cell, area of nucleus and density of cell for test sample has been observed quite similar to the ones from contrast sample through microscope. In conclusion, AR and CYR irradiated by ${\beta}$-rays have estimated that they are achieved a rapid growth at low level accumulated dose region corresponding to its radiation hormesis theory. Further studies need to confirm the correlation between the radiation hormesis and the growth of the plants.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.81-100
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• 2014

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of six single aqueous herbal extracts-Quisqualis Fructus (QuF), Meliae Cortex (MeC), Arecae Semen (ArS), Crassirhizomae Rhizoma (CrR), Ulmi Pasta Semen(UlS), Torreyae Semen(ToS)- against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Methods: Anti-bacterial activities against S. aureus of aqueous extracts of QuF, MeC, ArS, CrR, UlS and ToS were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the cell viability, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 productions of LPS activated Raw 264.7 cells were detected. The anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were respectively compared with lincomycin and piroxicam. Results: Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of aqueous extracts of QuF, MeC, ArS, CrR, UlS and ToS against S. aureus was respectively detected $5.625{\pm}4.075$ (3.125~12.500), $0.332{\pm}0.273$ (0.098~0.782), $1.094{\pm}0.428$ (0.782~1.563), $2.969{\pm}2.096$ (0.782~6.250), $9.375{\pm}4.419$ (3.125~12.500)>25 mg/ml. MIC of lincomycin was detected as $0.469{\pm}0.297$ (0.195~0.782) ${\mu}g/ml$ at same conditions. In addition, $ED_{50}$ against LPS-induced cell viabilities and cytokine releases of QuF, MeC, ArS, CrR, UlS and ToS was as follows - Cell viability: 66.370, 2.908, 1.747, 259.553, 18.150 and 34.160 mg/ml; NO production: 389.486, 0.294, 0.138, 523.060, 45.363 and 49.327 mg/ml; $PGE_2$ production: 114.271, 0.223, 0.046, 243.078, 8.829 and 28.947 mg/ml; TNF-${\alpha}$ production: 406.288, 0.343, 0.123, 9404.227, 125.406 and 140.775 mg/ml; IL-$1{\beta}$ production: 117.178, 0.135, 0.019, 237.451, 7.923 and 19.418 mg/ml; IL-6 production: 31.261, 0.105, 0.055, 128.434, 2.290 and 3.745 mg/ml. ED50 of piroxicam against LPS-induced cell viabilities, NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were detected as 35.179, 6.552, 1.162, 7.273, 7.101 and $5.044{\mu}g/ml$, respectively at same conditions. Conclusions: All six single aqueous herbal extracts showed anti-bacterial effects against S. aureus, in the order of MeC, ArS, CrR, QuF and UlS aqueous extracts except for ToS; they did not showed any anti-bacterial effects (MIC>25 mg/ml). They also showed anti-inflammatory effects against LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells in the order of ArS, MeC, UlS, ToS, QuF and CrR aqueous extracts. It means that the ArS and MeC will be showed favorable potent anti-bacterial and related anti-inflammatory effects.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.179-204
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• 2007

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Angelicae Radix Pharmacopuncture(AR-P) at Joksamni(ST36) on collagen II induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. The authors evaluated arthritis index, arthritis incidence and joint edema, and measured body weight, spleen size and stenosis rate, serum cytokine level, serum antibody level, immune cell populations In spleen, lymph node, and knee joint, and performed histological analysis of CIA mouse joint. Results : In the AR-P group, arthritis index, arthritis incidence and joint edema were decreased, and the enlargement, malformation and stenosis of spleen and the malformation of joint appeared milder than the control group. In AR-P group, the levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in serum were significantly decreased. And the level of anti-collagen II in serum was maintained lower in AR-P group than in the control group. In AR-P group, the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-10, and $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-4$ ratio were significantly decreased, and the ratios of $CD3e^+$ cells to $CD45^+$ cells, $CD4^+$ cells to $CD8^+$ cells in spleen were similarly maintained as those of the normal group. In the AR-P group, the populations of $CD4^+/CD25^+$ cells in spleen and lymph nodes, $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ cells in lymph nodes, $CD3^+/CD69^+$ cells and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in knee joint were decreased. In the histological analysis, the cartilage destruction, synovial cell proliferation and the collagen fiber destruction were decreased in the AR-P group Conclusions : The results suggest that AR-P at right ST36 has a therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis in mice.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 2008

Objectives In order to investigate the effects of Sansayukbokhap-bang (SSYBHB) on the hematological and histological changes. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed with high fat diet. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups and fed for 15weeks. Results 1. The body weight of SSYBHB intake mice was significantly lower than high fat diet group. 2. The final increase of body weight was decreased significantly. 3. The levels of ALT, AST, total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, triglyceride, Leptin were decreased significantly. 4. The levels of creatinine were decreased but did not show significance. 5. The level of HDL-cholesterol and the expression of ${\beta}$3AR mRNA gene in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes were increased significantly. 6. Adipocytes' size was decreased significantly. 7. The expression of ${\beta}$3AR mRNA gene, Leptin mRNA gene and serotinin mRNA gene in Adipocytes tissue was decreased significantly. Conclusion Based on these results, it is proved that SSYBHB is effective on the therapy of obesity by referring to obese-gene and obese inhibitory. So, it is espected that the clinical application of SSYBHB can help the treatment of obesity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2008

Bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether ($BADGE.2H_2O$) is a component of commercial liquid epoxy resins commonly used in the food-packing industry and in dental sealants. There is evidence that it has significant estrogenic activity. Nur77 plays a crucial role in the regulation of certain genes involved in LH-mediated steroidogenesis in testicular Leydig cells. It was previously demonstrated that Bisphenol A (BPA) stimulates Nur77 gene induction and steroidogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of $BADGE.2H_2O$ on Nur77 gene expression and steroidogenesis. Northern blot analysis showed that it increased the expression of Nur77 mRNA and protein, and transient transfection assays demonstrated that it increased the promoter activity and transactivation of Nur77. It also increased the expression of certain steroidogenic genes, such as StAR and $3{\beta}$-HSD. Finally, over-expression of a dominant negative Nur77 cDNA via adenoviral infection reduced $BADGE.2H_2O$-mediated progesterone biosynthesis. These results indicate that $BADGE.2H_2O$ disrupts testicular steroidogenesis by increasing Nur77 gene expression.