• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.664-669
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• 2012

The mushroom Coriolusversicolor contains biologically active polysaccharides, most of which belong to the ${\beta}$ glucan group. Diverse physicochemical properties, due to different sources and isolated types of ${\beta}$-glucans, may induce distinct biological activities. Here, we examined the effects of ${\beta}$-glucan from Coriolusversicolor (CVG) on the scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) expression and the role of SR-B1 in CVG-induced phagocytosis regulation by using SR-B1-specific shRNA transfected cells. We also examined whether Dectin-1 and CK2 are involved in SR-B1 expression in CVG-treated cells. Our study results showed that CVG increased the SR-B1 expression via Dectin-1 and CK2 in macrophages. However, the inhibition of SR-B1 expression by shRNA did not completely eliminate the effect of CVG on the increase of phagocytosis suggesting that SR-B1 is not essential for CVG-stimulated phagocytosis. This study will contribute to identify CVG's mechanism of action and its use in the development of functional foods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.285-294
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• 1992

Biochemical polymorphisms of sow's milk proteins, $\beta$-casein ($\beta$-CN), $\beta$-lactoglobulin ($\beta$-LG), post-lactoglobulin (post-LG), $\alpha$-lactalbumin ($\alpha$-LA) and X-protein, as genetic markers for major pig breeds (Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc, Hampshire and cross bred) in Korea were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Phenotype and gene frequencies at all marker loci were estimated and genetic differences among breed populations were analyzed. Three $\beta$-CN phenotypes (AA, AB and BB) controlled by two codominant alleles (${\beta}-CN^A$ and ${\beta}-CN^B$), four $\beta$-LG phenotypes (AA, AC, $AC^{\pm}$ and CC) controlled by two codominant alleles (${\beta}-LG^A$ and ${\beta}-LG^C$) and ten X-protein phenotypes (AA, BB, CC, DD, AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD) controlled by four codominant alleles ($X^A,\;X^B,\;X^C\;and\;X^D$) were identified. In addition, a genetically controlled polymorphism of post-LG was found for the first time in sow's milk protein. Three different phenotypes (AA, AB and BB) were designated $post-LG^A$ and $post-LG^B$. Of the five marker loci examined, $\alpha$-LA locus was observed to lack any individual variation in all breeds studied. All populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all loci. There were marked breed differences for phenotype and gene frequencies in the post-LG and X-protein marker loci. However, there were little differences between breeds in the gene frequencies at the $\beta$-CN and $\beta$-LG marker loci.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.86-86
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• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 1993

To evaluate an effect of dietary protein on lipoprotein profile serum of carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, carbon tetrachloride (50% in olive oil) was twice given at 0.1ml/100g body weight at intervals of 24hours to the male rats and then the degree of liver damage in carbon tetrachloride-treated animals fed a low protein diet was compared with that fed a high protein diet. The increasing rate of liver weight/body weight and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats to the control group were higher in rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet. In the serum levels of lipid (total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride) remarkable differences were not found between low protein diet group and high protein diet group. But these serum lipids in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats were decreased and the decreasing rate of serum lipids to control group were higher in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet. Under the animal model as identified by the present data herein, serum pre $\beta$-lipoprotein and $\alpha$-lipoprotein fractions were decreased in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, but the serum levels of $\beta$-lipoprotein were rather increased in the both group by the injection of carbon tetrachloride. Especially, the decreasing rate of $\alpha$-lipoprotein fraction was higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats fed a high protein diet than those fed a low protein diet to its control group and the increasing rate of serum $\beta$-lipoprotein fraction was also higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.72-73
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• 1994

Whey는 일명 lactoserum 이라고도 하며 치즈제조시 우유를 응고시키는 과정에서 Casein과 지방으로부터 분리되어 나오는 액상의 부산물로 본래 우유 부피의 약 90%를 차지하며, 용해성 단백질, 유당, 비타민과 무기질 등을 함유하고 있다. 유청에 함유되어 있는 단백질은 건조고형분의 약 13%가 되는데, 주요 단백질은 $\beta$-lactoglobulin(50%), $\alpha$-lactalbumin(22%), Serum albumin(5%), Immunoglobulin(12%), Proteose-peptone(10%) 등이 있다. 유청단백질중 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 $\beta$-lactoglobulin은 구형의 단백질로 단량체의 분자량은 약 18,400이며, pH 3.5~7 범위내에서는 해리되지 않는 이량체(dimer)를 형성한다. pH 3.5 이하에서 이량체는 해리되고 다량체의 형성으로 재평성한다. pH 7.0 이상의 알칼리 영역에서는 Conformational Change가 일어나는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 등전점(isoelectric point)은 pH 5.2이다. $\alpha$-lactalbumin은 14,200의 분자량을 가지는 구형의 단백질로 등전점은 pH 4.8이다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.551-558
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• 2017

To study and validate tissue-specific promoters and vectors, it is important to develop cell culture systems that retain the tissue and species specificity. Such systems are attractive alternatives to transgenic animal models. This study established a line of porcine mammary gland epithelial cells (PMECs) from a primary culture based on the cellular morphology and mRNA levels of porcine beta-casein (CSN2). The selected PMECs were stained with the cytokeratin antibody, and were shown to express milk protein genes (CSN2, lactoferrin, and whey acidic protein). In addition, to confirm the acini structure of PMEC932-7 in 3D culture, live cells were stained with SYTO-13 dye, which binds to nucleic acid. The acini of these PMECs on matrigel were formed by the aggregation of peripheral cells and featured a hollow lumens. The system was demonstrated by testing the effects of the culture conditions to cell culture including cell density and matrigel methods of the PMECs. These results suggest that PMECs possess the genetic and structural features of mammary epithelial cells.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.235-239
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• 2005

This study was conducted to test whether the transgenic cattle pass the transgene to their progeny through germ cells, and whether the transgene is expressed in the mammary gland of ransgenic cows. Two male ransgenic calves were born from IVF-derived embryos injected with bovine $\beta-casein/human$ lactoferrin fusion gene and then grew up to be reproducible. Semen was collected from a transgenic bull after 18 mon of age and then frozen. Bovine oocytes matured in vitro were fertilized with spermatozoa of the transgenic bull and cultured in $50\;{\mu}L$ drops of CRlaa medium supplemented with 3 mg/mL BSA. After 48 h of culture, cleaved embryos were determined for the presence of transgenes by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Proportion of transgene positives among bovine embryos fertilized with sperm of the transgenic bull was $20.9\%$ (28/134). One of transgenic bulls did not produce transgenic sperm. Out of 34 calves produced from recipient heifers inseminated with semen of the other bull, 3 $(8.8\%)$ were transgenic animals (2 females and 1 male). Thus, one transgenic bull showed a low transmission frequency below Mendelian levels in both the IVF-derived embryos and his progeny. It was demonstrated by Southern blot that copy numbers of the transgene in the transgenic progeny enhanced about 1.8 times as compared to those of the founder bull The results demonstrate that the transgenic bull carrying human lactoferrin gene could pass his transgene to the progeny through germ cells, although he is a germ-line mosaic.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.111-127
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• 2005

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang (MS) and Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang plus Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu (MS-C) on postpartum recovery and lactation. Materials and Methods : We used 18-week pregnant Spraque Dawley rats and administered the decoctions of MS and MS-C to rats once a day for 4 days or 8 days. Then we observed changes in the body weight of pup rats and complete blood cell count, liver function test, renal function test, mammary gland tissue, level of serum prolactin, ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP of postpartum rats. Result : A significant increase in body weight was observed in MS-C treated pup rats compared with in MS treated group. The levels of WBC and platelet from MS group and MS-C group were decreased compared with the control group. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit from MS group and MS-C group showed statistically significant increases compared with the control group. The levels of protein, albumin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The levels of BUN, creatinine from MS group and MS-C group did not show statistically significant changes compared with the control group. The mammary gland tissues from MS group and MS-C group showed increased angiogenesis. The levels of serum prolactin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The expression of ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP genes from postpartum rats treated with MS and MS-C was increased. Conclusion : This study shows that MS and MS-C improved postpartum recovery and lactation in rats.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.270-285
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• 2017

Among milk proteins, caseins are not subjected to chemical changes during heat treatment of milk; however, whey proteins are partially denatured following heat treatment. The degree of whey protein denaturation by heat treatment is decreased in the order of high temperature short time (HTST) > low temperature long time (LTLT) > direct-ultra-high temperature (UHT) > indirect-UHT. As a result of heat treatment, several changes, including variations in milk nitrogen, interactions between beta-lactoglobulin and k-casein, variations in calcium sulfate and casein micelle size, and delay of milk coagulation by chymosin action, were observed. Lysine, an important essential amino acid found in milk, was partially inactivated during heat treatment. Therefore, the available amount of lysine decreased slightly (1~4% decrease) after heat treatment, However, the influence of heat treatment on the nutritional value of milk was negligible. Nutritional value and nitrogen balance did not differ significantly between UHT and LTLT in milk. In conclusion, our results showed that heat treatment of milk did not alter protein quality. Whey proteins denatured to a limited extent during the heat treatment process, and the nutritional value and protein quality were unaffected by heat treatment.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.192-197
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• 2022

Cell signals for growth factors depend on the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the cells. Microtubule acetylation is involved in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation in the soft ECM. However, the mechanism of activation of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1), a major α-tubulin acetyltransferase, in the soft ECM is not well defined. Here, we found that casein kinase 2 (CK2) is required for the TGF-β-induced activation of α-TAT1 that promotes microtubule acetylation in the soft matrix. Genetic mutation and pharmacological inhibition of CK2 catalytic activity specifically reduced microtubule acetylation in the cells cultured on a soft matrix rather than those cultured on a stiff matrix. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that CK2α, a catalytic subunit of CK2, directly bound to the C-terminal domain of α-TAT1, and this interaction was more prominent in the cells cultured on the soft matrix. Moreover, the substitution of alanine with serine, the 236th amino acid located at the C-terminus, which contains the CK2-binding site of α-TAT1, significantly abrogated the TGF-β-induced microtubule acetylation in the soft matrix, indicating that the successful binding of CK2 and the C-terminus of α-TAT1 led to the phosphorylation of serine at the 236th position of amino acids in α-TAT1 and regulation of its catalytic activity. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the TGF-β-induced activation of α-TAT1 in a soft matrix.