• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.289-297
• /
• 2011

As part of safety evaluation of 2A (amono acid), PAT (phosphinotricin Acetyl-transferase), CtrI (Carotene desaturase) and PSY (phytoene synthase), the expressed proteins inserted to ${\beta}$-carotene Biofortified rice were tested for antigencity test. As a result, the group of administering high-concentration PAT, the expressed protein, showed a great content of total WBC; however, other expressed proteins did not show much difference. Against ASA (Active Systemic Anaphylaxis) test, the group of administering high-concentration PAT, the expressed protein, showed mild or medium degree of symptoms, but there was no dead entity. According to the result of the PCA (Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis test), the group of administering high-concentration PAT, 2A, PSY, and mixture of expressed proteins indicated positive response in low anti-serum concentration, and the group of administering the clinical concentration of mixture indicated mild positive response. However, because the group of administering the clinical concentration of expressed proteins, PAT, 2A, PSY, and CtrI, did not show positive response, it is thought that IgE is not generated. Further studies are needed to verify the safety of ${\beta}$-carotene Biofortified rice.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.11
• /
• pp.1791-1799
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the contents of antioxidative components from pulpy and seed in wild haw (Crataegus pinnatifida $B_{UNGE}$). Pulpy and seed of haw were smashed, then measured for color properties, antioxidative components of ascorbic acid, phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin, total carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a, b and tannin. The $a^*$, $b^*$ and $C^*$ values of seed were significantly lower than pulpy, but $L^*$ and $H^{\circ}$ values were higher than that of pulpy. Ascorbic acid contents of pulpy and seed were found to be $10.89{\pm}1.69mg/100g$ and $1.45{\pm}0.16mg/100g$, respectively. Phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, total carotene and tannin contents of pulpy and seed were $689.17{\pm}3.63mg/g$, $597.78{\pm}2.93mg/g$; $355.61{\pm}19.39mg/g$, $49.12{\pm}4.97mg/g$; $8.32{\pm}0.42mg%$, $0.80{\pm}0.01mg%$; $7.53{\pm}0.09mg/g$, $1.02{\pm}0.03mg/g$, respectively. Similarly, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of pulpy also displayed higher values than that of seed. On the contrary, anthocyanin content of seed ($4.24{\pm}0.33mg/L$) was remarkably higher than pulpy ($0.99{\pm}0.62mg/L$). The results showed that pulpy could be severed as great natural antioxidant and biohealth functional food.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.677-691
• /
• 2016

To assess South Korean commercial tomato cultivars, regular and cherry tomato cultivars were grown in the greenhouse and evaluated for color attributes, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, carotenoids (lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene), total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. Significant differences (p < 0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT)) were observed in the levels of most phytochemicals, quality parameters, and antioxidant activity among the twenty South Korean tomato cultivars tested. Lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene contents varied significantly (p < 0.05 using DMRT), from $0.95mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $5.12mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ and $0.65mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $3.56mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ of fresh weight, respectively. ${\beta}$-carotene contents exhibited the highest genetic variation (59.2%), followed by naringenin (52.8%) and other phytochemicals. Most of the cherry tomato cultivars had statistically higher levels (p < 0.05 using DMRT) of carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity compared to the regular tomato varieties, suggesting their higher nutritional value. Lycopene content was highest in the cultivars YoYo, Jicored, Titi-Chal, TY-Endorphin, and Rubyking. Cultivars Rubyking, TY-Endorphin, and Titi-Chal also showed relatively higher antioxidant activities in three assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All the antioxidants, except luteolin, were positively correlated with antioxidant activities; the highest correlation was observed between total phenol and antioxidant activities, followed by the correlation between rutin and vitamin C. Cultivars identified to have superior nutritional status would be useful in tomato breeding programs to further improve quality and health benefits of tomatoes for the fresh and processed markets.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.162-165
• /
• 1979

In order to study the red-coloring effects of hot pepper fruit by light treatment during after-ripening period, 'Karak Geumjang No. 2 green hot pepper fruits, Capsicum annuum L., after 30 to 35 days from flowering were harvested and white, red and blue light treatments at the energy level of $40\;{\mu}watt/cm^2/sec$ were given at $25^{\circ}C$. When compared with white light, total chlorophyll content was strikingly decreased by blue light treatment and no difference in the chlorophyll contents between red and white light was observed. The chlorophyll a and b showed a similar decreasing patterns as shown in the case of total chlorophyll. Total carotenoid content was higher in the blue light treatment by 31% than the white light. However, red light decreased the carotenoid condent as compared to the white light treatment. But ${\beta}-carotene$ was not changed by red light as compared to white light. Blue light treatment increased ${\beta}-carotene$ content (0.71 mg%-f.w.) as compared to white light treatment (0.56 mg%-f.w.). Therefore, blue light treatment increased red-coloring responses of hot pepper fruit during after-ripening period. The capsaicin content was slightly increased by blue light and no red light influence was observed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.8-10
• /
• 1978

After growing the hot pepper fruits in polyethylene film(PE) house covered with white or red colored film, the fruits were collected and chlorophyll, carotenoid, and capsaicin content was analyzed. Although total chlorophyll content was higher in fruit of white PE house$(208.9{\mu}g/g-F.W)$ as compared to that of red PE house $(153.0{\mu}g/g-F.W)$ grown plants, the ratio of chlorophyll a over b were similar, giving 2.15 and 2.13 respectively in white and red PE house. Total carotenoid, $\beta$-carotene and the capsaicin content were higher in fruits of red PE house grown plants. Therefore, it is suggested that red film could be used as a successful covering material for poly ethylene film house.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.868-877
• /
• 2020

Bicarbonate has been considered as a better approach for supplying CO₂ to microalgae cells microenvironments than gas bubbling owing to cost-effectiveness and easy operation. However, the β-carotene production was too low in Dunaliella salina cultivated with bicarbonate in previous studies. Also, the difference in photosynthetic efficiency between these two carbon sources (bicarbonate and CO₂) has seldom been discussed. In this study, the culture conditions, including NaHCO₃, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and microelement concentrations, were optimized when bicarbonate was used as carbon source. Under optimized condition, a maximum biomass concentration of 0.71 g/l and corresponding β-carotene content of 4.76% were obtained, with β-carotene yield of 32.0 mg/l, much higher than previous studies with NaHCO₃. Finally, these optimized conditions with bicarbonate were compared with CO₂ bubbling by online monitoring. There was a notable difference in F_v/F_m value between cultivations with bicarbonate and CO₂, but there was no difference in the F_v/F_m periodic changing patterns. This indicates that the high concentration of NaHCO₃ used in this study served as a stress factor for β-carotene accumulation, although high productivity of biomass was still obtained.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.14-14
• /
• 1995

The effect of lipoxygenase (LOX) on the oxidation and co-oxidation of lipid fraction was studied in the model system of rainbow trout. For the reaction in model system 1 g of lipid fraction and 50mL of enzyme extract(LOX, 140 unit in 50mL phosphate buffer solution at pH 7,4)), which were obtained from rainbow trout, were homoginized in the presence of Tween 20 and kept at 23$\circ$C for 3 days. The activity of LOX was decreased to 43% of initial level during the reaction in the model system. The initial composition of rainbow trout lipid was showed to be consisted of trigliceride(TG;82%) and free fatty acid(FFA;0.1%), while this converted to 59% of TG and 20% of FIFA, respectively after reaction in model system. Change of fatty acid composition was also observed and the content of linoleic acid, one of the major fatte acids, was decreased to 13% from 54% in the content of total fatty acids after reaction. The carotenoids in rainbow trout were composed of 0.4% $\alpha$-carotene, 1.6% $\beta$ -carotene, 80% canthaxanthin, 7% lutein and 11% zeaxanthin, thus the canthaxanthin was the major component. This canthaxanthin was the most degraded carotenoid by lipoxygenase catalyzed co-oxidation during the reaction. On the other hand the tocopherol isomers found in the rainbow trout were $\alpha$ and $\beta$ -tocopherol, and $\alpha$-tocopherol had a higher degradation rate by the lipoxygenase catalyzed co-oxidation than of $\beta$-tocopherol in the reaction of model system.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.291-298
• /
• 2017

We compared the ingredients present in freeze-dried ground food samples with those present in hot air-dried and ambient ground food samples to optimize processing conditions for preserving nutrients in and for improving the ingestion of different foods. The freeze-dried ground sample of black bean showed 4.57% higher retention rate than the ambient ground sample of black bean. Mineral content was also significantly different between these two samples. Moreover, the freeze-dried ground sample of black bean contained 11.54% higher content of ${\beta}$-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, than the ambient ground sample of black bean. Total anthocyanin content was 453.49 mg in the freeze-dried ground sample of Aronia compared with 158.98 mg in the ambient ground sample of Aronia. Contents of ${\beta}$-carotene and niacin increased by 129.47% and 439.39%, respectively, in the freeze-dried ground sample of grapefruit. Retention rates of proteins, carbohydrates, and niacin were 107.74%, 103.87%, and 156.52%, respectively, in the freeze-dried ground sample of germinated brown rice. Protein digestibility increased by 120.5% and 101.14% in the freeze-dried ground samples of Aronia and black bean, respectively, but did not increase in the freeze-dried ground samples of grapefruit and germinated brown rice.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.498-504
• /
• 2015

The purpose of the present study is to provide preliminary data for turning sweetpotato leaves into dehydrated vegetables. To achieve this goal, we have gone through the process of hot-air drying the leaves of sweetpotato that are usually thrown away and examined the drying speed and rehydration resilience, then made a comparative analysis of the general ingredients, lutein, $\beta$-carotene and chromaticity. The drying speed reached the peak at a temperature of $70^{\circ}C$. As for other general ingredients, there was no significant difference according to temperature. The content of lutein, which is a functional ingredient, was large in Shinmi with $171.59{\mu}g/g$ at a temperature of $40^{\circ}C$; small in Hayanmi with $73.75{\mu}g/g$ at a temperature of $70^{\circ}C$. The content of $\beta$-carotene was large in Shinmi with $379.59{\mu}g/g$ at a temperature of $40^{\circ}C$; small in Hayanmi with $170.78{\mu}g/g$ at a temperature of $70^{\circ}C$. The content of functional materials was the largest at a temperature of $40^{\circ}C$, and decreased in the order of temperatures at $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$. As for rehydration stability, rehydration rate in both Shinmi and Hayanmi was the highest at a temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ with 233.93% and 223.47% respectively. To summarize, the quality of dried sweet potato leaf was more affected by temperature than by drying time, and low temperature drying resulted in better product value.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.317-325
• /
• 2008

P. glehnii, an evergreen conifer found in northern areas, is known as a cold-resistant species. In this experiment, we measured the water content, PSⅡ efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments of the xanthophyll-cycle and activity of enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle during cold acclimation and at subsequent low-temperature conditions to examine the importance of acclimation to cold tolerance. P. glehnii showed a decrease in PSⅡ efficiency (especially in Fv) during cold acclimation and at subsequent low temperatures. However, cold-acclimated needles showed higher PSⅡ efficiency at low temperatures than nonacclimated needles. In addition, 0-YON (first-year needles) showed an increase in $\beta$-carotene and lutein, while 1-YON (one-year-old needles) immediately developed an antioxidant mechanism in the ascorbate-gluthathione cycle as soon as they were exposed to low temperature and both 0-YON and 1-YON showed increased zeaxanthin and de-epoxidation ratios at continuous low temperature. Based on our results, we suggest that P. glehnii maintain PSⅡ efficiency at low temperature by effectively protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from photo-damage by rapid induction of an antioxidant mechanism in 1-YON and dissipation of excess energy by $\beta$-carotene and lutein in 0-YON.