• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.206-212
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• 1997

Heliobacillus mobilis is a strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium which contains a primitive Photosystem I-type reaction center. The membrane-bound cytochrome $C_{553}$ from the heliobacterium suggested to be the immediate electron donor to the photooxidized pigment (P798+) has been isolated and characterized. The heme protein was visualized as a major component with an apparent molecular size of 17kDa in TMBZ-staining analysis of the membrane preparation and showed characteristic $\alpha$ (552.5 nm), $\beta$ (522nm), and Soret absorption (416 nm) peaks of a typical reduced c-type cytochrome in the partially purified sample. The internal 43 amino acid sequence of the electron donor was obtained by chemical agent and protease treatments followed by N-terminal sequencing of the resulting fragments. The internal sequence carries lots of lysine residues and a Cys-X-X-Cys-His sequence motif which are the characteristics of typical c-type cytochromes. The analysis of the sequence by FAST or FASTA program, however, did not show any significant similarity to other known heme proteins.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of domestic as well as imported fermented skate. Three types of fermented skate products were analyzed for proximate composition, pH, VBN, ammonia-N, free amino acids, and fatty acids. The results indicated that the domestic fermented skate contained large amounts of TMAO. Also, the domestic and imported fermented skates each contained approximately 7.1 log CFU/g and $5.8{\sim}6.5$ log CFU/g of aerobic bacteria, respectively, and 585.9 mg and $384.1{\sim}398.5$ mg of total free amino acids, respectively; all samples contained high levels of taurine, anserine, lysine, alanine, glycine, proline, and ${\beta}-alanine$. For fatty acid composition, the domestic fermented skate contained 11 different types of saturated fatty acid and 16 types of unsaturated fatty acid, whereas the imported skate contained 8 types of saturated fatty acid and $10{\sim}15$ types of unsaturated fatty acid. Overall, the results suggest that domestic fermented skate is a better source of amino acids and essential fatty acids and contains more aerobic bacteria than imported fermented skate.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.230-239
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• 1997

본 연구는 시판되고 있는 일반토하젓과 양념토하젓의 맛과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 함질소엑스성분 조성을 분석하여 품질실태를 파악하는 한편 품질개선과 품질지표에 관한 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 시료로 사용한 일반토하젓 2종과 양념토하젓 4종의 엑스성분을 추출하여 엑스분질소, 유리아미노산, oligopeptide류, 핵산관련물질, betaine류, 4급암모늄염기, 구아니시노화합물 등을 분석하였다. 일반토하젓의 염분함량은 $23.6{\sim}25.1%$로서 저염화에 의한 품질개선이 필요하며, 양념토하젓에서는 $8.4{\sim}11.4%$로서 일반토하젓과는 차이가 많았다. 일반토하젓의 엑스분질소 함량은 고형물과 액즙에서 각각 $503{\sim}531\;mg$과 $311{\sim}493\;mg$이었으며, 양념토하젓은 $256{\sim}429\;mg$으로서 일반토하젓의 72.6% 수준이었다. 일반토하젓에서는 23종의 유리아미노산이 검출되었고 그 총량은 $1,159{\sim}2,584\;mg$으로서 바다새우젓의 $1,509{\sim}2,131\;mg$보다 높았다. 시판되고 있는 일반토하젓의 유리아미노산 총량은 토하원료에서와 유사한 수준으로서 함량증가가 미약하였다. 일반토하젓에서 함량이 많은 유리아미노산으로서는 glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, histidine, alanine, ornithine, tyrosine 등이었다. 양념토하젓에서는 34종의 유리아미노산이 검출되어 일반토하젓에서 보다 다양한 조성을 갖고 있었으나 그 총량은 $1,012{\sim}1,672\;mg$으로서 일반토하젓의 70% 수준이었다. 양념토하젓에서 함량이 많은 유리아미노산으로는 glutamic Acid, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, histidine, leucine, alanine 등으로서 일반토하젓에서의 조성과 상이하였다. 양념토하젓은 glutamic acid를 제외한 대부분의 유리아미노산이 일반토하젓에서보다 낮았다. 일반토하젓과 양념토하젓의 핵산관련물질함량은 각각 $2.64{\sim}4.82\;{\mu}mol$과 $1.08{\sim}1.93\;{\mu}mol$로서 제품에 따른 차이가 많았다. 일반토하젓에서는 homarine이 $18{\sim}86\;mg$ 검출되었으나 바다새우젓의 30.7%였고 trigonelline은 비슷한 수준이었다. 양념토하젓은 homarine이 흔적${\sim}39\;mg$, trigonelline $0{\sim}5\;mg$으로서 일반토하젓보다 낮았다. 일반토하젓과 양념토하젓의 TMAO와 TMA 함량은 미량으로서 바다새우젓의 20.9%와 27.7% 수준이었다. 일반토하젓과 양념토하젓에서 분석된 각성분들에 대한 질소분포는 모두 유리아미노산이 가장 중요한 함질소성분으로서 평균 65.7%와 60.8%였고, 다음은 oligopeptide류로서 17.8%와 16.6%였다. 핵산관련물질은 3.9%와 2.2%, betaine류는 1.1%와 0.4%, TMAO와 TMA는 1.2%와 1.8%, 그리고 creatine은 0.4%와 9.6%로서 엑스분질소의 회수율은 90.3%와 91.2%였다. 이상에서 분석된 토하젓의 엑스분질소와 함질소 엑스성분들을 상관분석한 결과 엑스분 질소, betaine 총량, 유리아미노산 총량 및 유리아미노산의 일종인 phenylalanine 이 토하젓의 품질지표로 활용가능성이 가장 높은 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1135-1141
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• 1996

본 연구는 시판되고 있는 새우젓의 맛과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 함질소 엑스성분을 분석하여 품질상태를 파악하는 한편 품질개선과 품질지표에 관한 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 시료는 4개 회사 제품을 1994년 7월과 8월, 그리고 1995년 1월과 11월에 구입하여 고형물과 액즙으로 구분한 다음 엑스분을 추출하여 엑스분질소, 유리아미노산, oligopeptide류. 핵산관련물질, betaine류, 4급암모늄염기 및 구아니디노 화합물을 분석하였다. 새우젓의 수분함량은 고형물보다 액즙에서 6.1% 높고, 단백질은 고형물에서 4.1% 높았다. 염분은 $21.7{\sim}25.3%$(평균 24.1%)로서 매우 높았으며, 저염화가 요망된다. 엑스분 질소는 $430{\sim}528{\;}mg$(평균 458 mg)으로서 젓새우와 같은 수준이었고, 멸치액젓의 53.3% 수준이었다. 새우젓에서는 32종의 유리아미노산이 검출되었고, 총량은 $1,509{\sim}2,131\;mg$(평균 1,803 mg) 범위로서 멸치액젓의 42.0%수준이었다. 함량이 많은 유리아미노산으로는 lysine, glutamic acid, leucine, arginine, glycine, histidine, glutamine의 순이었다. 핵산관련물질은 $1.38{\sim}7.41\;{\mu}mol$ (평균 $3.46\;{\mu}mol) 범위로서 시판 멸치액젓과 비슷한 수준이었고, 제품에 따른 차이가 많았다. Betaine류는 homarine, trigonelline, ${\beta}-alaninebetaine$, glycinebetaine이 검출되었으며, homarine이 $97{\sim}224\;mg$ (평균 163 mg)으로 대부분을 차지하였고, 그 외에는 미량이었다. 새우젓의 TMAO는 $13{\sim}80{\;}mg$(평균 43 mg), TMA는 $12{\sim}280{\;}mg$ (평균 155 mg) 범위였고, 원료에 비해 TMAO는 낮았고, TMA는 높았다. Creatine과 creatinine는 6 mg과 1 mg 이하로서 미량이었다. 새우젓에서 함질소 엑스성분 조성은 유리아미노산이 평균 63.4%로서 가장 많았으며, 다음은 oligopeptide 11.8%, TMAO와 TMA 9.7% 핵산관련물질 4.4%, betaine류 3.8%, creatine과 creatinine 0.3%의 순으로서 질소의 회수율은 평균 93.4%였다.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2001년도 Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

To investigate the mode of bactericidal action for antimicrobial peptide, pediocin, synthetic and mutant pediocins were prepared by direct chemical synthesis. Native pediocin was purified from Pedio-coccus acidilactici M and its conformational structure and bactericidal functions were analyzed and compared to synthetic pediocin. Schematic mode of pediocin actions, how pediocin binds on the target cell membrane, penetrates and makes tunnel are proposed. For these purposes, primary and secondary structures of pediocin was analyzed and disulfide bond assignment was also done. The pediocin purified from P. acidilactici M had high effective bactericidal ability against gram positive bacteria, especially Listeria monocytogenes and was very stable at extreme pHs and even at high temperatures such as autoclaving temperature (121$^{\circ}C$). Pediocin was consisted of 44 amino acids with four cysteines. Novel synthetic peptides were achieved by solid phase peptide synthesis(SPPS) method. To explain the function of cysteine in C-terminal region, mutant pediocin, Ped[C24A＋C44A], was synthesized and their structural and biological functions were analyzed. Second mutant pediocin, Ped[KllE], was prepared to explain the function of lysine at 11 of N-terminal part of pediocin, especially loop of $\beta$-sheet, and to predict the initial binding site of pediocin. The native and synthetic pediocins was showed random coil conformation by spectropolarimetry in moderate conditions. This conformation was observed in extreme conditions such as high temperature and low and high pHs, also. Circular dichroism(CD) data also showed the existence of $\beta$-turn structure in N-terminal part both native and synthetic pediocins. A structural model for pediocin predicts that 18 amino acids in the N-terminal part of the peptide assume a three-strand $\beta$-sheet conformation. This random coil in C-terminal part of pediocin was converted to folding structure, helix structure, in nonpolar solvents such as alcohol and TFE. The disulfide bond between $^{9}$ Cys and $^{14}$ Cys was concrete and inevitable, however, evidences of disulfide bond between $^{24}$ Cys and $^{44}$ Cys was not. Data of Ped[C24A＋C44A], pediocin mutant showed that $^{44}$ Cys was required during killing the target cells but not inevitable, since Ped[C24A＋C44A] still have bactericidal activity but much less than native pediocin. Another pediocin mutant, Ped[KllE], had still bactericidal activity, was controversial to propose that positive charge like as $^{11}$ Lys in loop or hinge in bacteriocin bound or helped to binding to microorganism with electrostatic interaction between cell membrane especially teichoic acid and positive amino acid nonspecifically. The conformation of pediocin among native, synthetic and mutant pediocins did not show big difference. The conformations between oxidized and reduced pediocin were almost similar regardless of native or synthetic.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2018

Objective: D-galactose (D-gal) is well-known agent to induce aging process. In the present study, we selected crocin, the main constituent of Crocus sativus L. (saffron), against D-gal- induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: Pretreated cells with crocin ($25-500{\mu}M$, 24 h) were exposed to D-gal (25-400 mM, 48 h). The MTT assay was used for determination cell viability. Dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay (DCF-DA) and senescence associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase staining assay (SA-${\beta}$-gal) were used to evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species and beta-galactosidase as an aging marker, respectively. Also advanced glycation end products (AGEs) expression which is known as the main mechanism of age-related diseases was measured by western blot analysis. Results: The findings of our study showed that treatment of cells with D-gal (25-400 mM) for 48h decreased cell viability concentration dependency. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels which are known as main factors in age-related diseases increased from $100{\pm}8%$ in control group to $132{\pm}22%$ in D-gal (200 mM) treated cells for 48h. The cytotoxic effects of D-gal decreased with 24h crocin pretreatment of cells. The cell viability at concentrations of $100{\mu}M$, $200{\mu}M$ and $500{\mu}M$ increased and ROS production decreased at concentrations of 200 and $500{\mu}M$ to $111.5{\pm}6%$ and $108{\pm}5%$, respectively. Also lysosomal biomarker of aging and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) expression as an AGE protein, significantly increased in D-gal 200 mM group after 48h incubation compare to control group. Pre-treatment of SHSY-5Y cells with crocin ($500{\mu}M$) before adding D-gal significantly reduced aging marker and CML formation. Conclusion: Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with crocin before adding of D-gal restored aging effects of D-gal concentration dependency. These findings indicate that crocin has potent anti- aging effects through inhibition of AGEs and ROS production.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2003년도 제20차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.91-92
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• 2003

비태인의 급여(0, 600 ppm)가 사료의 단백질 수준(14, 16 ％)에 따라 산란계의 생산성과 난품질, 혈액성상, 간과 가슴육의 일반성분에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 83주령 하이라인 산란계 192수를 이용하여 12주간 사양실험을 실시하였다. 기초사료는 에너지 수준이 2,800 kcal/kg, methionine과 lysine, cystine의 수준은 단백질 수준에 비례하도록 하였다. 조사항목으로 산란율과 난중, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, 계란품질은 4주 간격으로 측정했다. 실험 종료시 복강지방과 혈액중 total protein과 albumin, BUN, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol 함량, 간의 methionine, choline 함량, 간과 가슴육의 수분, 조단백질, 조지방 함량을 측정하였다. 산란율은 단백질 수준에 따라 증가하였으며(P＜0.05) 비태인 급여에 의한 차이는 없었다. 난중은 단백질과 비태인 급여로 증가하였으며(P＜0.05) 산란양은 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 감소하였다(P＜0.05). 비태인 급여로 사료 요구율은 현저하게 개선되었지만(P＜0.05), 계란의 품질은 차이가 없었다. 혈청 total protein은 비태인 급여로 현저히 증가하였으며 특히 단백질 14 ％ 급여구에서 크게 증가하였다(P＜0.05). 복강지방 함량은 단백질 수준과 비태인 급여에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 가슴육과 간의 조단백질 함량은 사료의 단백질 수준에 따라 증가하였다(P＜0.05). 간의 조지방 함량은 비태인의 급여로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 간의 methionine 함량은 단백질과 비태인 수준에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 choline 함량은 비태인의 급여에 의해서만 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 비태인의 급여는 단백질 수준이 높은 조건에서 산란율을 개선시키고 난중을 증가시키며 사료 요구율을 개선한다.록 산가는 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 홍국주의 전자 공여능에 의한 항산화력은 25.6%, 아질산염 소거능은 27.6%, Total phenolic compound 함량은 12.34mg%, ACE저해작용은 38%의 항산화력을 나타냈다.과 $O_2$와 $CO_2$의 농도에서 평균오차 0.2%로 정밀한 것으로 나타났으며 호흡속도 측정용 챔버의 혼합기체 공급측과 배기측의 가스 농도를 3회 반복 측정한 결과 재현성에서는 0.1%이하의 편차로 나타났다. 개방계 호흡속도 자동 측정 시스템을 이용하여 환경기체조성하에서 토마토의 호흡속도를 측정하는 실측 실험을 수행한 결과 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 12.7~42.1mg$CO_2$/kg.hr였으며 12$^{\circ}C$에서 2.5~8.2mg$CO_2$/kg.hr로 일반적으로 보고되고 있는 토마토 호흡속도와 일치하는 결과를 나타내었다.다.환원당인 sucrose 함량은 계속 증가하였고 fructose, glucose, sorbitol의 함량(추황의 sorbitol을 제외)은 생장이 촉진됨에 따라 증가하다가 다시 점차적으로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 총당과 환원당의 측정결과와 일치한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 배의 성장에 따라 산 함량은 감소하였고 당 함량은 증가하였다.luco-pyranoside, quercetin 7-O- -glucopyranoside, acacetin 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucuronide and apigenin-6-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside were first isolated and identified from safflower leaf. Among these flavonoids, luteolin

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1992

함경도 지방의 전통 향토식품인 가자미식해를 소금절임농도를 달리하여 맛 성분의 변화를 관찰하였다. 당은 원료(대조구)에서 fructose, ${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannose가 주로 검출되었고 그중 fructose가 가장 많이 검출되었으나 숙성된 식해에서는 fructose가 급격히 감소하는 반면 원료에서 검출되지 않았던 mannitol이 급격히 증가되어 15% 소금절임 식해에서 8.97%로 가장 높았다. 수용성 질소에 대한 아미노태 질소의 비가 가장 높은 것은 15% 소금절임 식해로 53.4%를 나타내었다. 식해에 많이 함유된 유리아미노산으로는 leucine, alanine, arginine, glutamine, isoleucine, valine, glutamic acid, lysine등으로 이들이 주로 식해의 맛 성분에 관련하는 것 같았다. 5'-Nucleotide는 CMP, UMP, CTP, AMP, ADP, ATP등이 검출되었고 처리에 관계없이 UMP가 가장 많이 검출되었으나 처리에 따른 큰 변화는 없었다. 원료에 비하여 15% 소금절임 식해에서 CMP가 2배, CTP가 1.25배 증가하였다. ATP, ADP 및 AMP는 원료에 비하여 식해에서 감소하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LR3 and SP6 acupuncture on liver damage of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Methods : Male ICR mice were divided into four groups, consisting of the normal mice group(N), acupuncture-free diabetic mice group(Con), LR3-acupuncture diabetic mice group(LR3) and SP6-acupuncture diabetic mice group(SP6). The following measurements were taken: Body weight, food intake and water intake for 2 weeks; liver weight, and glucose levels in the serum and liver; ALT and AST in the serum; reactive oxygen species(ROS), reduced glutathione(GSH) and oxidized glutathione(GSSG) in the liver; and lastly, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts( RAGE), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxymethyl$ lysine(CML), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxyethyl$ lysine(CEL), phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B alpha($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), nuclear factor-kappa B($NF-{\kappa}B$), activator protein-1(AP-1), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$), ${\beta}-actin$, cytochrome c and caspase in the liver. Results : The liver weight and GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly increased in SP6 compared to Con. The glucose levels in the liver were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The generation of ROS and GSSG were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. The expressions of RAGE, CML, AP-1, $TNF-{\alpha}$, cytochrome c and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The expressions of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$, AP-1, COX-2, iNOS and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. Conclusion : It is predicted that LR3 acupuncture is related to reduced glucose levels in the liver and expressions of AGE, and that, SP6 acupuncture is related to reduced oxidative stress-related transcription factors and inflammation-related proteins. Therefore, we suggest that LR3 and SP6 acupuncture have protective effects on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by preventing apoptosis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1058-1067
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• 2000

In this study, eel, puffer and snake head fish, which are widely taken and highly valued for processing into baked fish, soup or fish juice were studied by classifying them into wild fish and cultured fish, and evaluated in terms of taste. The samples were gathered in the area including Kimhae, Samchonpo and Haman in Kyungsangnam-do, Kangsu-Gu in Pusan and Bukcheju-Gun in Cheju-do. Proximate compositions, the content of nucleotides and their related compounds, total and free amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids of the fishes were analysed. Generally, as for the compositions, wild fish had a higher crude fat content and a lower moisture content as compared with cultured fish, while there was no great difference between them in terms of crude protein and ash contents. Nucleotides and their related compounds including ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, Hx were detected, and the amounts of which were nearly the same with respect to the growth conditions. IMP content was high in all of the samples, while ATP content was extremely low. Total 17 amino acids were detected from the samples, and most of the samples had high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, glycine, alanine and arginine, and low contents of cystein, isoleucine and methionine. As for the other amino acids, generally same level of contents were detected for each samples. In cases of eel and snake head fish, the wild fish had higher total amino acid contents in comparison with cultured fish. And the result to the contrary was obtained for the case of puffer. Sample fishes had nearly the same compose distribution of free amino acid though the contents of which were a little different according to the samples. Each sample had high contents of taurine, hydroxyproline, glutamic acid, glycine, cystathionine, ${\beta}-aminoisobutyric$ acid and lysine. Total organic acid contents of cultured fish was higher than that of wild fish. All fishes commonly had high contents of lactic acid, iso-valeric acid, oxalic acid and fumaric acid. High levels of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1(cis)},\;C_{18:3},\;and\;C_{22:6}$ were shown in all of the samples and ${\omega}-3$ polyunsaturated fatty acid content of cultured fish was higher than that of wild fish, and as for the essential fatty acid, wild fish has higher content in comparison with cultured fish.