• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.861-882
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• 2000

The seed, or grain, of modern cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius, commonly known as Australian sweet lupins (ASL), is an established feed resource for the intensive animal industries of Australia, Japan, Korea and several other countries in Asia and Europe. Since the introduction of ASL to the world marketplace about 25 years ago, researchers in many countries have found them to be a valuable component of the diet of beef and dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, finfish and crustaceans. The seed of ASL contains ~32% crude protein (CP) (~35% DM basis) and 5% oil. The main storage carbohydrates in the seed are the ${\beta}$-galactans that comprise most of the cell-wall material of the kernel and the cellulose and hemicellulose of the thick seed coats. ASL seeds contain about 40% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and a negligible amount of starch. This makes them an excellent ingredient for ruminant diets, as the risk of acidosis is very low. The seed of modern cultivars of domesticated Lupinus species contain negligible amounts of lectins and trypsin inhibitors so they do not require preheating before being used as an ingredient in feeds for monogastric species. They have a high digestibility coefficient for protein, >90% for most species, but a low energy digestibility, ~60%, which is mostly due to the high content of NSP. The low content of methionine (0.22%) and of lysine (1.46%) is typical of the legumes. The lysine availability for pigs is >70%. Lupin kernels contain ~39% CP (~42% DM basis), 6% oil and 30% NSP. They have a higher digestible energy for pigs and finfish and a higher metabolisable energy for poultry than whole seed. Commercial operations rarely achieve complete separation of kernel from hull and it is more likely that the kernel fraction, called splits or meats, will contain ~36% CP. The replacement of soybean meal or peas with ASL in cereal-based diets for most intensively reared animals, birds and fish is possible provided lysine, methionine and digestible energy levels are kept constant. This makes ASL economically competitive in many, but not all, circumstances.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

Jumonji domain-containing proteins (JMJD) catalyze the oxidative demethylation of a methylated lysine residue of histones by using $O_2$, ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate, vitamin C, and Fe(II). Several JMJDs are induced by hypoxic stress to compensate their presumed reduction in catalytic activity under hypoxia. In this study, we showed that an H3K27me3 specific histone demethylase, JMJD3 was induced by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-$1{\alpha}/{\beta}$ under hypoxia and that treatment with Clioquinol, a HIF-$1{\alpha}$ activator, increased JMJD3 expression even under normoxia. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses showed that both HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and its dimerization partner HIF-$1{\beta}$/Arnt occupied the first intron region of the mouse JMJD3 gene, whereas the HIF-$1{\alpha}/{\beta}$ heterodimer bound to the upstream region of the human JMJD3, indicating that human and mouse JMJD3 have hypoxia-responsive regulatory regions in different locations. This study shows that both mouse and human JMJD3 are induced by HIF-1.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of domestic and imported slices of skates Raja kenojei. Four types of slices of skates Raja kenojei were analyzed for proximate composition, extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, and fatty acids. A large amount of TMAO was detected in the domestic slices of skate. Both the domestic and imported skate contained aerobic bacteria, with approximate levels of 6.6 log CFU/g and 5.1${\sim}$6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. The total free amino acids contents of the domestic and imported skates were 579.7 mg and 387.6${\sim}$496.3 mg, respectively; all samples had high levels of taurine, anserine, lysine, alanine, glycine, proline, ${\beta}$-alanine, and histidine. Eleven different saturated fatty acids were found in the domestic skates whereas the impored skate had 7${\beta}$10 different types of saturated fatty acid. In addition, 16 kinds of domestic skate, and 10${\beta}$15 kinds of imported skate were analyzed for unsaturated fatty acid content. From the overall results, the domestic skate proved to be a better source of amino acid, and had higher levels of aerobic bacteria and fatty acids than the imported skate.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.399-404
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• 1998

Genipin was obtained from hydrolysis of geniposide isolated from gardenia fruits with ${\beta}-glucosidase$. Reaction of genipin with glycine, alanine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine and glutamate in aqueous buffer solution converted colorless starting materials to blue pigments. Effect of pH for the formation of blue pigments was tested using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The optimum pH for the formation of blue pigments was 7.0. No pigment and trace amounts were formed at acidic (pH 3.0) and alkaline (pH 12.0) conditions, respectively. The amount and tincture of blue color were distinct with different amino acids. In contrast with lysine $({\lambda}_{max}=573\;nm)$, glycine $({\lambda}_{max}=595\;nm)$, phenylalanine $({\lambda}_{max}=602\;nm)$ and alanine $({\lambda}_{max}=595\;nm)$, the reaction of genipin with histidine $({\lambda}_{max}=601\;nm)$ and glutamate $({\lambda}_{max}=601\;nm)$ produced relatively small amounts of blue pigments. Rate constants for the formation of blue pigments from genipin with amino acids at various temperatures $(60,\;70,\;80,\;90^{\circ}C,\;pH\;7.0\;phosphate\;buffer)$ were obtained. Rate constants of genipin with basic amino acids were larger than neutral or acidic amino acids. Arrhenius activation energies of the formation of blue pigments indicated that activation energy of glycine $(E_A=9.8\;kcal/mol)$ was especially lower than those of other amino acids $(E_A=13.3{\sim}15.4\;kcal/mol)$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1672-1681
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• 2015

Garlic has been consumed for a long time as a food in Korea. Among commercial garlic products, aged black garlic is known to contain bioactive ingredients. Giant garlic is large garlic with a mild and sweet flavor. However, there have been few studies on the bioactive effects of giant garlic. This study analyzed valid substances of giant black garlic (GBG), giant fresh garlic (GFG), normal black garlic (NBG), and normal fresh garlic (NFG). Moisture content of GBG decreased in comparison with that of GFG. Ash, crude protein, crude lipid, total pyruvate, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine contents were the highest in GBG. The pH values of GBG, GFG, NBG, and NFG were 3.77, 5.97, 3.94, and 6.10, respectively. Acidity of GBG was higher than that of GFG. Total sugar content of GBG increased while reducing sugar content was the same as that of GFG. Composition of amino acids except for histidine, lysine, and arginine in GBG was higher than that of GFG, and free amino acids excluding arginine, cysteine, lysine, phosphoethanolamine, and urea were higher than those of GFG. In minerals, Cu, Fe, and Mg contents were higher than those of GFG.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1988

The effect of Ca2+ and polyamines on the activity $\beta$-glucan synthetase II(GSII) related to cell wall synthesis was studied in carrot suspension cultured cells. The activity of GS II is four times higher than that of $\beta$-glucan synthetase I in carrot suspension cultured cells and in vitro expreiment, the activity of GSII was increased in response to increase in concentration of Ca2+ and polyamines. When carrot suspension cultured cells were incubated together with Ca2+ and polyamines, the GSII activity was high at 0.1mM of Ca2+ and 1mM of putrescine. Also, polycationic poly-L-lysine and poly-L-ornithine increased about 50% the GSII activity than that of the control, respectively. These results may imply that Ca2+ and polyamines were related to the enzyme activity as a polycationic nature. In addition, verapamil as the calcium channel blocker and flunarizine as an antagonist of calcium mechanism in cytoplasm decreased GSII activity ramarkably, Ca2+ and calmodulin stimulated GSII activity as Ca2+ of free ion rather than Ca2+ calmodulin complex. The effect of 2,4-D on the GSII activity in culture medium is shown to be low at 0.1mg per liter and GSII activity increased about 30% more than that of the 0.1mg/l at the range of 0.3-1.0mg per litere. Cummulative results suggest that Ca2+ and polyfamines stimulate the cell wall synthesis by means of the enhancement of GSII activity responsible for synthesizing the cell wall components.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.579-584
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• 1999

Mantis egg fibrolase (MEF-3) was purified from the egg cases of Tenodera sinensis using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60, DEAE Affi-Gel blue gel affinity chromatogragphy, and MONO-Q anion-exchange chromatography. This protease had a molecular weight of 35,600 Da as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions and its isoelectric point was 6.0. The N-terminal amino acids sequence was Ala-Thr-Gln-Asp-Asp-Ala-Pro-Pro-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg-Arg. This sequence was 80% homologous to the serine protease from Tritirachium album. MEF-3 readily digested the ${\alpha}$-and ${\beta}$-chains of fibrinogen and more slowly the ${\gamma}$-chains. It showed strong proteolytic and fibrinolytic activities. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and chymostatin inhibited its proteolytic activity, while EDTA, EGTA, cysteine, ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol, elastinal, tosyl-lysine chloromethylketone, and tosyl-amido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone did not affect its proteolytic activity. Among the chromogenic protease substrates, the most sensitive one to the hydrolysis of MEF-3 was benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide. Based on these experimental results, we speculated that MEF-3 is a serine protease with a strong fibrin(ogen)olytic activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.99-108
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• 2004

Vitellogenin (VTG) was purified from serum of $estradiol-l7{\beta}-treated rockfish$(Sebastes schlegeli) by precipitation with $EDTA-Mg^{2+}$ and ammonium sulfate and two step chromatography (anion exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography) was performed on FPLC system. Rockfish VTG (rfVTG) was characterized and its properties were determined. The monomers have apparent, molecular mass of about 188 kDa as indicated by SDS-PAGE. Amino acid composition analysis of rfVTG was similar to VTG from other oviparous teleosts. Cysteine and lysine were present at relatively high level. Leucine was present at relatively lower level than in other species. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was evaluated to identify rfVTG. Western blot analysis using an antibody against the purified VTG showed that the antibody reacted with both plasma of $estradiol-l7{\beta}-treated rockfish$ treated male and purified VTG, whereas there was no reaction with male serum of the control. An ELISA was developed using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against rfVTG. The assay range was 3.2 ng/mL and 1,000 ng/mL and the value of the intra and inter assay variations were within $9.7{\%}$ and $11.2{\%}$, respectively. Recovery rate was $96.8{\%}$. The sandwich ELISA could be useful for the detection of VTG and could be good for screening of estrogenic compounds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1398-1402
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• 2002

Hu sheep was sampled randomly from Huzhou city, Zhejiang province, China. Of the 11 genetic markers from the blood examined by starch-gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, polymorphisms in Hu sheep were found for 10 loci, i.e. post-albumin (Po), transferring (Tf), alkaline phosphatase (Alp), leucine aminopeptidase (Lap), arylesterase (Ary-Es), hemoglobin-$\beta$ (Hb-$\beta$)、Xprotein(X-p), carbonic anhydrase (CA), catalase (Cat) and lysine (Ly). The same data except for Po locus were collected from another 14 sheep breeds from China and other countries, in order to ascertain their genetic relationships with one another and with the Hu sheep. The sheep populations from the east and south of Central Asia can be classified into three genetic groups: 'Mongolian sheep', 'South Asian sheep' and 'European sheep'. The Hu sheep belong to the 'Mongolian sheep' group.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.10-14
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• 1959

The retinae and the lens bodies of the frogs were hydrolyzed with 20% hydrochloric acid, and their amino acids were separated by paper chromatography. As a result of it the following were confirmed : (1) The retinae and the lens bodies were the same incomposition, and aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine ,tyrosine, glycine, lysine arginine, threonine, alanine, histidine, proline, methionine, valine , phenylalanine, leucine, and two unknown substances were separated. (2) The free amino acids in the retinae were extracted with 80% ethyl alcohol and then separated by paper chromatography. Though their separation was not so definite , serine, gultaminc acid, and glycine were always separated regardless of the amount of the sample. When the amount of the smaple was enough , $\beta$-alanine , ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid and methionine +valine were also separated. (2) The free amino acids in the retinae were extracted with 80% ethyl alcohol and then separated by paper chromatography. Though their separation was not so definite, serine, glutamic acid, and glycine were always separated regardless of the amount of the sample . When the amount of the sample was enough, $\beta$-alanine , ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid and methionine + valine were also separated.