• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1697-1702
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• 2011

A facile, green, efficient and environment-friendly protocol for the synthesis of 14-aryl- or alkyl-14Hdibenzo[a,j]xanthene, 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene and 12-aryl-8,9,10,12-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-one have been developed by one-pot condensation of various aldehydes with (i) ${\beta}$-naphthol (ii) cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and (iii) ${\beta}$-naphthol and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, in the presence of 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-triazinetrion (trichloroisocyanuric acid, TCCA) as catalyst under solvent-free conditions. The present approach offers the advantages of clean reaction, simple methodology, short reaction time, easy purification, and economic availability of the catalyst.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.75-79
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• 2002

Solubility of carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in water increases appreciably in presence of $\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$CD). $CCl_4$ is a very good quencher of 1-naphthol (1ROH) fluorescence. By studying the quenching of fluorescence of 1ROH included in $\beta$CD cavity, it was found that there is an increase in the availability of $CCl_4$ around $\beta$CD in the aqueous medium. This could help to rationalize the enhanced solubility of $CCl_4$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.153-156
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• 2011

A concise synthesis of (${\pm}$)-rhinacanthin A is achieved in two steps by epoxidation of dehydro-$\alpha$-lapachone, followed by chemo- and regioselective reduction. Dehydro-$\alpha$-lapachone was also synthesized in two steps starting from 4-methoxy-1-naphthol by ethylenediamine diaetate (EDDA)-catalyzed benzopyran formation and a CAN-mediated oxidation reaction. $\beta$-Lapachone was synthesized in three steps from 4-methoxy-1-naphthol by benzopyran formation, catalytic hydrogenation, and Jones oxidation. As additional reactions, synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives with the pyranokunthone B skeleton has been achieved in a single step from readily available 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.3539-3540
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• 2013

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 2010

Sodium hydrogen sulphate ($NaHSO_4$), n-tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) in water, and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulphate [bmim]$HSO_4$ as ionic liquid (IL) has been used as a mild reaction promoter for the cyclocondensation of formalin, ${\beta}$-naphthol and aromatic amines to afford respective 2,3-dihydro-2-phenyl-1H-naphtho-[1,2-e] [1,3] oxazine derivatives. The present protocols are greener, high yielding and involved the nonchromatographic isolation procedure.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 1970

The relation between the heating temperature and the V.C.P(Vacuum Condensing Point) at different degree of vacuum through the sublimatographic separation was studied where by ; (1) Anthracene and Anthraquinone, ${\alpha}$-Naphtol and ${\beta}$-Naphthol, o-Aminobenzoicacid and p-Aminobeenzoicacid were easily separated from each of its mixtures as shown in Figure9, 10 and 11, while tailings appeared appreciably. The results were in good agreement with those expected from the $t_k$-V.C.P curves in Figures 3,4,5,6,7 and 8. (2) The relation between the degree of vacuum and the V.C.P. of ${\alpha}$-Naphthol and Anthracene at different heating temperatures appeared as follows and are shown in Figures 12 and 13.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2006

Fifty eight Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Korea were examined for their serotypes and extracellular enzyme activities. Among the 51 strains isolated from clinical sources, 48 strains were serotype A (94.1%), 2 strains were serotype B (3.92%), and 1 strain was serotype D (1.96%). All seven environmental strains isolated from pigeon excreta were identified as serotype A. All isolates of C. neoformtans were positive for the production of extracellular proteinase and phospholipase. In the API-ZYM system, all fifty eight isolates produced alkaine phosphatase, esterase C4, esterase lipase: C8, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrase, $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\beta$-glucosidase. Thirty nine isolates (67.2%) of C. neoformans produced N-acetyl-$\beta$-glucosidase. Two isolates, serotype B, and B only one serotype A produced $\beta$-glucuronidase. Analysis of enzymatic profiles to 21 enzymes revealed four biotypic patterns among the 58 strains. The enzymatic patterns of C. neoformans isolated from clinical and environmental sources represented a significant relationship with the serotypes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.610-616
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• 2014

The influence of solvent polarity on the absorption spectra of some synthesized azo dye with heterocyclic moieties and ${\beta}$-naphthol (1-3) have been investigated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The spectral characteristics of the azo dyes (1-3) in different solvents at room temperature were analyzed. The solvatochromic empirical variables like ${\pi}^*$, ${\alpha}$, and ${\beta}$ have been used to discuss the solvatochromic behaviour of the dyes and to evaluate their contributions to the solute-solvent interactions. A multi-parameter regression model for quantitative assessment of the solute/solvent interaction and the absorption has been used to explain the solvent effect on azo dyes (1-3).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 2009

In this study, four natural Mn oxides ($NMO_1-NMO_4$) was characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and their removal efficiency for 1-naphthol (1-NP) in aqueous phase, using batch reactor, was investigated. The results were compared with one another and a synthetic manganese oxide, birnessite. The NMOs have a various Mn minerals including pyrolusite (${\beta}-MnO_2$), cryptomeltane (${\alpha}-MnO_2$) as well as birnessite (${\delta}-MnO_2$) depending on their sources, which results in different removal efficiencies (removals, kinetics) and reaction types (sorption or oxidative-transformation). The comparative study showed that $NMO_1$ (electrolytic Mn oxide) have a higher removal efficiency for 1-NP via oxidative-transformation compared to birnessite. The 1-NP removals by NMOs were followed by pseudo-first order reaction, and the surface area-normalized specific rate constants ($K_{surf},\;L/m^2$ min) determined were in order of $NMO_1(3.31{\times}10^{-3})$>${\delta}-MnO_2(1.48{\times}10^{-3}){\fallingdotseq}NMO_3(1.46{\times}10^{-3})$>$NMO_2(0.83{\times}10^{-3})$>$NMO_4(0.67{\times}10^{-3})$. From the solvent extraction experiments with the Mn oxide precipitates after reaction, it was observed that the oxidative-transformation rates of 1-NP were in order of $NMO_1{\fallingdotseq}{\delta}-MnO_2$>$NMO_3$>$NMO_4{\gg}NMO_2$ and the analysis of HPLC chromatogram and UV-Vis. absorption ratios ($A_{2/4}$, $A_{2/6}$) on the supernatant confirmed that the reaction products were oligomers formed by oxidative-coupling reaction. Results from this study proved that natural Mn oxide (except $NMO_2$) used in this experiment can be effectively applied for the removal of naphthols in aqueous phase, and the removal efficiencies are depending on the surface characters of the Mn oxides.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.861-869
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• 1998

Backgrounds: The injury of a tissue results in the infalmmation, and the imflammed tissue is replaced by the normal parenchymal cells during the process of repair. But, constitutional or repetitive damage of a tissue causes the deposition of collagen resulting in the loss of its function. These lesions are found in the lung of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, complicated fibrosis after diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and inorganic dust-induced lung fibrosis. The tissue from lungs of patients undergoing episodes of active and/or end-stage pulmonary fibrosis shows the accumulation of inflammatory cells, such as mononuclear cells, neutrophils, mast cells and eosinophils, and fibroblast hyperplasia. In this regard, it appears that the inflammation triggers fibroblast activation and proliferation with enhanced matrix synthesis, stimulated by inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). It has been well known that TGF-$\beta$ enhance the proliferation of fibroblasts and the production of collagen and fibronectin, and inhibit the degradation of collagen. In this regard, It is likely that TGF-$\beta$ undergoes important roles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Nevertheless, this single cytokine is not the sole regulator of the pulmonary fibrotic response. It is likely that the balance of many cytokines including TGF-$\beta$, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ regulates the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we investigate the interaction of TGF-$\beta$, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ and their effect on the proliferation of fibroblasts. Methods: We used a human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5 (ATCC). The culture of MRC-5 was confirmed by immunofluorecent staining. First, we determined the concentration of serum in cuture medium, in which the proliferation of MRC-5 is supressed but the survival of MRC-5 is retained. Second, we measured optical density after staining the cytokine-stimulated cells with 0.5% naphthol blue black in order to detect the effect of cytokines on the proliferation of MRC-5. Result: In the medium containing 0.5% fetal calf serum, the proliferation of MRC-5 increased by 50%, and it was maintained for 6 days. IL-1$\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 induced the proliferation of MRC-5 by 45%, 160% and 120%, respectively. IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ enhanced TGF-$\beta$-induced proliferation of MRC-5 by 64% and 159%, but IL-6 did not affect the TGF-$\beta$-induced proliferation. And lNF-$\alpha$-induced proliferation of MRC-5 was reduced by IL-1$\beta$ in 50%. TGF-$\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ and both induced the proliferation of MRC-5 to 89%, 135% and 222%, respectively. Conclusions: TNF-$\alpha$, TGF-$\beta$ and IL-1$\beta$, in the order of the effectiveness, showed the induction of MRC-5 proliferation of MRC-5. TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ enhance the TGF-$\beta$-induced proliferation of MRC-5, but IL-6 did not have any effect TNF-$\alpha$-induced proliferation of MRC-5 is diminished by IL-1, and TNF-$\alpha$ and TGF-$\beta$ showed a additive effect.