• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.687-693
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• 2015

Using 378,086 lactation records on dairy cattle, environmental factors influencing acetone and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate acid contents in raw milk which are used as ketosis diagnosis indicator traits were analyzed in this experiment. Significance testing was conducted on farm, lactation stage, parity, milking time and month of age by traits. The results of this experiment indicated that there was a highly significant (p < 0.01) difference in all factors and lactation stage was the most significant factor. Linear regression coefficients of month of age on daily milk yields and acetone and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate acid contents were all positive, while their quadratic linear regression coefficients were negative. Least square means for milk yield at second lactation stage (36~65 days) was 19.06kg which was higher than that of late lactation stage by 6.51kg. Least square means for acetone and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate acid contents at the first lactation stage (5~35 days) were highest (0.1929mM/L and 0.0742mM/L, respectively), and there was a trend that they decreased as the milking progressed, but increased slightly at the late stage of milking. However, least square means for acetone and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate acid contents at the first parity were 0.1414mM/L and 0.0522mM/L, respectively, which were higher than the average milk yield after the second parity. Least square means for acetone and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate acid contents of PM milk yield (0.1372mM/L and 0.0534mM/L, respectively) were higher than those of AM milk yield collectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.588-592
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• 1995

Fed-batch fermentation was used to produce the high concentrations of poly-$\beta $-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-$\beta $-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V). Specific growth rate ($\mu $), yield of cell from glucose (Y$_{x/s}$) were calculated from the two samples in 3 to 5 hours of interval and they were reflected on the determination of glucose feeding rate to maintain the glucose concentration at around 10 g/l in the culture broth. PHB was accumulated after the nitrogen became limited at 60 g/l of dry cell weight by changing ammonia water to 4N-NaOH solution. As results, the final dry cell weight (DCW) of 170 g/l, PHB of 115 g/l were obtained in 50 hours and the overall productivity was 2.4 g/l$\cdot $h. After PHB accumulation, cosubstrate of glucose and propionic acid (PA) was fed to accumulate PHB/V. But, PA feeding rate was decreased from 3 g/l$\cdot $h to 1 g/l$\cdot $h to prevent PA from accumulating to high level in the broth, which is very inhibitory to the cells. As results, DCW, PHB and PHV were 147.5 g/l, 90 g/l and 8 mole % of hydroxyvalerate, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.292-296
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• 1995

Production of poly($\beta$-hydroxybutyrate-co-$\beta$-hydroxyvalerate)[poly(HB-co-HV) from glucose and propionic acid was studied in a two-stage fed-batch fermentation using Alcaligenes eutrophus NCIMB 11599. When either glucose became sufficient or the feeding rate of propionic acid decreased, production of poly(HB-co-HV) increased but concomitantly resulted in a reduced fraction of HV. During the copolymer accumulation stage, the specific production rate of hydroxyvalerate (HV) increased up to 0.013 (g-HV/g-RCM/h) but it decreased as propionic acid was accumulated. Control of the propionic acid concentration in the medium, therefore, is considered to be one of the most important operating parameters for production of poly(HB-co-HV) with a higher HV fraction. A high titre of poly(HB-co-HV) (85.6 g/I) with HV fraction of 11.4 mol$%$ could be obtained in 50 h by controlling the propionic acid concentration at 1 to 4 g/I.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.360-362
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• 1997

A transposon Tn5 mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 was isolated for its impaired ability of growth on minimal medium containing ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric acid as a sole carbon source. The mutant, R. sphaeroides S7 showed approximately 6-fold decrease in ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity compared with that of wild type. In R. sphaeroides S7 the Tn5 was located in DNA region corresponding to a 4.2-kb EcoRI DNA fragment of R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 chromosome.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 1997

The biodegradable characteristics of poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate(PHB) film by fun맥 and soil burial are Investigated. As the results of the American Standards for Testing and Materials(ASTM) method, the you of Aspergillus niger was apparent on the PHB containing plate. This suggests that PHB was utilized as the sole carbon source by Aspergillus niger and ASTM method may have applications as measuring means of biome gradability of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid(PHA). PHB film was studied by monitoring the time-dependant changes in weight loss of PHB film under 30% and relative humidity 80 % during pot-test. As the results of pot-test, PHB film was decomposed about 87 % in 30 days by soul microorganisms. PHB film was more slowly degraded than PHB/HV film.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 1996

The characteristics of cell growth and poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis of Alcaligenes latus ATCC 29713 were investigated. The PHB accumulation pattern of A. latus followed a growth-associated type where the cell growth and PHB accumulation were carried out simultaneously. Various intermediate compounds such as metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, amino acids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were added to examine their effect on cell growth and PHB accumulation. Citrate, tyrosine, and palmitic acid showed the most significant increase both on cell growth and PHB accumulation. Maximum PHB concentrations were noticeably increased about 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than that of control, corresponding to 5.54, 6.45, and 6.45 g/l for citrate, tyrosine, and palmitic acid, respectively. The stimulatory effects of the supplemented metabolites were analyzed in terms of the increment of enzyme activities related to sugar catabolism and PHB biosynthesis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 1990

For poly- $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production, a pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacterium (PPFM) P-10 was newly isolated from soils through methanol-enrichment culture. The optimal medium composition for cell growth was 1.0% (vlv) of methanol as carbon source and l.Og/l of ,TEX>$NH_4Cl$, equivalent to C/N ratio of 13.2 at pH 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$. To investigate the optimal condition for YHB accumulation, two-stage culture technique was adopted; first stage for cell growth and second stage for accumulation of PHB providing unbalanced growth conditions. The optimal PHB accumulation was 1.0% (vIv) of methanol and 0.26gll of $NH_4Cl$, C/N of 50.8 at pH 6.0. To overcome methanol inhibition on cell growth, intermittent feeding fed-batch culture technique was employed, and the cell concentration as high as 14gll with 40% of PHB was achieved. The purified PHB was identified using IR and $1^H NMR$ as homopolymer of 8hydroxybutyric acid. The absorption spectrum of extracted pink colored microbial pigment was alsa investigated.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.344-351
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• 1996

Microorganisms growing alcoholic distillery wastes were isolated from soil. Of them, the selected strain EL-9 had a capability of accumulating poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) when grown in alcoholic distillery wastes. The strain EL-9 was identified as a genus Actinobacillus based on the morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The strain EL-9 was named temporarily as Actino- bacillus sp. EL-9. The optimal temperature and pH for cell growth of Actinobacillus sp. EL-9 were 30$\circ$C and 7.0, respectively. The optimal medium compositions for cell growth comprised glucose 2%, NH$_{4}$NO$_{3}$ 0.15%, Na$_{2}$HP0$_{4}$-12H$_{2}$O 0.25%, KH$_{2}$PO$_{4}$ 0.25%, MgSO$_{4}$4-7H$_{2}$O 0.15%, FeSO$_{4}$-7H$_{2}$O 0.005%, CaCl$_{2}$-2H$_{2}$O 0.003% and trace element solution 5m/l. To investigate the optimal conditions for PHB production, two-stage culture technique was used. The result showed that the optimal conditions for PHB production are identical those for cell growth. When propionic acid was added as a cosubstrate, PHB/HV copolymer was produced.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.352-356
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• 1996

Alcoholic distillery wastes are utilized as dual purposes to produce PHB in lower production cost and to reduce the amount of waste to be treated. In this study, various attempts were made to increase PHB production under various conditions by Actinobacillus sp. EL-9 in a shaker culture. The addition of glucose, NH$_{4}$NO$_{3}$ to alcoholic distillery wastes slightly promoted cell mass and PHB production. Enzyme hydrolysis of alcoholic distillery wastes increased the production of PHB than that of untreated waste and acid hydrolysis treatment. The PHB weight in alcoholic distillery wastes was 1.91 g/l. Fermentation process of PHB production reduced the amount of COD value up to 54%, which reduced organic loading rate and capacity of activated sludge system.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1349-1360
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• 2017

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters for common ketosis indicators (${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate acid, BHBA; milk acetone), feed intake efficiency indicator (energy-corrected milk, ECM), and milk yield (MY) in Korean Holstein. A total of 75,072 monthly test-day records from 14,397 first parity cows were collected, between 2012 and 2016, from Korea animal improvement association enrolled farms. Variance components were estimated using a multiple trait random regression model. The heritability of BHBA and acetone levels ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 at different DIMs. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between BHBA and acetone were between 0.73 and 0.90, and between 0.93 and 0.98, respectively. The phenotypic correlation between BHBA and MY, between acetone and MY, between BHBA and ECM, and between acetone and ECM ranged from -0.18 to -0.05, -0.23 to -0.05, 0 to 0.10, and -0.09 to 0.01, respectively. Genetic correlation estimates between BHBA and MY, between acetone and MY, between BHBA and ECM, and between acetone and ECM also ranged from -0.55 to 0.05, -0.62 to -0.04, -0.10 to 0.11, and -0.20 to 0.00, respectively. We hope that these results would greatly assist in the improvement of ketosis disease in the local Holsteins.