• 농업과학연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.216-224
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• 1998

본 연구는 축협중앙회 한우개량부에서 사육 중인 한우 암소 253두와 축산기술연구소에서 사육 중인 Holstein 113두의 혈액으로 부터 genomic DNA를 추출하고, PCR-RFLP기법에 의해 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin과 ${\kappa}$-casein 유전자좌위의 유전적 다형을 분석하여 한우와 유우 집단에 대한 이들 유전자의 유전적 구조를 분석함으로써 한우와 유우 개량을 위한 기초 및 응용자료를 제공하고자 실시하였던 바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 한우와 Holstein종의 genomic DNA로 부터 PCR기법을 이용하여 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin 과 ${\kappa}$-casem의 유전자좌를 증폭한 결과 각각 530bp와 262bp의 단편이 증폭되었음을 확인하였다. 2. ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin 증폭 산물에 대한 Hae III 제한효소의 처리결과, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA형은 153bp와 109bp의 단편을, AB형은 153bp, 109bp, 79bp 및 74bp의 단편을, 그리고 BB형은 109bp, 79bp 및 74bp의 단편을 나타내었다. 3. ${\kappa}$-casein 유전자좌의 증폭산물에 대한 Taq I의 제한효소 처리결과, ${\kappa}$-casein AA형은 530bp의 단편을, AB형은 530bp, 344bp 및 186b의 단편을, 그리고 BB형은 344bp 및 186mp의 단편을 나타내었다. 4. ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin의 유전자형 및 유전자 빈도에 있어서, 한우의 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA, AB 및 BB 유전자형 의 빈도는 각각 6.72, 26.09 및 67.19%이었으며, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A 및 B 유전자 빈도는 각각 0.197 및 0.803이었고, Holstein종의 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA, AB 및 BB 유전자형 빈도는 각각 35.40, 56.64 및 7.96%이었으며, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A 및 B 유전자 빈도는 각각 0.637 및 0.363이었다. 5. ${\kappa}$-casein의 유전자형 및 유전자 빈도에 있어서, 한우의 ${\kappa}$-casein AA, AB 및 BB 유전자형의 빈도는 각각 46.25, 39.13 및 14.62%이었으며, K-casein A 및 B 유전자 빈도는 각각 0.658 및 0.342이었고, Holstein종의 ${\kappa}$-casein AA, AB 및 BB유전자형 빈도는 각각 60.18, 38.94 및 0.88%이었고, ${\kappa}$-casein A 및 B 유전자 빈도는 각각 0.796 및 0.204 이었다. 6. 이상의 결과로써 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin과 ${\kappa}$-casein의 유전자 빈도는 한우에서 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A 및 B 대립 유전자 빈도는 각각 0.197 및 0.803이었고 ${\kappa}$-casein A 및 B 대립유전자 빈도는 각각 0.658 및 0.342이었다. 그러나 Holstein 종에서는 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A 및 B 대립 유전자 빈도는 0.637 및 0.363이었고, ${\kappa}$-casein A 및 B 대립유전자 빈도는 각각 0.796 및 0.204이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 1995

Genetic variants of ${\alpha}s_1$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were investigated by starch urea gel electrophoresis in milk samples of 280 Korean native cattle. A new ${\beta}$-casein variant, designated ${\beta}$-casein $A^4$, was found in milk samples of Korean native cattle. It has a much slower electrophoretic mobility than the ${\beta}$-casein $A^3$ variant in acid gel. This new variant appeared together with either ${\beta}$-casein $A^1$, $A^2$ or B variant. Gene frequencies and genotypic frequencies were estimated. Gene frequencies of four milk protein loci in Korean native cattle were compared with those of imported cattle breeds raised in Korea and Japanese brown cattle. Gene frequencies were ${\alpha}s_1$-casein B .846, ${\alpha}s_1$-casein C .154; ${\beta}$-casein $A^1$ .216, ${\beta}$-casein $A^2$ .666, ${\beta}$-casein $A^4$ .048, ${\beta}$-casein B .070; ${\kappa}$-casein A .648, ${\kappa}$-casein B .352; ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A .148, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin B .852. The population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at all milk protein loci. Gene frequencies of Korean native cattle were very similar to those of Japanese brown cattle. Interestingly, a new variant, ${\beta}$-casein $A^4$, was found only in Korean native cattle and Japanese brown cattle. These results support the hypothesis that Korean native cattle were used in the development of the Japanese brown cattle.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.254-258
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• 1995

탈인산화 정도를 달리한 전카제인 또는 ${\beta}$- 및 ${\kappa}$-카제인을 사용하여 여러 종류의 카제인 미셀계를 합성하여 탈인산화하지 않은 카제인으로 제조한 미셀계와 에탄올에 대한 안정성을 비교하였다. 탈인산화한 전카제인으로 만든 미셀은 천연 전카제인으로 제조한 인공 카제인보다 에탄올에 대한 안정성이 낮았으며, 탈인산화 정도가 클수록 에탄올 안정성이 낮게 나타났다. 탈인산화한 ${\kappa}$-카제인을 사용하여 제조한 인공 카제인 미셀은 탈인산화하지 않은 ${\kappa}$-카제인을 사용한 미셀보다 에탄올에 대한 안정성이 낮았고, 또한 탈인산화가 많이 된 ${\beta}$-카제인으로 만든 미셀계일수록 에탄올 안정성이 낮았다. 탈지유의 에탄올에 대한 안정성은 탈인산화가 많이 될수록 감소하였으나 감소의 폭이 좁은 특징을 보였으며, 합성한 카제인 미셀계는 pH $6.3{\sim}7.2$ 범위에서 pH가 상승함에 따라 에탄을 안정성이 높아져 카제인의 인산기가 미셀의 안정성에 중요한 역할을 함을 시사하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1212-1217
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• 2003

Fifty-two Holstein cows with different phenotypes of $\kappa$-casein ($\kappa$-CN) and $\beta$-lactoglobulin ($\beta$-LG) were selected to provide weekly milk samples for heating at 30, 70, 75 and $80^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. Coagulating properties of heated milk samples measured as rennet clotting time, rate of curd firming and curd firmness at cutting were determined by a Formagraph. Milk samples were analysed for fat and casein. Least squares analyses of data, after adjustments were made for effect of milk casein and fat contents, indicated that although an increase in heating temperatures resulted in less desirable coagulating properties, the effect of milk types was inherent irrespective of heating temperatures. The shortest rennet clotting time (6.06 min), fastest rate of curd firming (5.61 min) and firmest curd (38.05 mm) were obtained from milk with the B variant for $\kappa$-CN and B variant for $\beta$ -LG when preheated at $30^{\circ}C$. It appears that milk bearing $\kappa$-CN B is more resistant to heat perturbation. All milk samples having the $\kappa$-casein AA (milk types AA/AA, AA/AB, AA/BB) did not have a measurable K20 value when preheated at $70^{\circ}C$. This effect was observed for $\kappa$-casein AB (milk types AB/AA, AB/AB, AB/BB) at $75^{\circ}C$ and $\kappa$-casein BB (milk types BB/AA, BB/AB, BB/BB) at $80^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.311-317
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• 1998

A total of 1033 Brown Swiss and 610 Canadienne cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. In Brown Swiss, frequency distributions were: 97.3% B and 2.7% C variant of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein; 31.6% $A^1$, 51.8% $A^2$, 0.5% $A^3$ and 16.1% B variant of ${\beta}$-casein; 70.4% A, 29.3% B, and 0.3% C variant of ${\kappa}$-casein; 41.7% A and 58.3% B variant of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin; and 100% B variant of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Corresponding frequencies in Canadienne for those five milk proteins were: 98.6 and 1.4%;58.5, 33.5, 0.08 and 7.9%; 78.8, 21.1 and 0.1%, 42.4 and 57.6%; and 100%. Analysis of variance by least squares showed possible association between milk protein phenotypes and some lactational production traits. There were no significant association of phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage in both breeds during the three lactations. In the Brown Swiss, ${\kappa}$-casein phenotype was associated with 305-day fat yield and protein yield during the first lactation. ${\kappa}$-Casein AB was associated with higher milk, fat and protein yield during the second lactation. During the third lactation, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA in Canadienne cows was associated with higher protein content in the milk (3.70%) when compared to phenotypes AB (3.54%) and BB (3.64%).

• 분석과학
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.232-239
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• 2018

Human breast milk (HBM) provides neonates with indispensable nutrition. The present study evaluated the anti-cancer activity of diluted and pasteurized early HBM (< 6 weeks' lactation) on human breast cancer cell lines. The cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB231 were exposed to 1 % HBM from the 1st, 3rd, and 6th weeks of lactation and exhibited reduced proliferation rates. As controls, breast cell lines (293T and MCF-10A), breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), and $CD133^{hi}CXCR4^{hi}ALDH1^{hi}$ patient-derived human cancer stem-like cells (KU-CSLCs) were treated with prominent milk proteins ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, and lactoferrin at varying doses (10, 50, and $100{\mu}g$) for 24 or 48 hrs. The impact of these proteins on cell proliferation was investigated. Breast cancer cell lines treated with ${\kappa}$-casein and lactoferrin exhibited significantly reduced viability, in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, ${\kappa}$-casein selectively impacted only cancer (but not normal breast) cell lines, particularly the more malignant cell line. However, ${\beta}$-casein-exposed human breast cancer cell lines exhibited a significantly higher proliferation rate. Thus, ${\kappa}$-casein and lactoferrin appear to exert selective anti-cancer activities. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying ${\kappa}$-casein- and lactoferrin-mediated cancer cell-selective cytotoxic effects.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.56-67
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• 1993

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 유단백질(乳蛋白質)의 유전적표식(遺傳的標識)(genetic marker)를 유우(乳牛)의 유전적(遺傳的) 개량(改良)을 위한 유우등록 및 선발(選拔) 자료로 활용하고자 1992년 국립 종축원에서 사육증인 Holstein종 159두에서 각각 유즙 시료를 채취하여 Polyacrylarnide gel(PAGE)에 의한 전기영동방법에 의하여 ${\alpha}S1$-casein(${\alpha}S1$-CN) 및 ${\beta}$-casein(${\beta}$-CN), ${\kappa}$-casein(${\kappa}$-CN) 및 ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin(${\beta}$-LG)의 유전적(遺傳的) 다형(多型)을 분석(分析)하여 유전적(遺傳的) 변이체의 표현형(表現型), 유전자형(遺傳子型) 및 유전자빈도(遺傳子頻度)를 추정하고 이들 단백질의 유전적(遺傳的) 다형(genetic polyrnorphisms)과 유조성분과의 연관성을 분석(分析) 검토(檢討)하였다. 유단백질(乳蛋白質)인 ${\alpha}S1$-CN, ${\beta}$-CN, ${\kappa}$-CN 및 ${\beta}$-LG 유전좌위(遺傳座位)의 유전적(遺傳的) 변이체의 표현형(表現型) 분포의 관찰치와 기대치간에 유의적(有意的)인 차이가 인정 되지않아 이들 유전자(遺傳子)들이 유전적(遺傳的) 평형을 이루고 있는 것으로 사료되었다. 유단백질(乳蛋白質) 좌위(座位)의 유전자형(遺傳子型)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) ${\alpha}S1$-CN BB유전자형(遺傳子型), ${\beta}$-CN AA유전자형(遺傳子型), ${\kappa}$-CN AA유전자형(遺傳子型) 및 ${\beta}$-LG AB 유전자형(遺傳子型)의 출현빈도(出現頻度)가 각각 79.87%, 84.28%, 71.70% 및 49.10%로 높게 나타났다. 유단백질(乳蛋白質)의 유전자빈도(遺傳子頻度)에 있어서는 ${\alpha}S1-CN^B$와 ${\alpha}S1-CN^C$가 각각 0.899 및 0.101이었고, ${\beta}-CN^A$ 및 ${\beta}-CN^B$은 각각 0.921 및 0.079이었으며, ${\kappa}-CN^A$ 및 ${\kappa}-CN^B$은 각각 0.837 및 0.163이었고, ${\beta}-LG^A$ 및 ${\beta}-LG^B$은 각각 0.378 및 0.622이었다. 분산분석(分散分析) 결과(結果) 유단백질(乳蛋白質)의 유전자형(遺傳子型)들은 유조성분인 유지율, 단백질 함량 및 총 고형분 함량에서 유의적(有意的)인 연관성이 인정되었다. 유조성분 함량에 있어서는 ${\kappa}$-CN좌위(座位)의 BB유전자형(遺傳子型)은 유지율 및 유단백질(乳蛋白質) 함량에서 ${\kappa}$-CN좌위(座位)의 AA 및 AB 유전자형(遺傳子型)보다 유의적(有意的)으로 높게 나타났으며, ${\beta}$-LG좌위(座位)의 AA유전자형(遺傳子型)은 유지율에서 ${\beta}$-LG좌위(座位)의 AB 및 BB 유전자형(遺傳子型)보다 유의적(有意的)으로 높게 추정되었다. 이상의 연구결과(硏究結果)를 종합하여 볼때 유조 성분인 유지율 및 단백질함량을 높히기 위하여서는 ${\kappa}$-CN좌위(座位)의 BB 유전자형(遺傳子型)과 ${\beta}$-LG좌위(座位)의 AA 유전자형(遺傳子型)을 선발(選拔)하는것이 보다 유리할 것으로 생각되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of the study was to find a possible association between the ${\beta}-$ and ${\kappa}-casein$ and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$ genotypes and important milk physiochemical and technological characteristics such as acidity, alcohol stability, the contents of some minerals and the parameters of acid fermentation ability (FEA) in Czech Fleckvieh Cattle. Methods: Milk and blood samples were collected from 338 primiparous Czech Fleckvieh cows at the same stage of lactation. The genotypes of individual cows for ${\kappa}-casein$ (alleles A, B, and E) and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$ (alleles A and B) were ascertained by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, while their ${\beta}-casein$ (alleles $A^1$, $A^2$, $A^3$, and B) genotype was determined using melting curve genotyping analysis. The data collected were i) milk traits including active acidity (pH), titratable acidity (TA), alcohol stability (AS); calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) contents; and ii) yoghurt traits including active acidity (Y-pH), titratable acidity (Y-TA), and the counts of both Lactobacilli and Streptococci in 1 mL of yoghurt. A linear model was assumed with fixed effects of herd, year, and season of calving, an effect of the age of the cow at first calving and effects of the casein and lactoglobulin genotypes of ${\beta}-CN$ (${\beta}-casein$, CSN2), ${\kappa}-CN$ (${\kappa}-casein$, CSN3), and ${\beta}-LG$ (${\beta}-lactoglobulin$, LGB), or the three-way interaction between those genes. Results: The genetic polymorphisms were related to the milk TA, AS, content of P and Ca, Y-pH and Lactobacilli number in the fresh yoghurt. The CSN3 genotype was significantly associated with milk AS (p<0.05). The effect of the composite CSN2-CSN3-LGB genotype on the investigated traits mostly reflected the effects of the individual genes. It significantly influenced TA (p<0.01), Y-pH (p<0.05) and the log of the Lactobacilli count (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the yoghurt fermentation test together with milk proteins genotyping could contribute to milk quality control and highlight new perspectives in dairy cattle selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.732-739
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• 2002

Milk samples with different phenotype combination of $\{kappa}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and different preheating temperatures of 30, 70, 75 and $80^{\circ}C$ were used for cheesemaking under laboratory conditions. For the 853 batches of cheese, mean composition was 59.64% total solids, 30.24% fat and 23.66% protein, and the whey contained 6.93% total solids, 0.30% fat and 0.87% protein. Least squares analysis of the data indicated that heating temperature of the milk and ${\kappa}$-CN/${\beta}$-LG phenotypes had significant effects on cheese and whey compositions. The total solids, fat and protein contents of cheese were negatively correlated with preheating temperatures of milk. Cheese from BB/BB phenotype milk had the highest and those from AA/AA phenotype milk had the lowest concentrations of total solids, fat and protein. Mean recoveries of milk components in the cheese were 53.71% of total solids, 87.15% of fat, and 80.32% of protein. For the 10 different types of milk, maximum recoveries of milk components in cheese occurred with preheating temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ or $75^{\circ}C$ and lowest recoveries occurred at $80^{\circ}C$. The whey averaged 6.94% total solids, 0.30% fat and 0.87% protein. Losses of milk components in the whey were lowest for milk preheated at $80^{\circ}C$ and for milk containing the BB/BB phenotype.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.422-427
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• 1998

The gene and genotypic frequencies of ${\kappa}$-casein (${\kappa}$-CN), ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}$-LG), growth hormone (bGH) and prolactin (bPRL) loci in Korean cattle were investigated using PCR-RFLP analyses. Genomic DNA samples were obtained from 290 cows and 30 AI bulls. In both cows and bulls, the most predominant genotypes of ${\kappa}$-CN, ${\beta}$-LG, bGH and bPRL loci were AB, BB, AA and AA, respecitively. The frequencies of A and B alleles for ${\kappa}$-CN locus were .612 and .388 for cows and .567 and .433 for bulls. The respective frequencies of A and B alleles for ${\beta}$-LG locus were .153 and .847 in cows and .217 and .783 in bulls. The frequencies of A and B alleles for bGH locus were .769 and .231 in cows and .784 and .216 in bulls, respectively. The frequencies of A and B alleles for bPRL locus were .678 and .322 for cows and .767 and .233 for bulls. Differences in frequencies of these alleles were not significant between cows and bulls at all loci examined. If the DNA polymorphisms of these candidate genes are associated with economically important traits, they could serve as genetic markers for genetic improvement in future marker-assisted selection programs in Korean cattle.